Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2011다95519

Wages (Annual Leave Allowance Calculation for Unfairly Dismissed Worker)임금

Decided2014. 03. 13. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The Supreme Court ruled that when calculating annual leave allowance (연차휴가수당) for a worker who was unfairly dismissed (부당해고), the period during which the worker could not report to work due to the unfair dismissal must still be counted as both scheduled working days and days actually attended for the year. This principle applies even if the unfair dismissal period covers the entire year. The employer appealed to the Supreme Court, but the appeal was dismissed, resulting in a victory for the worker.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker who was unfairly dismissed claimed annual leave allowance for the period covering the dismissal.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that the unfair dismissal period must be counted as days worked when calculating annual leave allowance.
  • LessonBecause an unfair dismissal is void, all worker rights—including annual leave entitlements—continue to apply during the dismissal period.
Issues
  • Whether annual leave allowance must be paid for the period during which the worker was unfairly dismissed
  • Whether the unfair dismissal period should be included when calculating the attendance rate required for annual leave eligibility
  • Whether various allowances should be included in the calculation of ordinary wages (통상임금)
Key reasoning

Since an unfair dismissal is legally void, the employment relationship is deemed to have continued throughout the dismissal period, even though the worker was not physically working. Because the worker's absence from work was caused by the employer's fault (i.e., the wrongful termination), this period must be included in both the total scheduled working days and the days counted as 'attended' when calculating annual leave eligibility. The Court also held that any collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) provision excluding certain allowances from the calculation of ordinary wages (통상임금) is invalid, as it violates the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

Where an employer has dismissed an employee but the dismissal is invalid because there was no justifiable reason for it, the employee may be paid in full the wages that he or she would have received had he or she continued to work normally during the period of the unfair dismissal. Even if the dismissed employee did not actually work during the dismissal period, so long as the dismissal is invalid, the employment relationship with the employer continues throughout that period, and the fact that the employee was unable to work during the dismissal period is attributable to the employer who unfairly dismissed the employee.
Accordingly, even where the wages that the employee failed to receive due to the unfair dismissal are annual leave allowance, such allowance must be paid on the premise that annual paid leave is granted where the requirements of Article 60(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) are satisfied, taking into account the employee's annual prescribed working days and days actually worked. In calculating the annual prescribed working days and days actually worked for this purpose, the period during which the employee was unable to attend work due to the employer's unfair dismissal cannot be considered unfavorably to the employee; therefore, it is reasonable to view that such period is to be included in both the annual prescribed working days and the days actually worked. Even where the unfair dismissal period accounts for the entirety of the annual total working days, no different conclusion may be reached.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,424 chars

[Plaintiff (Selected Party), Appellee] Plaintiff (Attorney Shin Young-hoon, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellant] ○○○ Co., Ltd. (Law Firm Haeoreum, Attorneys Jin Young-jin and 1 other, Counsel for the Defendant)
[Judgment Below] Jeju District Court Judgment 2011Na1392, dated October 5, 2011

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary appellate brief submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, to the extent it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.

1. Regarding the payment of annual leave allowance

Article 60(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) provides, with respect to annual paid leave, that “an employer shall grant 15 days of paid leave to an employee who has attended work for at least 80% of the year.” The purpose of this provision is to provide employees with an opportunity for mental and physical rest by exempting them from the duty to work for a certain period, and to promote the enhancement of their cultural life (see Supreme Court Decision 95Nu6649, decided June 11, 1996, etc.). Such annual paid leave is not automatically guaranteed merely because an employee is in a relationship of providing labor to an employer; rather, it is granted only when the employee has attended work for at least 80% of the year. Therefore, absent other special circumstances, it may be regarded as consideration for one year of labor, and accordingly, the annual leave allowance that an employee may claim against the employer as a result of being unable to use annual paid leave constitutes wages (see Supreme Court Decision 91Da14826, decided November 12, 1991, Supreme Court Decision 99Da10806, decided December 22, 2000, etc.).

Here, whether an employee has attended work for at least 80% of the year must be determined based on the ratio of the number of days the employee actually provided labor to the number of days on which the employee had a duty to work during the year (hereinafter “annual scheduled working days”), which is calculated by excluding, from the total calendar days of the year, the days designated as days without a duty to work pursuant to statutes, collective agreements, employment rules, etc. The annual scheduled working days are premised on a normal employment relationship between the employer and the employee, that is, a state in which the employee has been providing labor to the employer and continued provision of labor is scheduled (see Supreme Court Decision 2011Da4629, decided December 26, 2013).

Meanwhile, where an employer dismisses an employee but the dismissal is invalid due to lack of justifiable grounds, the employee may claim payment in full of the wages that the employee would have received had the employee continued to work normally during the period of unjust dismissal. Even though the dismissed employee did not actually work during the period of dismissal, since the dismissal is invalid, the employment relationship with the employer continues during that period, and the employee's failure to work during the period of dismissal is attributable to the employer who unjustly dismissed the employee (see Supreme Court Decision 81Da626, decided December 22, 1981).

Therefore, even where the wages that an employee failed to receive due to unjust dismissal are an annual leave allowance, if the requirements of Article 60(1) of the Labor Standards Act are satisfied in light of the employee's annual scheduled working days and the number of days actually attended, the annual leave allowance must be paid on the premise that annual paid leave is granted. In calculating the annual scheduled working days and the number of days attended for this purpose, the period during which the employee failed to attend work due to the employer's unjust dismissal may not be considered disadvantageously to the employee; thus, it is appropriate to view that such period is included in both the annual scheduled working days and the number of days attended. This conclusion does not change even where the period of unjust dismissal occupies the entirety of the total annual working days.

The court below, having comprehensively considered the adopted evidence, found the facts as stated in its reasoning, and then determined that since the Plaintiff (Selected Party) and the Selected Parties (hereinafter collectively “Plaintiffs”) all had an attendance rate (days attended/scheduled working days) of at least 80% for both 2008 and 2009, including the period of dismissal, the Plaintiffs had all accrued the statutory number of days of annual paid leave pursuant to Article 60 of the Labor Standards Act and Article 25 of the collective agreement. On this premise, the court below calculated the number of days of annual paid leave for each of the Plaintiffs for 2008 and 2009, and determined that the Defendant was obligated to pay the Plaintiffs the corresponding annual leave allowances. The court below rejected, for the reasons stated in its reasoning, the Defendant's argument that annual paid leave does not accrue where the period of unjust dismissal constitutes the entirety of the total annual working days.

Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the legal principles set forth above and the record, the above determination by the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the interpretation or application of Article 60(1) of the Labor Standards Act.

2. Regarding whether the payments constitute ordinary wages

Ordinary wages are prescribed by the Labor Standards Act in order to establish standards for working conditions, and are not of such a nature that the employer and employees may separately agree upon the meaning or scope thereof by way of a collective agreement or otherwise. Therefore, even if labor and management agree to exclude from ordinary wages any wage that, by its nature, falls under ordinary wages as defined by the Labor Standards Act, such agreement is invalid. The provisions of the Labor Standards Act requiring an additional payment of at least 50% of ordinary wages for extended, night, or holiday work set the minimum standard for the calculation of wages for such work; therefore, where labor and management agree to calculate the additional wages for extended, night, or holiday work while excluding, in part, wages that have the nature of ordinary wages, if the amount calculated pursuant to such labor-management agreement falls short of the aforementioned standard prescribed by the Labor Standards Act, the labor-management agreement is invalid to the extent of such shortfall, and the invalidated portion must be governed by the standard prescribed by the Labor Standards Act (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2012Da89399, decided December 18, 2013, etc.).

The court below, having comprehensively considered the adopted evidence, found the facts as stated in its reasoning, and then determined that the collective agreement in this case, which excluded adjustment allowance, sales allowance, household stabilization expenses, etc. from the ordinary wages serving as the basis for calculating the annual leave allowance and the living stabilization allowance sought by the Plaintiffs, is invalid as being in violation of the Labor Standards Act, and recognized the amounts of the said annual leave allowance, etc. in accordance with the number of days of annual paid leave determined by the Defendant and the method of calculating ordinary wages.

Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the legal principles set forth above and the record, the above determination by the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the calculation of ordinary wages or the validity of a collective agreement concerning ordinary wages.

3. Conclusion

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

[Attachment: List of Selected Parties: Omitted]

Justice Kim Shin (Presiding Justice), Min Il-young, Lee In-bok (Justice in charge), Park Bo-young

【판결요지】

사용자가 근로자를 해고하였으나 해고에 정당한 이유가 없어 무효인 경우에 근로자는 부당해고기간 동안에 정상적으로 일을 계속하였더라면 받을 수 있었던 임금을 모두 지급받을 수 있다. 해고 근로자가 해고기간 동안 근무를 하지는 않았다고 하더라도 해고가 무효인 이상 그동안 사용자와의 근로관계는 계속되고 있는 것이고, 근로자가 해고기간 동안 근무를 하지 못한 것은 근로자를 부당하게 해고한 사용자에게 책임 있는 사유로 인한 것이기 때문이다.

따라서 근로자가 부당해고로 인하여 지급받지 못한 임금이 연차휴가수당인 경우에도 해당 근로자의 연간 소정근로일수와 출근일수를 고려하여 근로기준법 제60조 제1항의 요건을 충족하면 연차유급휴가가 부여되는 것을 전제로 연차휴가수당을 지급하여야 하고, 이를 산정하기 위한 연간 소정근로일수와 출근일수를 계산할 때 사용자의 부당해고로 인하여 근로자가 출근하지 못한 기간을 근로자에 대하여 불리하게 고려할 수는 없으므로 그 기간은 연간 소정근로일수 및 출근일수에 모두 산입되는 것으로 보는 것이 타당하며, 설령 부당해고기간이 연간 총근로일수 전부를 차지하고 있는 경우에도 달리 볼 수는 없다.

【참조조문】

민법 제538조 제1항, 근로기준법 제23조 제1항, 제60조 제1항

【참조판례】

대법원 1981. 12. 22. 선고 81다626 판결(공1982, 220)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,143자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고(선정당사자), 피상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 신영훈)

【피고, 상고인】 ○○○ 주식회사 (소송대리인 법무법인 해오름 담당변호사 진영진 외 1인)

【원심판결】 제주지법 2011. 10. 5. 선고 2011나1392 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 경과한 후에 제출된 상고이유보충서의 기재는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 내에서)에 대하여 판단한다.

1. 연차휴가수당의 지급 여부에 관하여

근로기준법 제60조 제1항은 연차유급휴가에 관하여 ‘사용자는 1년간 8할 이상 출근한 근로자에게 15일의 유급휴가를 주어야 한다’고 규정하고 있는데, 이는 근로자에게 일정 기간 근로의무를 면제함으로써 정신적·육체적 휴양의 기회를 제공하고 문화생활의 향상을 기하려는 데 그 취지가 있다(대법원 1996. 6. 11. 선고 95누6649 판결 등 참조). 이러한 연차유급휴가는 근로자가 사용자에게 근로를 제공하는 관계에 있다는 사정만으로 당연히 보장받을 수 있는 것이 아니라, 1년간 8할 이상 출근하였을 때 비로소 부여받을 수 있는 것이므로 다른 특별한 사정이 없는 한 이는 1년간의 근로에 대한 대가라고 볼 수 있고, 따라서 근로자가 연차유급휴가를 사용하지 못하게 됨에 따라 사용자에게 청구할 수 있는 연차휴가수당은 임금에 해당한다고 할 것이다(대법원 1991 11. 12. 선고 91다14826 판결, 대법원 2000. 12. 22. 선고 99다10806 판결 등 참조).

여기서 근로자가 1년간 8할 이상 출근하였는지 여부는 1년간의 총 역일(曆日)에서 법령, 단체협약, 취업규칙 등에 의하여 근로의무가 없는 날로 정하여진 날을 제외한 나머지 일수, 즉 연간 근로의무가 있는 일수(이하 ‘연간 소정근로일수’라 한다)를 기준으로 그중 근로자가 현실적으로 근로를 제공한 날이 얼마인지 따져 그 비율로 판단하여야 하고, 연간 소정근로일수는 본래 사용자와 근로자 사이에 평상적인 근로관계, 즉 근로자가 사용자에게 근로를 제공하여 왔고 또한 계속적인 근로제공이 예정되어 있는 상태를 전제로 한 것이다(대법원 2013. 12. 26. 선고 2011다4629 판결 참조).

한편 사용자가 근로자를 해고하였으나 그 해고에 정당한 이유가 없어 무효인 경우에 근로자는 그 부당해고기간 동안에 정상적으로 일을 계속하였더라면 받을 수 있었던 임금을 모두 지급받을 수 있다. 해고 근로자가 해고기간 동안 근무를 하지는 않았다고 하더라도 해고가 무효인 이상 그동안 사용자와의 근로관계는 계속되고 있는 것이고, 근로자가 해고기간 동안 근무를 하지 못한 것은 근로자를 부당하게 해고한 사용자에게 책임 있는 사유로 인한 것이기 때문이다(대법원 1981. 12. 22. 선고 81다626 판결 참조).

따라서 근로자가 부당해고로 인하여 지급받지 못한 임금이 연차휴가수당인 경우에도 해당 근로자의 연간 소정근로일수와 출근일수를 고려하여 근로기준법 제60조 제1항의 요건을 충족하면 연차유급휴가가 부여되는 것을 전제로 연차휴가수당을 지급하여야 하고, 이를 산정하기 위한 연간 소정근로일수와 출근일수를 계산함에 있어서 사용자의 부당해고로 인하여 근로자가 출근하지 못한 기간을 근로자에 대하여 불리하게 고려할 수는 없으므로 그 기간은 연간 소정근로일수 및 출근일수에 모두 산입되는 것으로 보는 것이 타당하며, 설령 부당해고기간이 연간 총근로일수 전부를 차지하고 있는 경우에도 달리 볼 수는 없다.

원심은 채택 증거를 종합하여 그 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고(선정당사자) 및 선정자들(이하 ‘원고들’이라 한다)은 모두 해고기간을 포함한 2008년 및 2009년 출근율(출근일수/소정근로일수)이 80% 이상이므로, 원고들에게는 근로기준법 제60조, 단체협약 제25조에 따라 법정 연차유급휴가 일수가 모두 발생하였다고 보았다. 원심은 이를 전제로 원고들의 2008년 및 2009년의 각 연차유급휴가 일수를 산정한 다음 피고에게 그에 상응하는 원고들의 각 연차휴가수당을 지급할 의무가 있다고 판단하고, 이와 달리 부당해고기간이 연간 총근로일수의 전부에 해당하는 경우에는 연차유급휴가가 발생하지 아니한다는 피고의 주장을 그 판시와 같은 이유로 배척하였다.

원심판결 이유를 앞서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 근로기준법 제60조 제1항의 해석이나 적용에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

2. 통상임금의 해당 여부에 관하여

통상임금은 근로조건의 기준을 마련하기 위하여 근로기준법이 정한 것이므로, 사용자와 근로자가 통상임금의 의미나 범위 등에 관하여 단체협약 등에 의하여 따로 합의할 수 있는 성질의 것이 아니다. 따라서 성질상 근로기준법상의 통상임금에 속하는 임금을 통상임금에서 제외하기로 노사 간에 합의하였다고 하더라도 그 합의는 효력이 없다. 연장·야간·휴일 근로에 대하여 통상임금의 50% 이상을 가산하여 지급하도록 한 근로기준법의 규정은 각 해당 근로에 대한 임금산정의 최저기준을 정한 것이므로, 통상임금의 성질을 가지는 임금을 일부 제외한 채 연장·야간·휴일 근로에 대한 가산임금을 산정하도록 노사 간에 합의한 경우 그 노사합의에 따라 계산한 금액이 근로기준법에서 정한 위 기준에 미달할 때에는 그 미달하는 범위 내에서 노사합의는 무효이고, 무효로 된 부분은 근로기준법이 정하는 기준에 따라야 한다(대법원 2013. 12. 18. 선고 2012다89399 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

원심은 채택 증거를 종합하여 그 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고들이 구하는 연차휴가수당 및 생활안정수당을 산정함에 있어 그 산정의 기초가 되는 통상임금에서 조정수당, 판매수당, 가계안정비 등을 제외하기로 한 이 사건 단체협약은 근로기준법에 위반되어 무효라고 판단하고, 피고가 정한 연차유급휴가 일수 및 통상임금 산정 방식에 따라 위 연차휴가수당 등의 액수를 인정하였다.

원심판결 이유를 앞서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같이 통상임금의 산정이나 통상임금에 관한 단체협약의 효력에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 없다.

3. 결론

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하도록 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

[[별 지] 선정자 명단: 생략]

대법관 김신(재판장) 민일영 이인복(주심) 박보영

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2010나9486 · 서울남부지방법원 2011-01-13
Wages
#2
2011다4629 · 대법원 2013-12-26
Wages
#3
2019다14110, 14127, 14134, 14141 · 대법원 2020-08-20
Wages · Wages · Wages · Wages
#4
92다24509 · 대법원 1993-05-27
Wages Dispute (임금)
#5
82다카49 · 대법원 1983-09-13
근로수당금

Cases citing this decision

2015다66052 · 대법원 2019-02-14
Wages
2014다232296, 232302 · 대법원 2017-05-17
Wages

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)