[Plaintiff, Appellee and Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorneys Baek Seung-heon and 1 other, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellant and Appellee] Defendant School Foundation (Attorney Cho Jae-don, Counsel for the Defendant)
[Judgment Below] Gwangju High Court Judgment (Jeonju Branch) 2009Na3437, decided October 8, 2010
[Order]
The part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff is reversed, and that part of the case is remanded to the Gwangju High Court. The Defendant's appeal is dismissed.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary brief on grounds of appeal filed after the expiration of the period for submission thereof, to the extent it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.
1. As to the Plaintiff's grounds of appeal
A. First ground of appeal
An action seeking future performance may be brought only where there is a need to claim performance in advance. Here, "a need to claim performance in advance" means, in the case of a claim whose time for performance has not yet arrived or whose condition has not yet been fulfilled, a situation in which the debtor already disputes the existence of the obligation in advance, such that voluntary performance cannot be expected even after the time for performance arrives or the condition is fulfilled (see Supreme Court Decision 2002Da3891, decided January 15, 2004, etc.).
Meanwhile, Article 9(1), first sentence, of the Act on the Improvement of Educational Officials' Status (hereinafter "the Act on the Improvement of Educational Officials' Status") provides that "where a teacher objects to a disciplinary action or any other disposition unfavorable to him/her against his/her will, he/she may request a review by the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee within 30 days from the date on which he/she became aware that the disposition was made." Article 16(2)(3) of the Regulation on Teachers' Appeals for Review (Presidential Decree No. 20740, amended February 29, 2008), enacted pursuant to the delegation provision of Article 10(4) of the same Act, provides that "where it is found that a request for review seeking the cancellation or modification of a disposition is well-founded, [the Committee] shall cancel or modify the disposition, or order the person with authority to make the disposition to cancel or modify it." Article 10(2) of the Act on the Improvement of Educational Officials' Status provides that "the decision of the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee shall be binding on the person with authority to make the disposition." In light of the purport of these provisions and the purpose of the Act on the Improvement of Educational Officials' Status, which is to improve the treatment and status of teachers and to strengthen the security of their status so as to enhance their status and promote the development of education (Article 1), it should be held that where the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee makes a decision modifying the disposition of the person with authority to make the disposition, a change in the legal relationship between the teacher and the school foundation in accordance with the content of that decision occurs immediately upon that decision (see Supreme Court Decision 94Da30478, decided November 22, 1994; Supreme Court Decision 2010Da88729, decided January 13, 2011, etc.).
According to the evidence lawfully adopted by the court below, the Defendant resolved to dismiss the Plaintiff and notified him thereof on March 17, 2008; however, on July 21, 2008, the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee made a decision modifying the above dismissal disposition to a three-month suspension, and although the Defendant filed an administrative lawsuit contesting this and seeking its cancellation, the Defendant withdrew the lawsuit on November 11, 2008, whereby the decision of the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee became final and conclusive as it stood. Accordingly, the dismissal disposition in this case was modified to a three-month suspension, and a change in the legal relationship between the Plaintiff, a teacher, and the Defendant, a school foundation, occurred in accordance with the content of that decision. Nevertheless, the Defendant, disputing that the dismissal disposition in this case remains valid unless it separately imposes the three-month suspension, has, even though the suspension period has already elapsed, refused to pay wages to the Plaintiff up to the date of closing argument in the court below and has excluded the Plaintiff from academic affairs, such as by not assigning him any courses or teaching hours.
In light of the legal principles and factual relationship set out above, it is amply inferable that the Defendant, even after the closing of argument in the court below, will continue to dispute that the dismissal disposition in this case remains valid, refuse to pay wages, and exclude the Plaintiff from academic affairs. Therefore, there is a need to claim in advance performance of the wages and consolation money accruing after the date of closing argument in the court below. Nevertheless, the court below erred in holding, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that there was no benefit in bringing the action, and such error constitutes a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning actions for future performance. The Plaintiff's ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.
B. Second ground of appeal
Absent special circumstances, an employer bears a duty under the principle of good faith to give consideration, within the scope compatible with the exercise of the employer's authority to direct and command work, so that an employee may realize his or her own personality through the genuine development of personality by providing labor, pursuant to the employment contract concluded with the employee. Accordingly, where the employer, without justifiable reason and against the will of the employee, continuously refuses to accept the employee's provision of labor, this constitutes an infringement of the employee's personal legal interests, and the employer is liable to compensate the employee for the mental suffering caused thereby (see Supreme Court Decision 95Da6823, decided April 23, 1996, etc.). For a university professor, giving lectures in his or her area of specialization and thereby further developing his or her own academic research constitutes an essential part of the realization of his or her personal rights. Therefore, where a school foundation, the employer of a university professor, without special circumstances such as an obstruction to the exercise of its authority to direct work, acts with the sole intent of excluding the professor belonging to it from his or her proper duties by, among other things, failing to assign course subjects and teaching hours so as to render the professor unable to lecture, this constitutes an infringement of the teacher's personal legal interests, and the school foundation bears a duty to compensate the university professor for the mental suffering caused thereby (see Supreme Court Decision 2006Da30730, decided June 26, 2008).
According to the evidence lawfully adopted by the court below and the first instance court, as noted above, the dismissal disposition in this case was modified to a three-month suspension upon the finalization of the modification decision of the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee, and although the Plaintiff repeatedly demanded that the Defendant take follow-up measures, including restoration of his professorship, following that decision, the Defendant, disputing that the dismissal disposition in this case remains valid unless it separately imposes the three-month suspension, and without any special circumstances obstructing the exercise of its authority to direct work, etc., failed to assign the Plaintiff any course subjects or teaching hours for the first and second semesters of 2009 and has continued to exclude the Plaintiff from academic affairs.
Therefore, the Defendant school foundation, by continuously refusing, without justifiable reason, to accept the labor provided by the Plaintiff, a professor, is infringing upon the Plaintiff's personal legal interests, and the Defendant is liable to compensate the Plaintiff for the mental suffering caused thereby. Nevertheless, the court below erred in rejecting the Plaintiff's claim for consolation money for the reasons stated in its judgment, and such error constitutes a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning consolation money. This ground of appeal raised by the Plaintiff is also well-founded.
2. As to the Defendant's grounds of appeal
A. First ground of appeal
Since wages must be paid directly to the employee in full, an employer may not, except with respect to a claim for the return of overpaid wages, set off against an employee's wage claim any claim it holds against the employee arising from a loan or from a tort (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 94Da26721, decided December 21, 1995; Supreme Court Decision 97Da14200, decided June 26, 1998, etc.).
It is clear from the record that what the Defendant asserted as the automatic claim in its defense of set-off was a claim for damages arising from the Plaintiff's tort. In light of the above legal principle, it is clear that the Defendant's defense of set-off should be rejected regardless of whether the automatic claim is recognized. Therefore, even if there was an error, as asserted in the grounds of appeal, in the court below's disposition dismissing the Defendant's defense of set-off on the ground that it was a belated means of attack and defense, such error does not affect the outcome of the judgment.
B. Second ground of appeal
As noted above, where the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee makes a decision modifying the disposition of the person with authority to make the disposition, a change in the legal relationship between the teacher and the school foundation in accordance with the content of that decision occurs immediately upon that decision.
The court below's determination, to the same effect, that a legal relationship in accordance with the decision was formed between the Plaintiff and the Defendant upon the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee's decision modifying the Defendant's dismissal disposition in this case to a three-month suspension and the finalization of that decision, is justifiable, and there is no error of misapprehension of legal principles as asserted in the grounds of appeal.
The Constitutional Court decision cited in the grounds of appeal concerns the decision of the Special Committee for Teachers' Appeals for Review under the Special Act for the Relief of University Faculty Members Dismissed under the Fixed-Term Appointment System, and is therefore not appropriately applicable to this case.
C. Third ground of appeal
The main text of Article 10(1) of the Act on the Improvement of Educational Officials' Status merely provides that "the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee shall make a decision on a request for review within 60 days from the date of its receipt," and imposes no restriction on the content of that decision, etc. Article 10(4) merely delegates that "matters necessary for review procedures, including the request for, examination of, and decision on a request for review, shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree." Therefore, what decisions the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee should or may make must be reasonably determined by comprehensively considering the purpose of the Act on the Improvement of Educational Officials' Status, the function of the Committee, etc. In light of the fact that the purpose of the Act on the Improvement of Educational Officials' Status is to improve the treatment of teachers and to strengthen the security of their status, thereby enhancing their status and promoting the development of education, and that a teacher's request for review is intended to remedy and correct disciplinary actions or other dispositions unfavorable to the teacher's will, it should be held that the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee may, upon examining a request for review, dismiss it (procedurally or on the merits), cancel or modify a disposition unfavorable to the teacher, order the person with authority to make the disposition to cancel or modify it, confirm the validity or existence of the disposition, cancel a refusal disposition by the person with authority to make the disposition, or order the fulfillment of an obligation in accordance with the purport of the request for review, or take any other disposition. Accordingly, the Regulation on Teachers' Appeals for Review referred to above merely provides for this self-evident legal principle, and thus it cannot be said that the regulation lacks a legal basis or violates the Constitution or statutes (see Supreme Court Decision 2010Da88729, decided January 13, 2011).
The court below's determination that the legal relationship between the Plaintiff and the Defendant was changed in accordance with the decision of the Teachers' Appeals Review Committee under the Regulation on Teachers' Appeals for Review necessarily includes a rejection of the Defendant's argument that the Regulation on Teachers' Appeals for Review violates the Constitution or statutes, and that determination is justified in light of the legal principles set forth above. Therefore, the judgment below does not contain any error such as an omission of judgment as asserted in the grounds of appeal.
D. Fourth ground of appeal
A criminal defendant is presumed innocent until a guilty verdict becomes final (Article 27(4) of the Constitution). Therefore, the mere fact that the Plaintiff has been indicted for obstruction of business, etc., and is undergoing criminal trial does not mean that the court below's failure to reflect the outcome of that trial in its judgment constitutes an error of misapprehension of legal principles as asserted in the grounds of appeal.
3. Conclusion
Therefore, the part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff is reversed, and that part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination, and the Defendant's appeal is dismissed. This Judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as stated in the Order.
Justice Min Il-young (Presiding Justice), Park Il-hwan (Justice in charge), Shin Young-chul, Park Bo-young