Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2005다50034

Wages (Foreign Industrial Trainee Case)임금

Decided2005. 11. 10. Court대법원Worker (foreign trainees) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved foreign nationals who entered Korea as industrial trainees (산업기술연수생) but were, in practice, working under the company's direction and supervision while receiving pay for their labor. The Supreme Court held that they qualified as 'workers' (근로자) under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), establishing the principle that courts must look at the actual substance of the working relationship rather than the formal label of 'trainee.' Because a genuine employment relationship was found to exist despite the nominal training contract, the foreign trainees won the case.

Key takeaways
  • CaseForeign nationals who entered Korea as industrial trainees actually worked under the company's direction and received wages, but the company argued they were not employees because they were merely 'trainees.'
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that regardless of the 'trainee' label, if a person actually worked under the company's direction and supervision for the purpose of earning wages, they qualify as a worker under the Labor Standards Act.
  • LessonEven if a contract labels someone as a 'trainee' or 'intern,' if they are actually supervised and paid for their work, they can be legally recognized as a regular employee.
Issues
  • Whether industrial trainees (산업기술연수생) qualify as 'workers' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
  • What criteria determine worker status (근로자성) regardless of contractual labels
Key reasoning

Whether someone qualifies as a 'worker' under the Labor Standards Act must be determined by examining the actual substance of the relationship, not merely the form of the contract. The key question is whether the person provided labor in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages. Even if a person is formally designated as an 'industrial trainee,' if they actually performed work under the company's direction and supervision and received compensation for it, they must be recognized as a worker entitled to protection under the Labor Standards Act. The label used in the contract does not override the real-world facts of how the work was performed and controlled.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In determining whether a person qualifies as a worker under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the determination must be made based on whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages at a business or workplace, regardless of whether the form of the contract is an employment contract or a service contract under the Civil Act (민법). In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to work rules or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the worker is subject to specific and individual direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the worker is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as the worker himself hiring a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership relationship of equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters concerning remuneration, including whether the nature of the remuneration has the character of compensation for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the provision of labor and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as an employee is recognized under other statutes, such as those concerning the social security system; and the social and economic conditions of both parties.

[2] Even if a foreign national who was issued an industrial technical training visa was assigned as an industrial technical trainee to a domestic host company under the government-implemented Foreign Industrial Technical Training Program (외국인 산업기술연수제도) and entered into a training contract with the host company, if the content of the contract is not limited to mere industrial technical training but instead involves the trainee providing labor for prescribed hours according to the instructions of the host company, receiving a fixed amount of money in return, and further being entitled to receive overtime pay under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) for work performed beyond the prescribed hours, and if, accordingly, the foreign national actually provided labor at the host company's workplace while being substantially subject to the direction and supervision of the host company and received money in the name of allowances, then such foreign national also qualifies as a worker under Article 14 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

Full text (English, AI translation) 4,538 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 15 others (Attorneys Kim Jeong-han and 1 other, of Jeongwon Comprehensive Law Firm, counsel for the plaintiffs)
[Defendant, Appellant] ○○○ Co., Ltd.
[Judgment Below] Daegu High Court Decision 2004Na5304, decided July 28, 2005

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

In determining whether a person constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the determination must be made not according to the formal type of contract, i.e., whether it is a contract of employment or a contract for work under the Civil Act, but according to the substance of the relationship, namely, whether the person provided labor to a business or workplace in a subordinate relationship to the employer for the purpose of earning wages. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to work rules or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the employer exercises specific and individual direction and supervision over the performance of the work; whether the working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the worker is bound thereby; whether the work is substitutable, such as whether the worker may employ a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters concerning remuneration, including whether the nature of the remuneration is compensation for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation to the employer; whether the person's status as an employee is recognized under other statutes, such as those relating to the social security system; and the social and economic conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 2000Do4901, decided April 13, 2001). Even where a foreign national who has been issued an industrial technical trainee visa is assigned as an industrial technical trainee to a domestic host company under the industrial technical training program for foreign nationals implemented by the government, and concludes a training contract with the host company, if the content of that contract is not limited to mere industrial technical training but provides that the trainee shall provide labor for prescribed hours in accordance with the instructions of the host company and receive a fixed sum of money in return, and further that overtime allowances under the Labor Standards Act shall be paid for work performed beyond the prescribed hours, and if, accordingly, the foreign national has, in the workplace of the host company, actually provided labor while being subject to the direction and supervision of the host company and has received money in the name of allowances, then that foreign national also constitutes an employee under Article 14 of the Labor Standards Act (see Supreme Court Decisions 95Nu2050, decided December 22, 1995, and 97Nu10352, decided October 10, 1997).

Having found the facts as stated in its judgment, the court below determined that the Plaintiffs—who, as nationals of the People's Republic of China, entered into training contracts with the non-party company, a local corporation established with full investment by the Defendant company, and entered Korea under the designation of industrial trainees, but who provided labor for the purpose of earning wages at the Defendant company's factory—were employees of the Defendant company. In light of the legal principles set out above and the record, this determination is justified, and there is no error, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, of misapprehension of facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence, or of misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the recognition of employee status under the Labor Standards Act and the Minimum Wage Act (최저임금법), or concerning the status of an industrial trainee under the Immigration Control Act (출입국관리법).

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision.

Justice Park Jae-yoon (Presiding Justice), Lee Kyu-hong (Justice in charge), Yang Seung-tae

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에는 그 계약의 형식이 민법상의 고용계약인지 또는 도급계약인지에 관계없이 그 실질면에서 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 그러한 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행과정에서도 사용자로부터 구체적 개별적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격이 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 사회·경제적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

[2] 산업기술연수사증을 발급받은 외국인이 정부가 실시하는 외국인 산업기술연수제도의 국내 대상 업체에 산업기술연수생으로 배정되어 대상 업체와 사이에 연수계약을 체결하였다 하더라도 그 계약의 내용이 단순히 산업기술의 연수만으로 그치는 것이 아니고 대상 업체가 지시하는 바에 따라 소정시간 근로를 제공하고, 그 대가로 일정액의 금품을 지급받으며 더욱이 소정시간 외의 근무에 대하여는 근로기준법에 따른 시간외 근로수당을 지급받기로 하는 것이고, 이에 따라 당해 외국인이 대상 업체의 사업장에서 실질적으로 대상 업체의 지시·감독을 받으면서 근로를 제공하고 수당 명목의 금품을 수령하여 왔다면 당해 외국인도 근로기준법 제14조에 정한 근로자에 해당한다.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제14조

[2] 근로기준법 제14조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1994. 12. 9. 선고 94다22859 판결(공1995상, 448), 대법원 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000도4901 판결(공2001상, 1179), 대법원 2001. 6. 26. 선고 99다5484 판결(공2001하, 1681), 대법원 2001. 8. 21. 선고 2001도2778 판결(공2001하, 2125), 대법원 2002. 7. 12. 선고 2001도5995 판결(공2002하, 1992), 대법원 2004. 3. 26. 선고 2003두13939 판결(공2004상, 731), 대법원 2005. 5. 27. 선고 2005두524 판결(공2005하, 1060) / [2] 대법원 1995. 12. 22. 선고 95누2050 판결(공1996상, 571), 대법원 1997. 10. 10. 선고 97누10352 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,645자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 15인 (소송대리인 법무법인 정원종합법률사무소 담당변호사 김정한 외 1인)

【피고, 상고인】 ○○○ 주식회사

【원심판결】 대구고법 2005. 7. 28. 선고 2004나5304 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에는 그 계약의 형식이 민법상의 고용계약인지 또는 도급계약인지에 관계없이 그 실질면에서 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 그러한 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행과정에서도 사용자로부터 구체적 개별적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격이 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 사회·경제적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하는바(대법원 2001. 4. 13. 선고 2000도4901 판결 참조), 산업기술연수사증을 발급받은 외국인이 정부가 실시하는 외국인 산업기술연수제도의 국내 대상 업체에 산업기술연수생으로 배정되어 대상 업체와 사이에 연수계약을 체결하였다 하더라도 그 계약의 내용이 단순히 산업기술의 연수만으로 그치는 것이 아니고 대상 업체가 지시하는 바에 따라 소정시간 근로를 제공하고, 그 대가로 일정액의 금품을 지급받으며 더욱이 소정시간 외의 근무에 대하여는 근로기준법에 따른 시간외 근로수당을 지급받기로 하는 것이고, 이에 따라 당해 외국인이 대상 업체의 사업장에서 실질적으로 대상 업체의 지시·감독을 받으면서 근로를 제공하고 수당 명목의 금품을 수령하여 왔다면 당해 외국인도 근로기준법 제14조 소정의 근로자에 해당한다 할 것이다(대법원 1995. 12. 22. 선고 95누2050 판결, 1997. 10. 10. 선고 97누10352 판결 등 참조).

원심이 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 그에 의하면 중화인민공화국 국적이며 피고 회사가 전액 투자하여 설립한 현지법인인 소외 공사와 사이에 연수계약을 체결하고 산업연수생이라는 명목으로 입국하였으나 피고 회사의 공장에서 임금을 목적으로 근로를 제공한 원고들이 피고 회사의 근로자라고 판단한 것은 위에서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인이나 근로기준법 및 최저임금법상의 근로자의 인정 또는 출입국관리법상의 산업연수생의 지위에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하도록 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박재윤(재판장) 이규홍(주심) 양승태

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