Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2009도7908

Violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법위반)근로기준법위반

Decided2009. 11. 12. Court대법원Employer won (case reversed and remanded in favor of employer)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

An employer disciplinarily dismissed an employee without paying severance pay (퇴직금) at the time of dismissal. Later, the Labor Relations Commission (노동위원회) issued an order canceling the dismissal, and the employee was reinstated. The Supreme Court ruled that under these circumstances, the employer did not commit a violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), because once the dismissal was canceled, the obligation to pay severance pay was retroactively extinguished, meaning the elements of the criminal offense were never satisfied. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision and remanded the case.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employer disciplinarily dismissed a worker without paying severance pay, but the dismissal was later canceled by an order of the Labor Relations Commission (노동위원회), leading to the worker's reinstatement.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that because the dismissal was canceled, the obligation to pay severance pay was retroactively extinguished, and therefore no violation of the Labor Standards Act occurred.
  • LessonWhile reinstatement after a canceled dismissal removes the criminal risk for unpaid severance, employers should still prioritize ensuring dismissals are lawful in the first place to avoid legal disputes altogether.
Issues
  • Whether an employer commits a violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법위반) for failing to pay severance pay when the underlying dismissal is later canceled
  • The relationship between the retroactive effect of a canceled dismissal and the extinguishment of the severance pay obligation
Key reasoning

The right to claim severance pay (퇴직금지급청구권) arises only when there has been a lawful retirement or termination of employment. When a dismissal is later canceled, this cancellation has retroactive effect, meaning the dismissal is treated as if it never legally occurred. As a result, the employer's obligation to pay severance pay—which depended on the validity of the dismissal—is also retroactively extinguished. Since the criminal offense under the Labor Standards Act requires a valid failure to pay severance pay owed upon lawful termination, if that obligation never legally existed due to the retroactive cancellation, the constituent elements of the crime are not fulfilled. The fact that the cancellation of the dismissal occurred sometime after the actual dismissal does not change this legal conclusion.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The offense of violating Article 112(1) and Article 36 of the Labor Standards Act (former, before the whole amendment by Act No. 8372 of April 11, 2007) (근로기준법) is established where an employer fails, within 14 days from the date the cause for payment arises, to perform the obligation to pay money and valuables, such as retirement allowances, upon an employee’s retirement, etc., as provided in Article 36 of the same Act. Among these, since an employee’s right to claim retirement allowance arises on the condition of the lawful termination of the employment relationship through retirement, as long as the employment contract validly continues to exist, there is no room for the employer’s obligation to pay retirement allowance to arise, and thus the above offense is not established. This holds true even where the employer rescinds its disciplinary dismissal, thereby causing the effect of the dismissal and the resulting obligation to pay retirement allowance to be retroactively extinguished.

[2] A case holding that the court below erred in finding the defendant guilty of the charge of violating Article 36 of the Labor Standards Act on the ground that the rescission of the dismissal and the order for reinstatement to the original position were made after the initial disciplinary dismissal, even though, once the dismissal was rescinded pursuant to the employee’s petition for relief and the reinstatement order was issued, the obligation to pay retirement allowance based thereon had retroactively ceased to exist, such that the factual elements constituting the offense of violating the Labor Standards Act due to nonpayment of retirement allowance no longer existed.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,556 chars

[Defendant]

Defendant

[Appellant]

Defendant

[Lower Court Judgment]

Changwon District Court Judgment of July 23, 2009, 2008No1594, 2008No1749 (Consolidated)

[Order]

The guilty part of the judgment below is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Changwon District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

The interpretation of penal statutes must be strict, and excessively expanding the meaning of the express provisions in a direction unfavorable to the defendant, or interpreting them by analogy, is contrary to the principle of nulla poena sine lege and is not permitted (see, e.g., Supreme Court en banc Decision 2006Do4549, delivered on November 16, 2006).

The offense under Article 112(1) and Article 36 of the Labor Standards Act (Labor Standards Act, 근로기준법) (referring to the version before the full amendment by Act No. 8372 of April 11, 2007; hereinafter the same) is established when the employer fails to fulfill, within 14 days from the date the obligation to pay arises, the obligation to pay money such as retirement pay to an employee upon retirement, etc., as prescribed in Article 36 of the same Act. Among these, the employee's right to claim retirement pay arises on the condition of the lawful termination of the employment relationship through retirement. Therefore, as long as the employment contract validly continues to exist, there is no room for the employer's obligation to pay retirement pay to arise, and thus the above offense cannot be established; the same applies even where the employer cancels the dismissal disposition, thereby retroactively extinguishing the effect of the dismissal and the resulting obligation to pay retirement pay.

The gist of the part of the facts charged against the Defendant in this case concerning the violation of the Labor Standards Act due to non-payment of retirement pay to the non-indicted person is as follows: the Defendant, who was the head of the cooperative referred to in the judgment and thus in the position of employer, committed the offense of violation of the above Labor Standards Act by failing to pay, within 14 days from the date of retirement and without an agreement to extend the payment deadline, the retirement pay of the non-indicted person, who had joined the said cooperative on April 1, 1991, worked as acting general affairs manager, and was dismissed on December 27, 2006.

With respect to the above facts charged, the court below found as follows: based on a resolution of the personnel committee of the said cooperative, a disciplinary dismissal disposition was issued against the non-indicted person around December 27, 2006; however, in accordance with the reinstatement order issued on May 18, 2007 by the Gyeongnam Regional Labor Relations Commission pursuant to the non-indicted person's application for remedy filed in objection thereto, the dismissal disposition of December 27, 2006 against the non-indicted person was cancelled around July 5, 2007, and an order of reinstatement was issued, after which, around July 9, 2007, a disposition of dismissal ex officio was finally issued; and prior to that, retirement pay had been paid to the non-indicted person around January 12, 2007. As to the Defendant's argument that the offense of violation of the Labor Standards Act, which presupposes the validity of the retirement disposition of December 27, 2006, could not be established, the court below rejected the Defendant's argument on the ground that the circumstance that the dismissal disposition was cancelled due to the employee's application for remedy was merely a circumstance arising after the establishment of the offense and thus did not affect the establishment of the offense, and found this part of the facts charged guilty.

However, according to the legal principle set forth above, the offense of violation of the Labor Standards Act due to non-payment of retirement pay to an employee who retired due to disciplinary dismissal must be understood as being established on the basis of the constituent elements consisting of the existence of a lawful dismissal disposition, the resulting arising of the obligation to pay retirement pay, and the continued existence of its effect. Inasmuch as the Defendant cancelled the dismissal disposition of December 27, 2006 against the above non-indicted person in accordance with the reinstatement order of the Gyeongnam Regional Labor Relations Commission and issued an order of reinstatement, the effect of the said dismissal and the resulting obligation to pay retirement pay were retroactively extinguished, and thus it must be said that there is also no proof of the constituent facts of the offense of violation of the Labor Standards Act, which presupposes the said obligation to pay retirement pay.

Nevertheless, the court below's determination that the mere circumstance that the cancellation of the dismissal disposition and the reinstatement order occurred after the original dismissal disposition did not affect the establishment of the said offense constitutes an error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the offense of violation of the Labor Standards Act due to non-payment of retirement pay, and a failure to conduct the necessary examination.

The argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

The arguments in the grounds of appeal concerning the remaining facts charged, which the court below found guilty, merely find fault with the selection and evaluation of evidence or the finding of facts, which fall within the exclusive authority of the court below as the fact-finding court, or merely assert, on the premise of facts different from those found by the court below, that there was an error in the court below's determination of law; therefore, they do not constitute legitimate grounds of appeal.

Accordingly, the guilty part of the judgment below is reversed (since a single sentence was imposed for the offenses against the Defendant set forth in the judgment that the court below found guilty, on the basis that they are in a concurrent-crime relationship under the first clause of Article 37 of the Criminal Act, the entire guilty part must be reversed), and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Yang Chang-soo (Presiding Justice), Yang Seung-tae, Kim Ji-hyeong (Justice in charge), Jeon Su-an

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법(2007. 4. 11. 법률 제8372호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제112조 제1항, 제36조 위반죄는 사용자가 같은 법 제36조에 정한 근로자의 퇴직 등에 따른 퇴직금 등의 금품지급의무를 그 지급 사유가 발생한 때부터 14일 안에 이행하지 아니할 경우에 성립하는 것으로서, 그 중 근로자의 퇴직금지급청구권은 퇴직이라는 근로관계의 적법한 종료를 요건으로 하여 발생하는 것이므로 근로계약이 유효하게 존속하는 한 사용자의 퇴직금지급의무는 발생할 여지가 없어 위 죄가 성립하지 아니한다. 이는 사용자가 그 해고처분을 취소함으로써 해고의 효력 및 그에 기한 퇴직금지급의무가 소급적으로 소멸하게 되는 경우에도 마찬가지이다.

[2] 근로자의 구제신청으로 해고처분이 취소되고 복직발령을 받은 이상 그에 기한 퇴직금지급의무는 소급적으로 소멸하게 되어 퇴직금 미지급으로 인한 근로기준법 위반죄의 구성요건적 사실이 존재하지 않게 되었음에도, 위 해고처분의 취소 및 원직복귀명령이 당초의 해고처분 이후에 행해졌다는 이유로 근로기준법 제36조 위반의 공소사실을 유죄로 인정한 원심판결을 위법하다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법(2007. 4. 11. 법률 제8372호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제36조, 제112조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법(2007. 4. 11. 법률 제8372호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제36조, 제112조 제1항

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,288자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인

【상 고 인】 피고인

【원심판결】 창원지법 2009. 7. 23. 선고 2008노1594, 2008노1749(병합) 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 유죄 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 창원지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

형벌법규의 해석은 엄격하여야 하고 명문규정의 의미를 피고인에게 불리한 방향으로 지나치게 확장해석하거나 유추해석하는 것은 죄형법정주의의 원칙에 어긋나는 것으로서 허용되지 않는다(대법원 2006. 11. 16. 선고 2006도4549 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

근로기준법(2007. 4. 11. 법률 제8372호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 같다) 제112조 제1항, 제36조 위반죄는 사용자가 같은 법 제36조에 정한 근로자의 퇴직 등에 따른 퇴직금 등의 금품지급의무를 그 지급 사유가 발생한 때부터 14일 안에 이행하지 아니할 경우에 성립하는 것으로서, 그 중 근로자의 퇴직금지급청구권은 퇴직이라는 근로관계의 적법한 종료를 요건으로 하여 발생하는 것이므로 근로계약이 유효하게 존속하는 한 사용자의 퇴직금지급의무는 발생할 여지가 없어 위 죄가 성립하지 아니한다 할 것이고, 사용자가 그 해고처분을 취소함으로써 해고의 효력 및 그에 기한 퇴직금지급의무가 소급적으로 소멸하게 되는 경우에도 마찬가지라 할 것이다.

피고인에 대한 이 사건 공소사실 중 공소외인에 대한 퇴직금미지급으로 인한 근로기준법위반의 점의 요지는, 그 판시 조합의 조합장으로서 사용자의 지위에 있는 피고인이 위 조합에 1991. 4. 1. 입사하여 총무대리로 근무하다가 2006. 12. 27. 면직된 공소외인의 퇴직금을 지급기일 연장에 관한 합의 없이 위 퇴직일부터 14일 안에 지급하지 아니함으로써 위 근로기준법위반의 죄를 저질렀다는 것이다.

위 공소사실에 대하여 원심은, 위 조합 인사위원회의 의결에 기하여 2006. 12. 27.경 공소외인에 대하여 징계해고의 처분을 하였으나, 이에 불복한 공소외인의 구제명령신청에 따른 경남지방노동위원회의 2007. 5. 18. 자 원직복귀명령에 따라 2007. 7. 5.경 공소외인에 대한 2006. 12. 27. 자 해고처분을 취소하고 복직 발령을 한 후 2007. 7. 9.경 최종적으로 직권면직의 처분을 하였고, 그에 앞선 2007. 1. 12.경 공소외인에 대한 퇴직금을 지급하였으므로 2006. 12. 27. 자 퇴직처분이 유효함을 전제로 하는 위 근로기준법위반죄는 성립하지 않는다고 하는 피고인의 주장에 대해, 근로자의 구제신청으로 해고처분이 취소된 사정은 범죄성립 이후의 사정에 불과하여 범죄의 성립에 영향을 미치지 못한다는 이유로 피고인의 주장을 배척하고 이 부분 공소사실을 유죄로 인정하였다.

그러나 앞서 본 법리에 의하면, 징계해고로 퇴직한 근로자에 대한 퇴직금미지급으로 인한 근로기준법위반죄는 적법한 해고처분 및 그에 따른 퇴직금지급의무의 발생과 그 효력의 존속을 구성요건으로 하여 성립한다고 보아야 하는 이상, 피고인이 위 공소외인에 대한 2006. 12. 27. 자 해고처분에 대하여 경남지방노동위원회의 원직복귀명령에 따라 이를 취소하고 복직 발령을 함으로써 위 해고의 효력 및 그에 기한 퇴직금지급의무가 소급적으로 소멸하게 되어 위 퇴직금지급의무를 전제로 하는 위 근로기준법위반의 죄 역시 그 구성요건사실에 대한 증명이 없게 되었다 할 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고 위 해고처분의 취소 및 원직복귀명령이 당초의 해고처분 이후에 이루어졌다는 사정만으로 위 죄의 성립에 영향을 미치지 않는다고 본 원심판단은 퇴직금미지급으로 인한 근로기준법위반죄의 법리를 오해하여 필요한 심리를 다하지 아니한 위법이 있다 할 것이다.

상고이유 중 이 점을 지적하는 취지의 주장은 이유 있다.

원심이 유죄를 인정한 나머지 공소사실에 관한 상고이유의 주장들은 사실심인 원심의 전권사항에 속하는 증거의 취사선택 혹은 사실의 인정을 탓하거나 원심이 인정한 사실과 다른 사실을 전제로 원심의 법리판단에 잘못이 있다는 취지에 불과하여 적법한 상고이유가 되지 못한다.

그러므로 원심판결 중 유죄 부분을 파기하고(피고인에 대한 판시 각 죄 중 원심이 유죄로 인정한 부분은 각 형법 제37조 전단의 경합범관계에 있어 하나의 형이 선고되었으므로 유죄 부분 전부를 파기하여야 한다), 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 양창수(재판장) 양승태 김지형(주심) 전수안

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