Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2002다69631

Wages (임금)임금

Decided2003. 03. 14. Court대법원Reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the Supreme Court sided with the interpretation favoring the employee's (union member's) longer service period, overturning the lower court's employer-favorable interpretation.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case concerns the interpretation of a mandatory retirement age clause in a labor union's employment rules (취업규칙). The lower court interpreted the phrase 'the last day of the year in which the employee completes age 61' as meaning 'the last day of the year in which the employee turns 61.' The Supreme Court reversed and remanded, holding that courts must be cautious about interpretations that disregard the plain, objective meaning of the text in employment rules.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA labor union's employment rules stated the retirement age as 'the last day of the year in which the employee completes age 61,' but the lower court interpreted this as 'the last day of the year in which the employee turns 61.'
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court reversed and remanded, ruling that the lower court's interpretation ignored the clear wording of the employment rules, and held that employees could work until the last day of the year in which they complete age 62.
  • LessonWhen drafting employment rules (취업규칙) or collective bargaining agreements (단체협약), critical provisions such as retirement age must be worded with precise and unambiguous language that exactly matches the intended meaning.
Issues
  • Principles for interpreting employment rules (취업규칙) and the precise meaning of the mandatory retirement date clause
  • The scope of retroactive application when a severance pay (퇴직금) clause is amended
Key reasoning

Employment rules (취업규칙) function as a form of normative rule within the workplace, similar to law, and therefore any interpretation that departs from the objective meaning of the written text requires clear and convincing evidence. The Supreme Court found it highly unusual and implausible that every member of the central committee (중앙위원회) that drafted the rule would have misunderstood the clear phrase 'the day on which age 61 is completed' (만 61세가 종료되는 날). Absent compelling evidence of such a collective error, the plain language of the text should control. Therefore, the retirement date should be interpreted literally as the last day of the year in which the employee completes age 61 (i.e., turns 62), not merely turns 61.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Since rules of employment (취업규칙) have the character of legal norms that govern collective legal relationships between labor and management, interpretation or fact-finding that disregards the objective meaning of the text should be conducted cautiously and strictly, absent clear evidence.

[2] A case in which the Supreme Court reversed the lower court's judgment, which had construed the phrase "the last day of the year in which the employee's 61st year of age ends" in the rules of employment as meaning "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches 61 years of age."

[3] A case holding that, where a provision on retirement allowances in wage regulations was amended to raise the retirement allowance payment rate, and it was provided that "provided, however, that the effective date shall be January 1, 1997," it is reasonable to construe this proviso as meaning that the amended retirement allowance payment rate applies only to the period of service accrued on or after January 1, 1997.

Full text (English, AI translation) 12,617 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Choi Bong-gi, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] National Federation of Motor Transport Workers' Unions (Attorneys of Samhan Law Firm, Kim Kwang-nyeon, Counsel for the Defendant)
[Judgment Below] Seoul District Court Decision 2002Na16742, decided October 24, 2002

[Order]

The part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to a panel of the Seoul District Court.

[Reasoning] The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary brief submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, to the extent it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.

1. As to the point of misapprehension of facts

A. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, under the Defendant's Administrative Regulations (처무규정), the date of an employee's mandatory retirement is set as "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the completion of the age of 61," and therefore, the Plaintiff, who was born on March 26, 1937, should have had a mandatory retirement date of December 31, 1999; however, the Defendant interpreted the above provision as meaning "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61" and thereby caused the Plaintiff to retire as of December 31, 1998, which the Plaintiff argued was unlawful. Regarding this argument, the court below, upon comprehensive consideration of the evidence adopted, found the following: that under the Defendant's Charter (규약), there exist the Delegates' Assembly as the highest decision-making body and the Central Committee composed of no more than 65 members elected at the Delegates' Assembly, and that the authority to deliberate and resolve upon matters concerning the enactment and amendment of the Defendant's various regulations lies with the Central Committee; that originally, the Defendant's Administrative Regulations provided in Article 66, Item 2 that "the mandatory retirement age of employees shall be 61 years. The date of expiration of mandatory retirement shall be the last day of the relevant month"; that the Administrative Regulations as amended on October 21, 1992 (hereinafter "the Administrative Regulations at issue") provide in Article 26, Item 2 that "the mandatory retirement age of employees shall be 61 years. The date of expiration of mandatory retirement shall be the last day of the year in which the age of 61 is completed" (hereinafter "the retirement age provision at issue"); that at the 105th Central Committee meeting and the 75th Central Executive Committee meeting of the Defendant held on October 21, 1992, an amendment bill regarding the retirement age provision of the Administrative Regulations was proposed on the grounds that, since under the Administrative Regulations the mandatory retirement date fell on the last day of the month in which an employee turned 61, employees would be forced to retire immediately after their 61st birthday, thereby imposing a burden on retiring employees, and that the content of the amendment was to extend the mandatory retirement date to "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61"; that all attendees unanimously resolved to amend the retirement age provision in accordance with the above amendment bill; that the Plaintiff, who was then the Director of Policy Planning of the Defendant, attended the above meeting; and that the Defendant notified the Plaintiff that, pursuant to Article 26, Paragraph 2 of the Administrative Regulations at issue, the Plaintiff's mandatory retirement date was December 31, 1998. Based on these findings, the court below determined that it was reasonable to view that, contrary to its literal wording, the retirement age provision at issue had been deliberated and resolved upon by the Central Committee at the time of the amendment as meaning "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61," and on that premise, rejected the Plaintiff's above argument.

B. However, the court below's factual finding — that the content of the amendment bill proposed at the time the Defendant's 105th Central Committee amended the retirement age provision was to extend the employee's mandatory retirement date to "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61" — and its determination based thereon, are difficult to readily accept in light of the following points.

(1) According to the record, the Defendant is a nationwide federation of labor unions composed of workers and labor unions engaged in the motor transport business, motor manufacturing business, automobile repair and construction heavy equipment business, and related ancillary businesses throughout the country; at the aforementioned 105th Central Committee meeting held on October 21, 1992, 49 out of 64 Central Committee members attended and resolved to amend the previous retirement age provision in accordance with the proposed amendment bill; the amendment bill for the retirement age provision proposed at that time set the mandatory retirement date as "the last day of the year in which the age of 61 is completed," and none of the 49 attendees raised any question or objection regarding the wording of the amendment bill at that time. It can also be seen from the record that thereafter, when the Plaintiff retired on December 31, 1998, and protested that the mandatory retirement date under the retirement age provision at issue should be December 31, 1999, the Defendant convened a Central Committee meeting on May 14, 1999, and, under the pretext of "clarifying wording that was subject to misunderstanding in interpretation," amended the portion of the retirement age provision at issue concerning the mandatory retirement date to read "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61." Given these circumstances, it would be an extremely unusual occurrence for all of the members attending the Central Committee meeting of the Defendant, a federation of labor unions, in deliberating upon the amendment bill for the retirement age provision, to have all misunderstood the phrase "the last day of the year in which the age of 61 is completed," as set forth in the proposed amendment bill, as meaning "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61," a phrase with a clearly different objective meaning, and to have amended the retirement age provision based on that misunderstanding, resulting in the retirement age provision at issue being worded as set forth above, and thereafter to have left the retirement age provision at issue unchanged for several years (according to the record, it can be seen that, since the enforcement of the retirement age provision at issue, all five employees of the Defendant, other than the Plaintiff, who reached mandatory retirement age retired as of "the last day of the year in which they reached the age of 61"; however, this circumstance alone cannot be deemed conclusive proof that the retirement age provision at issue was amended to mean "the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61," rather than in accordance with its objective meaning).

(2) Upon examining, in light of the record, the evidence relied upon by the court below, it is difficult to readily accept the credibility of the statements in Defendant's Exhibits 6 and 7 and the testimony of Witness Nonparty 1 at the first instance trial, to the effect that "the amendment bill was drafted with the intent, at the time, of extending the employee's mandatory retirement date to 'the last day of the year in which the employee reaches the age of 61,' and was submitted to the Central Committee, and the Central Committee also passed the said amendment bill with that intent," since these are documents prepared by, or testimony given by, Nonparty 2 and Nonparty 1, who are employees of the Defendant, in light of their relationship with the Defendant. Furthermore, the testimony of Witness Nonparty 3 at the court below, who was then the Chairman of the Defendant and presided as the chair of the 105th Central Committee meeting, is likewise to the effect that "although the amendment bill for the retirement age provision submitted to the Central Committee at the time stated the mandatory retirement date as 'the last day of the year in which the age of 61 is completed,' the intent of the amendment — namely, to change the mandatory retirement date from the last day of the month in which the employee's 61st birthday fell to the last day of that year — was fully explained to the attending members, and all attending members approved thereof." However, as noted above, given that the number of Central Committee members in attendance at that time was 49, it is difficult to readily believe that all of them misunderstood the meaning of "the last day of the year in which the age of 61 is completed" as meaning "the last day of the year in which the employee's 61st birthday falls," a meaning clearly different from its objective meaning, and that none of them raised any objection thereto, thereby maintaining the wording of the amendment bill as it was, resulting in the provision being enacted as the retirement age provision at issue.

(3) Since rules of employment have the character of legal norms governing collective legal relationships between labor and management, an interpretation disregarding the objective meaning of the wording thereof, or a factual finding leading to such interpretation, should be made cautiously and strictly unless there is clear evidence to support it. Nevertheless, the court below found the facts as stated in its reasoning based on the aforementioned evidence and, on that basis, rejected the Plaintiff's above argument; therefore, such measure taken by the court below constitutes an error of misapprehending the facts in violation of the rules of evidence, as pointed out in the grounds of appeal.

The part of the grounds of appeal pointing out this matter is well-founded.

2. As to the point of misapprehension of the legal doctrine concerning the progressive severance pay provision

According to the record, the Defendant, on May 21, 1996, amended the severance pay provision of the Wage Regulations, providing in Article 29, Paragraph 2 that "for continuous service of two years or more, a progressively accumulated pro-rata average wage of 15 days per each year of service shall be paid. Provided, however, that the effective date shall be January 1, 1997," thereby raising the severance pay rate from the previous level. It can be seen that the original amendment bill did not contain the above proviso, but that the said proviso was added during the deliberation process of the amendment bill in order to make clear that the amended provision would not be applied retroactively; and that thereafter, in calculating the severance pay of retiring employees, the Defendant applied the pre-amendment severance pay rate to periods of service prior to January 1, 1997, and the amended severance pay rate to periods of service on and after January 1, 1997. Given these circumstances, it is reasonable to interpret the above proviso as meaning that the severance pay rate under the amended severance pay provision applies only to periods of continuous service on and after January 1, 1997; accordingly, the Plaintiff's grounds of appeal on this point, which are premised on the assumption that the amended severance pay provision also applies to periods of continuous service prior to January 1, 1997, are without merit, without need for further examination (accordingly, the basis for the court below's calculation of severance pay is erroneous; however, since there is only one cause of action for a severance pay claim, the Plaintiff's severance pay claim in this case, including the amount awarded by the court below, cannot be awarded in an amount exceeding the amount of additional severance pay resulting from the one-year extension of the period of continuous service, in accordance with the determination on the retirement age provision set forth above).

3. Conclusion

Accordingly, without examining the remaining grounds of appeal, the part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination. This judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices as set forth in the Order.

Justice Kang Shin-wook (Presiding Justice), Byun Jae-seung (Justice in charge), Yoon Jae-sik, Ko Hyun-cheol

【판결요지】

[1] 취업규칙은 노사간의 집단적인 법률관계를 규정하는 법규범의 성격을 갖는 것이므로 명확한 증거가 없는 한 그 문언의 객관적 의미를 무시하는 해석이나 사실인정은 신중하고 엄격하여야 한다.

[2] 취업규칙의 문언상 '만 61세가 종료되는 날의 그 해 말일'의 의미를 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 인정한 원심판결을 파기한 사례.

[3] 임금규정의 퇴직금조항을 개정하여 퇴직금지급률을 인상하면서 '단, 시행일자는 1997. 1. 1. 자로 한다.'고 규정한 경우 위 단서조항은 개정 퇴직금조항의 퇴직금지급률을 1997. 1. 1. 이후의 근속기간에 대해서만 적용한다는 의미로 해석함이 상당하다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제4조

[2] 근로기준법 제4조, 제96조, 민사소송법 제202조

[3] 근로기준법 제96조

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,378자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 최봉기)

【피고, 피상고인】 전국자동차노동조합연맹 (소송대리인 법무법인 삼한 담당변호사 김광년)

【원심판결】 서울지법 2002. 10. 24. 선고 2002나16742 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 원고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울지방법원 본원 합의부로 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 경과한 후에 제출된 보충서면의 기재는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 내에서)를 판단한다.

1. 사실오인의 점에 대하여

가. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 피고의 처무규정상 직원의 정년퇴직일은 '만 61세가 종료되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 정해져 있어 1937. 3. 26.생인 원고의 정년퇴직일은 1999. 12. 31.임에도, 피고가 위 조항을 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 해석하여 원고를 1998. 12. 31. 자로 정년퇴직하게 한 것은 부당하다는 원고의 주장에 대하여, 원심은 그 채용증거들을 종합하여, 피고의 규약에 의하면 최고의결기관인 대의원대회와 대의원대회에서 선출된 65명이하의 위원으로 구성된 중앙위원회를 두고 있고, 피고의 제규정의 제정 및 개정에 관한 사항의 심의·의결권은 중앙위원회에 있는 사실, 원래 피고의 처무규정은 직원의 정년퇴직에 관하여 제66조 제2호에서 "직원의 정년은 만 61세로 한다. 정년퇴직 만료일은 해당월 말일로 한다."라고 규정하고 있었는데, 1992. 10. 21. 자로 개정된 처무규정(이하 '이 사건 처무규정'이라 한다)은 제26조 제2호에서 "직원의 정년은 만 61세로 한다. 정년퇴직 만료일은 만 61세가 종료되는 날의 그 해 말일로 한다."(이하 '이 사건 정년조항'이라 한다)라고 규정하고 있는 사실, 그런데 1992. 10. 21. 개최된 피고의 제105차 중앙위원회 및 제75차 중앙상무집행위원회에서 처무규정상 직원의 정년퇴직일이 만 61세 해당월 말일이어서 만 61세가 되는 생일 직후에 퇴직하게 되어 퇴직자에게 부담을 주었기 때문에 개정한다는 취지에서 처무규정 중 정년조항의 개정안이 상정되었는데, 그 내용은 정년퇴직일을 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 연장하는 것이었고, 이에 대하여 참석자 만장일치로 위 개정안대로 정년조항을 개정하기로 의결한 사실, 원고는 당시 피고의 정책실장으로서 위 회의에 참석하였던 사실, 피고는 원고에게 이 사건 처무규정 제26조 제2항에 따른 원고의 정년퇴직일이 1998. 12. 31.이라고 통보한 사실 등을 인정한 다음 이 사건 처무규정의 이 사건 정년조항은 그 문언과는 달리 개정을 위한 위 중앙위원회의 심의·의결 당시에는 정년퇴직일을 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 심의·의결하였다고 봄이 상당하다고 판단하고 그 전제 하에서 원고의 위 주장을 배척하였다.

나. 그러나 피고의 제105차 중앙위원회가 피고의 정년조항을 개정할 당시 상정된 개정안의 내용이 직원의 정년퇴직일을 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 연장하는 것이었다는 원심의 사실인정과 그에 기한 판단은 다음과 같은 점에 비추어 쉽사리 수긍하기 어렵다.

(1) 기록에 의하면, 피고는 전국의 자동차운송사업과 자동차제조사업 및 자동차정비와 건설중장비 그리고 이에 관련되는 부대사업에 종사하는 노동자와 노동조합으로 구성된 전국적 규모의 연합 노동조합이고, 위 1992. 10. 21. 자 제105차 중앙위원회에는 중앙위원 64명 중 49명이 참석하여 종전의 정년조항을 제출된 개정안대로 개정하기로 의결하였는데, 당시 제출된 정년조항 개정안은 정년퇴직일을 '만 61세가 종료되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 정하고 있었고, 당시 참석하였던 49명 중 누구도 위 개정안의 문구에 대하여 의문이나 이의를 제기하지 않은 사실, 피고는 그 후 원고가 1998. 12. 31. 정년퇴직하면서 이 사건 정년조항에 따른 정년퇴직일은 1999. 12. 31.이라고 항의하자, 1999. 5. 14. 중앙위원회를 개최하여 '해석상의 오해소지가 있는 어구정리'란 명목으로 이 사건 정년조항 중 정년퇴직일 부분을 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 개정한 사실 등을 알 수 있는바, 이와 같은 연합 노동조합인 피고의 중앙위원회에 참석한 위원들이 정년조항 개정안을 심의함에 있어, 안건으로 상정된 정년조항 개정안에 기재된 '만 61세가 종료되는 날의 그 해 말일'을 그 객관적 의미가 명백히 다른 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'이란 의미로 전원이 오해하고 그러한 의미로 정년조항을 개정하여 앞의 문언으로 표현된 이 사건 정년조항을 두게 되었고, 그 후 수년간 이 사건 정년조항을 그대로 존치하였다는 것은 극히 이례에 속하는 일이라고 할 것이다(기록에 의하면, 이 사건 정년조항이 시행된 이후 원고를 제외하고 정년퇴직한 피고의 직원 5명이 모두 '만 61세가 되는 그 해 말일'자로 정년퇴직하였음을 알 수 있으나, 이러한 사정만으로 이 사건 정년조항이 그 객관적 의미대로가 아니라 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'이란 의미로 개정된 것이라고 단정할 수는 없다).

(2) 원심이 들고 있는 증거들을 기록에 의하여 검토하여 보면, "당시 직원의 정년퇴직일을 '만 61세가 되는 날의 그 해 말일'로 연장하고자 하는 의도에서 개정안이 작성되어, 중앙위원회에 제출되었고, 중앙위원회에서도 그러한 뜻으로 위 개정안이 통과되었다."는 취지의 을 제6, 7호증의 각 기재와 제1심 증인 소외 1의 증언은 피고의 직원인 소외 2와 소외 1에 의하여 작성된 문서이거나 증언이어서 피고와의 관계에 비추어 그 신빙성을 선뜻 인정하기 어렵고, 당시 피고의 위원장으로서 제105차 중앙위원회의 의장인 원심 증인 소외 3의 증언 또한, "당시 중앙위원회에 상정된 정년조항 개정안은 직원의 정년퇴직일에 관하여 '만 61세가 종료되는 날의 그 해 말일'이라고 되어 있었으나, 참석한 위원들에게 정년퇴직일을 만 61세가 되는 생일날이 속한 그 달 말일에서 그 해 말일로 개정하려고 한다는 개정의도를 충분히 설명하고 이에 참석한 위원 전원이 찬성하였다."는 취지이나, 앞서 본 바와 같이 당시 참석한 중앙위원의 수가 49명인데, 그 전원이 '만 61세가 종료되는 날의 그 해 말일'의 의미를 그 객관적 의미와 명백히 다른 '만 61세가 되는 생일날이 속한 그 해 말일'을 뜻하는 것으로 오인하여 아무도 이에 대하여 이의를 제기하지 아니하고 위 개정안의 문언을 그대로 유지하여 이 사건 정년조항과 같이 규정하게 되었다고 하는 것은 쉽사리 믿기 어렵다고 하지 않을 수 없다.

(3) 무릇 취업규칙은 노사간의 집단적인 법률관계를 규정하는 법규범의 성격을 갖는 것이므로 명확한 증거가 없는 한 그 문언의 객관적 의미를 무시하는 해석이나 그에 이르는 사실인정은 신중하고 엄격하여야 할 것이다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 위와 같은 증거들에 의하여 그 판시와 같은 사실을 인정하고 이에 터잡아 원고의 위 주장을 배척하였으니, 원심의 이러한 조치에는 상고이유에서 지적하는 바와 같이 채증법칙을 위반하여 사실을 오인한 잘못이 있다할 것이다.

상고이유 중 이 점을 지적하는 부분은 이유 있다.

2. 퇴직금누진제규정에 관한 법리오해의 점에 대하여

기록에 의하면, 피고는 1996. 5. 21. 임금규정의 퇴직금조항을 개정하여 제29조 제2항에서 "2년 근속부터는 매 1년에 대하여 15일분의 누진가산 월할 계산 평균임금을 지급한다. 단, 시행일자는 1997. 1. 1. 자로 한다."라고 규정함으로써 퇴직금지급률을 종전보다 인상하였는데, 원래의 개정안에는 위 단서조항이 없었으나 개정안 심의과정에서 위 개정조항이 소급적용되지 않음을 명백히 하기 위하여 위 단서조항이 추가된 사실, 그 후 피고는 퇴직하는 직원들의 퇴직금을 산정함에 있어 1997. 1. 1. 이전의 근무기간에 대하여는 위 개정 전의 퇴직금지급률을, 1997. 1. 1. 이후의 근무기간에 대하여는 위 개정된 퇴직금지급률을 각 적용한 사실 등을 알 수 있는바, 사정이 이러하다면 위 단서조항은 위 개정 퇴직금조항의 퇴직금지급률을 1997. 1. 1. 이후의 근속기간에 대하여만 적용한다는 의미로 해석함이 상당하고, 그렇다면 위 개정된 퇴직금조항이 1997. 1. 1. 이전의 근속기간에 대하여도 적용됨을 전제로 하는 원고의 이 부분 상고이유는 더 나아가 살펴 볼 것도 없이 이유 없다 할 것이다(따라서 원심의 퇴직금 산정근거는 잘못된 것인바, 퇴직금 청구의 소송물은 하나이므로, 원고의 이 사건 퇴직금 청구는 결과적으로 원심인용금액을 포함하여 앞서 본 정년규정 부분에 대한 판단에 따라 근속기간이 1년 연장됨으로 인하여 추가되는 퇴직금의 수액이상으로 인용될 수는 없다).

3. 결 론

그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결 중 원고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 강신욱(재판장) 변재승(주심) 윤재식 고현철

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