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대법원 2025두35330

Action for Confirmation of Invalidity of Ex Officio Cancellation of Seal Registration (인감직권말소처분무효확인)인감직권말소처분무효확인

Decided2026. 04. 02. Court대법원Reversed and remanded (partial win for the plaintiff)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved an overseas Korean national (재외국민) whose registered seal (인감) was cancelled by administrative authorities upon his re-registration of residency (주민등록 재등록). The Korean Supreme Court held that the ex officio cancellation of a registered seal (인감 직권말소) qualifies as an 'administrative disposition' (행정처분) subject to appellate litigation, reversing the lower court's dismissal of the case as procedurally improper. The case was remanded to the Seoul High Court for further proceedings on the merits.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn overseas Korean national's registered seal was automatically cancelled by the authorities after he re-registered his residency.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that such cancellation is a reviewable administrative disposition and sent the case back to the lower court for a merits review.
  • LessonEven administrative acts like seal cancellations that seem procedural can be legally challenged if they affect a person's substantive rights, so affected individuals should not assume such actions are unreviewable.
Issues
  • Whether the certifying authority's ex officio cancellation of a registered seal constitutes an administrative disposition (행정처분) subject to appellate administrative litigation
  • Whether the plaintiff has a legal interest (법률상 이익, standing) to seek confirmation of the invalidity of the seal cancellation
  • What criteria determine whether an administrative agency's act qualifies as a disposition subject to appellate litigation
Key reasoning

Whether an administrative act qualifies as a reviewable 'disposition' must be determined case-by-case, considering the relevant statutes, the nature of the act, the agency involved, its content, form, and procedure, and its substantial connection to disadvantages suffered by the affected party. Seal registration (인감 등록) is a prerequisite for using the seal certificate system (인감증명제도) and is closely tied to a person's substantive legal rights, meaning that cancelling a registered seal directly affects those rights and thus constitutes a reviewable administrative disposition. The Court also found that the plaintiff had a legal interest (법률상 이익) in seeking confirmation of invalidity, because if such a judgment becomes final, the administrative agency is bound (기속력) to restore the seal registration and remove the unlawful consequences of the cancellation.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

The question of whether a certain act of an administrative agency may be the subject of an appeal litigation (항고소송) cannot be determined abstractly and generally. In a specific case, bearing in mind that an administrative disposition is an act performed by an administrative agency as the subject of public authority, constituting the enforcement of law with respect to concrete facts, which directly affects the rights and obligations of the people, it must be determined individually by taking into account the content and purport of the relevant statutes, the subject, content, form, and procedure of the act, the substantial connection between the act and the disadvantage suffered by the other party or other interested persons, the principle of administration by law, and the attitude of the administrative agency and interested persons in relation to the act in question.

A seal impression certificate (인감증명), while certifying the identity of the seal impression itself, also serves as data confirming the identity of the party to a transaction and confirming that the transactional act was based on that party's own intention, thereby performing a very important function in transactions among the general public. The registration of a seal impression is a prerequisite for utilizing the seal impression certification system, and is closely related to the substantive legal relations of the person who applied for registration of the relevant seal impression. Therefore, not only an act by the certifying agency refusing an application for issuance of a seal impression certificate, but also an act of cancelling a registered seal impression, affects the legal relations of the people and thus constitutes an administrative disposition subject to appeal litigation.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,611 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellee] Head of Dongjak-gu Office, Seoul Metropolitan Government (Litigation representative: Law Firm Yiyu, Attorneys Byun Min-hyeok and 5 others)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Judgment 2025Nu6390 rendered on October 2, 2025

[Order]

The part of the judgment below concerning the claim for confirmation of nullity and the claim for confirmation of non-existence of the ex officio cancellation of the seal registration, and the part concerning the claim for damages, are reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The plaintiff's remaining appeal is dismissed.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (including the descriptions in each brief submitted after the period for submitting the grounds of appeal had expired, to the extent they supplement the grounds of appeal) are examined.

1. Outline of the Case

According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, the following facts may be ascertained.

A. The plaintiff, an overseas Korean national who had filed a report of domestic residence, filed a seal registration with the defendant, the certifying authority having jurisdiction over the plaintiff's domestic residence, on February 27, 2012, pursuant to Article 3(4) of the former Certified Sealing Act (인감증명법) (before its amendment by Act No. 13018 on January 20, 2015; hereinafter the same).

B. The plaintiff permanently returned to Korea and, on December 17, 2012, re-registered resident registration at the address previously reported as the place of residence.

C. On April 20, 2023, the plaintiff's agent applied for issuance by proxy of a certificate of seal registration at the Sangdo 1-dong Community Service Center in Seoul, but the staff of the said community service center refused to issue the certificate of seal registration on the ground that the plaintiff's seal registration had been ex officio cancelled.

D. The plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit against the defendant seeking confirmation of nullity of the ex officio cancellation of the plaintiff's seal registration (hereinafter "the instant ex officio cancellation"), asserting that the defendant had, on or around December 17, 2012, ex officio cancelled the plaintiff's seal registration on the ground of the plaintiff's re-registration of resident registration without any statutory basis. The plaintiff, in the proceedings before the court below, added, as an alternative claim, a claim for confirmation of non-existence of the instant ex officio cancellation, and also added a claim for restoration of the cancelled seal registration and a claim for damages.

2. Whether the Part of the Instant Lawsuit Concerning the Claim for Confirmation of Nullity, etc. of the Instant Ex Officio Cancellation and the Claim for Damages Is Lawful

A. Judgment of the Court Below

The court below determined that the part of the instant lawsuit concerning the claim for confirmation of nullity and the claim for confirmation of non-existence of the instant ex officio cancellation was unlawful, for the following reasons, and further determined that, since the appeal-type litigation seeking confirmation of nullity, etc., which is the original cause of action, was entirely unlawful, the claim for damages, which is a related claim consolidated therewith, likewise failed to meet the requirements for a lawsuit and was therefore unlawful.

1) Under the former Certified Sealing Act, the seal registry is intended for the convenience of administrative handling of matters related to certification of seals and to serve as material for factual certification, and any change or deletion of its contents does not bring about any change in the substantive rights and legal relations of the applicant, nor does the mere entry in the seal registry certify any particular right or legal status of the applicant. Therefore, the act of the certifying authority in ex officio cancelling a seal registration cannot be regarded as an administrative disposition that is subject to appeal-type litigation.

2) Even if a claim for confirmation of nullity of a certificate of seal registration is upheld, this does not thereby restore any right of the applicant that has already been infringed, nor does it directly give rise to any new right related thereto. Since the plaintiff, having permanently returned to Korea and re-registered resident registration, ceased to be a person who had reported domestic residence, the plaintiff could not, even upon obtaining confirmation of nullity of the instant ex officio cancellation, receive issuance of a certificate of seal registration based on the seal registered for use by overseas Korean nationals who have reported domestic residence; therefore, the plaintiff has no legal interest in seeking confirmation of such nullity.

B. Judgment of the Supreme Court

The judgment of the court below is difficult to accept, for the following reasons.

1) The question of whether a certain act of an administrative agency may be subject to appeal-type litigation cannot be determined abstractly and generally. In a specific case, bearing in mind that an administrative disposition is an act performed by an administrative agency as the subject of public power, constituting the enforcement of law with respect to specific facts, which directly affects the rights and obligations of citizens, the determination must be made individually, taking into account the content and purport of the relevant statutes, the subject, content, form, and procedure of the act, the substantial connection between the act and the disadvantage suffered by the other party or other interested persons, the principle of administration according to law, and the attitude of the administrative agency and interested persons in relation to the act in question (see Supreme Court Decision 91Nu1714 rendered on January 17, 1992; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2008Du167 rendered on November 18, 2010, etc.). A certificate of seal registration serves a very important function in transactions among the general public, as material that certifies both the identity of the seal itself and the identity of the party to a transaction, as well as confirming that the transaction was carried out based on the will of the actor (see Supreme Court Decision 2006Da63273 rendered on July 24, 2008, etc.). The registration of a seal is a prerequisite for utilizing the certified sealing system and is closely related to the substantive rights and legal relations of the applicant for the seal in question. Therefore, not only the act of the certifying authority refusing an application for issuance of a certificate of seal registration, but also the act of cancelling a registered seal, affects the rights and legal relations of citizens and constitutes an administrative disposition subject to appeal-type litigation.

2) In the case of appeal-type litigation, a final and conclusive judgment revoking a disposition, etc. or confirming its nullity binds the administrative agency that is a party thereto and other related administrative agencies with respect to that case (Article 30(1) and Article 38 of the Administrative Litigation Act (행정소송법)). Once a judgment determining a certain disposition to be unlawful and revoking it, or confirming its nullity, becomes final and conclusive, the administrative agency has an obligation, in accordance with the binding force thereof, to take a new disposition excluding the grounds of illegality identified in the judgment, or otherwise to take measures to remove the unlawful result (see Supreme Court Decision 2019Du55675 rendered on December 24, 2020, etc.).

If a judgment confirming that the instant ex officio cancellation is an unlawful and void disposition becomes final and conclusive, the defendant would be obligated to take measures such as restoring the seal registration filed by the plaintiff in the plaintiff's capacity as an overseas Korean national who reported domestic residence. Therefore, absent special circumstances, it must be held that there is a legal interest in seeking confirmation of nullity of the instant ex officio cancellation (Supreme Court Decision 2000Du2136 rendered on July 10, 2001, cited by the court below, concerns the existence of a legal interest in seeking confirmation of nullity of an "act of certifying a seal," which differs in its factual context from the instant case, and is therefore not appropriately invoked here).

3) Nevertheless, the court below erred in determining, on the ground that the instant ex officio cancellation does not constitute an administrative disposition subject to appeal-type litigation and that there is no legal interest in seeking confirmation of its nullity, that the part of the instant lawsuit concerning the claim for confirmation of nullity and the claim for confirmation of non-existence of the instant ex officio cancellation, as well as the claim for damages, were unlawful. This constitutes an error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning administrative dispositions and legal interest, which affected the judgment.

3. Whether the Part of the Instant Lawsuit Concerning the Claim for Restoration Is Lawful

The court below determined that the claim for restoration, seeking an order that the defendant restore the plaintiff's seal registration that had been ex officio cancelled on December 17, 2012, constitutes a mandamus-type lawsuit (a lawsuit seeking performance of an obligation) that is not permitted under the current Administrative Litigation Act, and is therefore unlawful.

Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, there is no error in the judgment below's misunderstanding of the relevant legal principles that affected the judgment.

4. Conclusion

The part of the judgment below concerning the claim for confirmation of nullity and the claim for confirmation of non-existence of the ex officio cancellation of the seal registration, and the part concerning the claim for damages, are reversed; however, since there remains room for the applicability of Article 8(2) of the Administrative Litigation Act and the proviso of Article 418 of the Civil Procedure Act (민사소송법), this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination, and the plaintiff's remaining appeal is dismissed. This Judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justices Ma Yong-ju (Presiding Justice), Cheon Dae-yeop, Seo Gyeong-hwan (Justice in charge), Shin Suk-hee

【판결요지】

행정청의 어떤 행위가 항고소송의 대상이 될 수 있는지의 문제는 추상적·일반적으로 결정할 수 없고, 구체적인 경우 행정처분은 행정청이 공권력의 주체로서 행하는 구체적 사실에 관한 법집행으로서 국민의 권리의무에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 행위라는 점을 염두에 두고, 관련 법령의 내용과 취지, 그 행위의 주체·내용·형식·절차, 그 행위와 상대방 등 이해관계인이 입는 불이익과의 실질적 견련성, 그리고 법치행정의 원리와 당해 행위에 관련한 행정청 및 이해관계인의 태도 등을 참작하여 개별적으로 결정해야 한다. 인감증명은 인감 자체의 동일성을 증명함과 동시에 거래행위자의 동일성과 거래행위가 행위자의 의사에 의한 것임을 확인하는 자료로서 일반인의 거래상 매우 중요한 기능을 수행하고 있다. 인감의 등록은 인감증명제도를 활용하기 위한 전제요건으로서 해당 인감 출원자의 실체적 권리관계에 밀접하게 관련되어 있으므로, 증명청이 인감증명서 발급신청을 거부하는 행위뿐 아니라 등록된 인감을 말소하는 행위도 국민의 권리관계에 영향을 미치는 것으로서 항고소송의 대상이 되는 행정처분에 해당한다.

【참조조문】

행정기본법 제2조 제4호, 행정소송법 제2조 제1항 제1호

【참조판례】

대법원 1992. 1. 17. 선고 91누1714 판결(공1992, 916), 대법원 2008. 7. 24. 선고 2006다63273 판결(공2008하, 1223), 대법원 2010. 11. 18. 선고 2008두167 전원합의체 판결(공2010하, 2279), 대법원 2025. 5. 15. 선고 2024두35989 판결(공2025하, 1086)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,431자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고

【피고, 피상고인】 서울특별시 동작구청장 (소송대리인 법무법인 이유 담당변호사 변민혁 외 5인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2025. 10. 2. 선고 2025누6390 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 인감직권말소처분의 무효확인청구 및 부존재확인청구 부분과 손해배상청구 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 원고의 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

【이 유】상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 지난 다음 제출된 각 서면의 기재는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위에서)를 판단한다.

1. 사건의 개요

원심판결 이유와 기록에 의하면, 다음 사실을 알 수 있다.

가. 원고는 국내거소신고를 한 재외국민으로서, 2012. 2. 27. 구 인감증명법(2015. 1. 20. 법률 제13018호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 같다) 제3조 제4항에 따라 원고의 국내거소를 관할하는 증명청인 피고에게 인감신고를 하였다.

나. 원고는 영주귀국하여 2012. 12. 17. 종전에 거소지로 신고한 주소로 주민등록을 재등록하였다.

다. 원고의 대리인은 2023. 4. 20. 서울 동작구 상도1동 주민센터에서 인감증명서 대리발급을 신청하였으나, 위 주민센터의 직원은 원고의 인감이 직권말소되었다는 이유로 인감증명서의 발급을 거부하였다.

라. 원고는 피고가 2012. 12. 17.경 법령상 근거 없이 원고의 주민등록 재등록을 이유로 원고의 인감을 직권말소(이하 ‘이 사건 직권말소’라 한다)하였다고 주장하며 피고를 상대로 이 사건 직권말소의 무효확인을 구하는 이 사건 소를 제기하였다. 원고는 원심에 이르러 이 사건 직권말소에 대한 부존재확인청구를 예비적으로 추가하고, 말소된 인감에 대한 원상회복청구와 손해배상청구도 추가하였다.

2. 이 사건 소 중 이 사건 직권말소의 무효 등 확인청구와 손해배상청구 부분의 적법 여부

가. 원심의 판단

원심은 다음과 같은 이유를 들어 이 사건 소 중 이 사건 직권말소의 무효확인청구 및 부존재확인청구 부분을 부적법하다고 판단하고, 본래의 항고소송인 무효 등 확인소송이 모두 부적법한 이상 이에 병합된 관련청구소송인 손해배상청구도 소송요건을 갖추지 못하여 부적법하다고 판단하였다.

1) 구 인감증명법상 인감대장은 인감증명에 관한 행정상 사무처리의 편의와 사실증명의 자료로 삼기 위한 것으로 그 내용의 변경 또는 삭제로 인하여 출원자의 실체상 권리관계에 변동을 가져오는 것이 아니고 출원자의 특정 권리관계나 법률상 지위가 인감대장의 기재만으로 증명되는 것도 아니므로, 증명청이 인감을 직권말소하는 행위는 항고소송이 되는 행정처분으로 볼 수 없다.

2) 인감증명의 무효확인을 받아들인다 하더라도 이로써 이미 침해된 출원자의 일정한 권리가 회복되거나 또는 곧바로 이와 관련된 새로운 권리가 발생하는 것이 아니고, 영주귀국하여 주민등록을 재등록함으로써 국내거소신고자가 아니게 된 원고로서는 이 사건 직권말소의 무효확인을 받는다고 하더라도 재외국민 국내거소신고자용 인감에 기한 인감증명서 발급 등은 받을 수 없어 그 무효확인을 구할 법률상 이익이 없다.

나. 대법원의 판단

원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 받아들이기 어렵다.

1) 행정청의 어떤 행위가 항고소송의 대상이 될 수 있는지의 문제는 추상적·일반적으로 결정할 수 없고, 구체적인 경우 행정처분은 행정청이 공권력의 주체로서 행하는 구체적 사실에 관한 법집행으로서 국민의 권리의무에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 행위라는 점을 염두에 두고, 관련 법령의 내용과 취지, 그 행위의 주체·내용·형식·절차, 그 행위와 상대방 등 이해관계인이 입는 불이익과의 실질적 견련성, 그리고 법치행정의 원리와 당해 행위에 관련한 행정청 및 이해관계인의 태도 등을 참작하여 개별적으로 결정하여야 한다(대법원 1992. 1. 17. 선고 91누1714 판결, 대법원 2010. 11. 18. 선고 2008두167 전원합의체 판결 등 참조). 인감증명은 인감 자체의 동일성을 증명함과 동시에 거래행위자의 동일성과 거래행위가 행위자의 의사에 의한 것임을 확인하는 자료로서 일반인의 거래상 매우 중요한 기능을 수행하고 있다(대법원 2008. 7. 24. 선고 2006다63273 판결 등 참조). 인감의 등록은 인감증명제도를 활용하기 위한 전제요건으로서 해당 인감 출원자의 실체적 권리관계에 밀접하게 관련되어 있으므로, 증명청이 인감증명서 발급신청을 거부하는 행위뿐 아니라 등록된 인감을 말소하는 행위도 국민의 권리관계에 영향을 미치는 것으로서 항고소송의 대상이 되는 행정처분에 해당한다.

2) 항고소송의 경우 처분 등을 취소하거나 무효로 확인하는 확정판결은 그 사건에 관하여 당사자인 행정청과 그 밖의 관계행정청을 기속한다(행정소송법 제30조 제1항, 제38조). 어떤 처분을 위법하다고 판단하여 취소하거나 무효임을 확인하는 판결이 확정되면 행정청은 기속력에 따라 그 판결에서 확인된 위법사유를 배제한 상태에서 다시 처분을 하거나 그 밖에 위법한 결과를 제거하는 조치를 할 의무가 있다(대법원 2020. 12. 24. 선고 2019두55675 판결 등 참조).

이 사건 직권말소가 위법·무효의 처분임을 확인하는 판결이 확정된다면 피고로서는 원고가 국내거소신고를 한 재외국민의 지위에서 신고한 인감을 복구하는 등의 조치를 하여야 한다. 따라서 특별한 사정이 없는 이상 이 사건 직권말소의 무효확인을 구할 법률상 이익이 있다고 보아야 한다(원심이 인용한 대법원 2001. 7. 10. 선고 2000두2136 판결은 ‘인감증명 행위’에 대한 무효확인을 구할 법률상 이익 존부에 관한 판단이므로 이 사건과 사안을 달리하여 원용하기에 적절하지 않다).

3) 그런데도 이와 달리 이 사건 직권말소가 항고소송의 대상이 되는 행정처분에 해당하지 않고 그 무효확인을 구할 법률상 이익도 없다는 이유에서 이 사건 소 중 이 사건 직권말소의 무효확인청구 및 부존재확인청구 부분과 손해배상청구 부분이 부적법하다고 본 원심판단에는 행정처분 및 법률상 이익에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있다.

3. 이 사건 소 중 원상회복청구 부분의 적법 여부

원심은, 원고가 피고를 상대로 2012. 12. 17. 직권말소한 원고의 인감을 원상으로 회복하라는 취지의 원상회복청구는 현행 행정소송법상 허용되지 않는 의무이행소송에 해당하여 부적법하다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심판단에 관련 법리를 오해하는 등으로 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 없다.

4. 결론

원심판결 중 인감직권말소처분의 무효확인청구 및 부존재확인청구 부분과 손해배상청구 부분을 파기하되, 행정소송법 제8조 제2항, 민사소송법 제418조 단서에 해당할 수 있는 여지가 있으므로 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하며, 원고의 나머지 상고를 기각하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 마용주(재판장) 천대엽 서경환(주심) 신숙희

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