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대법원 2025마8934

Objection to Provisional Disposition (가처분이의)가처분이의

Decided2026. 04. 16. Court대법원Lower court's decision reversed; the creditor's application for provisional disposition dismissed (Employer/Clan organization prevailed)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The status of 'jongson' (종손, the head descendant of a clan lineage)—a position recognized under a clan organization (종중, jongjung)—is a status-based position arising solely from blood kinship and cannot be transferred to another person. The creditor, the deceased's second son, claimed he had succeeded to the jongson status through an agreement with the eldest grandson and sought a provisional injunction to preserve his position as an ex officio director of the clan organization based on that status. The Supreme Court ruled that since jongson status is a strictly personal (일신전속적) status that cannot be assigned, the creditor never validly acquired it, and therefore had no right to be preserved by the injunction, resulting in dismissal of the application.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA deceased clan elder's second son claimed to have acquired jongson (head descendant) status via agreement with the eldest grandson and sought an injunction to preserve his position as an ex officio clan director.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court held that jongson status is strictly personal and non-transferable, so the second son never validly became jongson and had no right to the director position.
  • LessonStatus-based positions defined by blood kinship, such as jongson, cannot be created or transferred through private agreement or organizational acquiescence, no matter how long unchallenged.
Issues
  • Whether jongson (종손) status can be transferred or succeeded to through agreement between parties, given its strictly personal (일신전속적) nature
  • Whether a person can acquire jongson status where the clan organization has not objected for a long period or has passed a resolution approving that person as director
Key reasoning

Unlike the person who presides over ancestral rites (제사주재자), the jongson status is automatically conferred by the existence of a specific kinship relationship and is not something that can be transferred or assigned by agreement between parties. Accordingly, even if a person who is not the legitimate jongson enters into an agreement to take over the duties of jongson, and even if the clan organization fails to object for a long period or formally approves that person as a director, such person still cannot legally acquire jongson status. As a natural consequence, that person also cannot claim the position of ex officio director that the clan's bylaws reserve specifically for the jongson.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In general, a "jongson" (宗孫, head descendant of a clan) refers to "a male descendant of the eldest son's line who is the eldest legitimate descendant." Unlike the person presiding over ancestral rites (祭祀主宰者), who may primarily be determined by agreement among co-heirs, a jongson is a status inherently recognized by virtue of the existence of a certain kinship relationship, and thus cannot be the subject of transfer. Furthermore, in light of the personal and non-transferable nature of the status of jongson, even if a clan (宗中, jongjung) has in fact recognized a person who is not actually the jongson as being in the position of jongson, it cannot be concluded that such person thereby acquires the status of jongson.

[2] In a case where clan A (甲 宗中) had bylaws designating the jongson as an ex officio director, and where, upon the death of Eul (乙), who had been the jongson of clan A, an agreement was reached between Byeong (丙), the eldest grandson of Eul, and Jeong (丁), the second son of Eul, whereby Byeong would transfer to Jeong all of the duties as jongson; and where Jeong thereafter performed the roles of jongson and presider over ancestral rites for several decades while serving as an ex officio director of clan A, during which a resolution was even passed at a regular general meeting confirming Jeong as an ex officio director; but where clan A subsequently held another regular general meeting and passed a resolution to determine the jongson in accordance with the criteria recorded in the clan's genealogical record (族譜, jokbo) maintained by the clan assembly, and Jeong filed a petition against clan A for a provisional disposition to provisionally determine that Jeong held the status of director of clan A, asserting that the above resolution was invalid: the Supreme Court held that it was proper to conclude that, notwithstanding the above succession agreement, Jeong had not been transferred the status of jongson of clan A from Byeong, and accordingly had not acquired the status of ex officio director of clan A under the bylaws either; that this conclusion could not be altered merely because clan A had not raised any objection to Jeong for a long period of time, or because there had been a resolution confirming Jeong as director; and that, therefore, regardless of whether the resolution to determine the jongson in accordance with the criteria recorded in the clan assembly's genealogical record was valid or not, Jeong's petition for provisional disposition lacked a right to be preserved. The Court held that the lower court's decision, which ruled otherwise, contained an error in its understanding of the applicable legal principles.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,403 chars

[Obligee, Respondent] Obligee

[Obligor, Re-appellant] ○○○ Clan, △△△ Branch, □□□ Clan Council (Litigation Representative: Attorney Han Jae-woong)

[Decision of the Court Below] Seoul High Court (Incheon) Decision 2025Ra10035, dated November 5, 2025

[Order]

The decision of the court below is reversed, and the part of the first instance decision concerning the Obligee and the Obligor is vacated. With respect to the case of provisional injunction for suspension of performance of duties and preservation of status, Incheon District Court Case No. 2024Kahap10315, between the Obligee and the Obligor, the provisional injunction rendered by the said court on November 6, 2024 is vacated, and the Obligee's petition for provisional injunction against the Obligor with respect to that part is dismissed. The total costs of the litigation shall be borne by the Obligee.

[Reasoning]

The grounds for re-appeal are examined.

1. Overview of the Case
According to the reasoning of the decision of the court below and the record, the following facts can be established.

A. The Obligor is a clan (hereinafter referred to as the "Obligor Clan") composed of descendants having □□□ (Sejo) as their common ancestor, and the Obligee is a member of the Obligor Clan.

B. The Obligor Clan has bylaws (hereinafter referred to as the "Bylaws at Issue") providing that "the head descendant (Jongson) of this Clan Council shall be deemed an ex officio director."

C. The deceased Nonparty 1 (hereinafter referred to as the "Deceased"), who was the head descendant and ancestral rites officiant of the Obligor Clan, died in mid-February 1992. The deceased Nonparty 2 was the Deceased's eldest son, the Obligee is the Deceased's second son, and Nonparty 3 (born May 1, 1962) is the eldest son of the deceased Nonparty 2.

D. On or about April 3, 1992, the Obligee entered into an agreement with Nonparty 3 regarding the succession of the gravesite, etc. (hereinafter referred to as the "Succession Agreement at Issue"), and executed a notarial deed in relation thereto.

E. The document of the Succession Agreement at Issue states as follows: "Pursuant to Article 1008-3 of the Civil Act (민법), Nonparty 3, the eldest grandson of the deceased former head descendant, agrees to transfer to the Obligee, the second son of the Deceased, the duties as head descendant of the Obligor Clan with respect to the forest land and gravesite located in Nam-gu, Incheon (details omitted) and all matters relating to the presiding over ancestral rites, and the Obligee, the second son, agrees to assume and perform such duties."

F. From around that time, the Obligee served as an ex officio director of the clan on the ground that he was the head descendant of the Obligor Clan, and performed the roles of head descendant and ancestral rites officiant until around March 2024.

G. The Obligor Clan raised no particular objection against the Obligee, and at the 2022 regular general meeting of the clan, an agenda item for the confirmation of directors, which included the content that "the Obligee falls under an ex officio director pursuant to the Bylaws at Issue," was passed (hereinafter referred to as the "Resolution on Confirmation of Director at Issue").

H. Nonparty 4, the chairperson of the Obligor Clan, sent to the Obligee on March 11, 2024 a certified letter to the effect that "the Obligee took office as a director on April 27, 2018, and his term expired on April 26, 2023."

I. The Obligor Clan held its regular general meeting on April 13, 2024, at which an agenda item providing that the head descendant shall be determined according to the standards set forth in the clan's genealogical record (jokbo) was passed (hereinafter referred to as the "Resolution at Issue").

J. On August 13, 2024, the Obligee filed the instant petition for provisional injunction against the Obligor, seeking a provisional determination that the Obligee holds the position of director of the Obligor Clan, on the premise that the Resolution at Issue is null and void.

2. Determination as to Whether the Obligee's Status as Head Descendant Is Recognized (Relating to the First Ground for Re-appeal)

A. Determination of the Court Below
The court below determined, for the reasons stated in its decision, that since the Obligee had lawfully succeeded to the status of head descendant of the Obligor Clan pursuant to the Succession Agreement at Issue with Nonparty 3, the Obligee held the position of ex officio director of the Obligor Clan pursuant to the Bylaws at Issue, and then determined that, since the Resolution at Issue was defective, the Obligee's right to be preserved and the necessity for preservation had been demonstrated.

B. Determination of the Supreme Court
However, the above determination of the court below is difficult to accept for the following reasons.

1) Generally speaking, the term "head descendant" (Jongson) refers to "a male descendant of the eldest son's line who is a lawful eldest descendant" (see Supreme Court Decision 2024Da274398, decided December 24, 2024). Unlike the ancestral rites officiant, whose position may in the first instance be determined by agreement among co-heirs (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2007Da27670, decided November 20, 2008; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2018Da248626, decided May 11, 2023), the status of head descendant is a status-based position that is inherently recognized by virtue of the existence of a certain kinship relationship, and cannot be the object of transfer. Furthermore, in light of this personally-exclusive nature of the head descendant status, even if a clan has recognized a person, who is not in fact the head descendant, as holding the status of head descendant, it cannot be readily concluded that such person thereby acquires the status of head descendant.

2) Examining the reasoning of the decision of the court below in light of the above legal principles and the record, it is reasonable to conclude that, notwithstanding the Succession Agreement at Issue, the Obligee did not receive a transfer of the status of head descendant of the Obligor Clan from Nonparty 3, and did not acquire the status of ex officio director of the Obligor Clan under the Bylaws at Issue; this conclusion is not otherwise affected by the fact that the Obligor Clan raised no objection against the Obligee for a long period of time, or by the existence of the Obligor Clan's Resolution on Confirmation of Director at Issue. Accordingly, regardless of whether the Resolution at Issue is void, the Obligee's petition for the instant provisional injunction must be deemed to lack a recognizable right to be preserved.

Nevertheless, the court below upheld the first instance decision, which had granted the Obligee's petition for the instant provisional injunction on the ground that the Obligee's right to be preserved and the necessity for preservation had been demonstrated, on the basis that the Obligee had lawfully succeeded to the status of head descendant of the Obligor Clan from Nonparty 3 pursuant to the Succession Agreement at Issue, and that it was recognized that the Obligee held the status of ex officio director of the Obligor Clan pursuant to the Bylaws at Issue. Such decision of the court below contains an error that misapprehends the legal principle concerning the personally-exclusive nature of the status of head descendant, thereby affecting the decision. The argument in the grounds for re-appeal pointing out this error is well-founded.

3. Conclusion
Therefore, without examining the remaining grounds for re-appeal, the decision of the court below cannot be sustained as it stands and is hereby reversed; and since this case is sufficiently ripe for this Court to render a direct judgment, for the reasons stated above, the part of the first instance decision concerning the Obligee and the Obligor, and the provisional injunction decision at issue between the Obligee and the Obligor, are vacated, the Obligee's petition for the instant provisional injunction against the Obligor with respect to that part is dismissed, and the total costs of the litigation are to be borne by the Obligee. This decision is rendered as set forth in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Shin Sook-hee (Presiding Justice), Justice Cheon Dae-yeop (Justice in Charge), Justice Seo Kyung-hwan, Justice Ma Yong-joo

【판결요지】

[1] 일반적으로 종손이라 함은 ‘장자계의 남자손으로서 적장자손’을 말한다. 종손은 우선적으로 공동상속인들 사이의 협의에 의해 정할 수 있는 제사주재자와는 달리 일정한 친족관계의 존재에 의하여 당연히 인정되는 신분적 지위로서 양도의 대상이 될 수 없다. 나아가 이러한 종손의 일신전속적 성격에 비추어 종중에서 실제로는 종손이 아닌 사람에 대하여 종손의 지위에 있음을 인정하였다고 하더라도, 곧바로 그 사람이 종손의 지위를 취득한다고 볼 수도 없다.

[2] 종손을 당연직 이사로 정하는 규약을 둔 甲 종중에서 종중의 종손이었던 乙이 사망하자, 乙의 장손인 丙과 乙의 차남인 丁 사이에 丙이 종손으로서의 책무 일체를 丁에게 승계한다는 합의가 이루어졌고, 이후 丁이 수십 년간 종손·제사주재자의 역할을 수행하며 甲 종중의 당연직 이사로 재직하던 중 정기총회에서 丁을 당연직 이사로 인준하는 결의까지 가결하였으나, 甲 종중이 다시 정기총회를 열어 종손을 종회의 족보 에 기재된 기준에 따라 정하기로 결의하자, 丁이 甲 종중을 상대로 위 결의의 무효를 주장하며 丁이 甲 종중의 이사 지위에 있음을 임시로 정하는 가처분을 신청한 사안에서, 丁이 위 승계합의에도 불구하고 丙으로부터 甲 종중의 종손 지위를 양도받지 못하였고, 위 규약에 따라 甲 종중의 당연직 이사의 지위를 취득하지도 못하였다고 봄이 타당하며, 이는 甲 종중이 丁에 대하여 장기간 이의를 제기하지 않았거나 甲 종중의 이사 인준결의가 있더라도 달리 볼 수 없으므로, 종손을 종회의 족보에 기재된 기준에 따라 정하기로 하는 결의의 무효 여부와 관계없이 丁의 가처분신청은 그 피보전권리가 인정되지 않음에도, 이와 달리 본 원심결정에 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 민법 제1008조의3

[2] 민법 제1008조의3, 민사집행법 제300조 제2항

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2008. 11. 20. 선고 2007다27670 전원합의체 판결(공2008하, 1727), 대법원 2023. 5. 11. 선고 2018다248626 전원합의체 판결(공2023하, 1028), 대법원 2024. 12. 24. 선고 2024다274398 판결(공2025상, 370)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,051자 · 펼쳐 보기

【채권자, 상대방】 채권자

【채무자, 재항고인】 ○○○씨 △△△파 □□□ 종회 (소송대리인 변호사 한재웅)

【원심결정】 서울고법 2025. 11. 5. 자 (인천)2025라10035 결정

【주 문】

원심결정을 파기하고, 제1심결정 중 채권자와 채무자에 대한 부분을 취소한다. 채권자와 채무자 사이의 인천지방법원 2024카합10315 직무집행정지 및 지위보전 가처분 사건에 관하여 위 법원이 2024. 11. 6.에 한 가처분결정을 취소하고, 그 부분에 관한 채권자의 채무자에 대한 가처분신청을 기각한다. 소송총비용은 채권자가 부담한다.

【이 유】 재항고이유를 판단한다.

1. 사안의 개요

원심결정의 이유와 기록에 따르면 다음 사실을 알 수 있다.

가. 채무자는 □□□(세조)를 공동선조로 하는 후손들로 이루어진 종중(이하 ‘채무자 종중’이라 한다)이고, 채권자는 채무자 종중의 종원이다.

나. 채무자 종중은 "본 종회 종손은 당연직 이사로 간주한다."라는 내용의 규약을 두고 있다(이하 ‘이 사건 규약’이라 한다).

다. 채무자 종중의 종손이자 제사주재자였던 망 신청외 1(이하 ‘망인’이라 한다)은 1992. 2. 중순경 사망하였는데, 망 신청외 2는 망인의 장남, 채권자는 망인의 차남이고, 신청외 3(1962. 5. 1.생)는 망 신청외 2의 장남이다.

라. 채권자는 1992. 4. 3.경 신청외 3과 분묘 등의 승계 합의(이하 ‘이 사건 승계합의’라 한다)를 체결하고, 이에 관한 공정증서를 작성하였다.

마. 이 사건 승계합의서에는 "민법 제1008조의3에 의거, 인천시 남구 (이하 생략) 소재 임야 및 묘지와 제사주재 등 일체에 대하여 채무자 종중 종손으로서의 책무를 전 종손 망인의 장손 신청외 3은 망인의 차남 채권자에게 승계하고 차남 채권자는 이를 인수하여 실행할 것임을 합의한다."라고 기재되어 있다.

바. 채권자는 그 무렵부터 채무자 종중의 종손임을 이유로 종중의 당연직 이사로 재직하면서 2024. 3.경까지 종손과 제사주재자로서의 역할을 수행하여 왔다.

사. 채무자 종중은 채권자에 대하여 특별한 이의를 제기하지 않았고, 2022년 종중 정기총회에서 "채권자는 이 사건 규약에 의거하여 당연직 이사에 해당한다."라는 내용이 포함된 이사 인준의 안건이 가결(이하 ‘이 사건 이사 인준결의’라 한다)되기도 하였다.

아. 채무자 종중의 회장인 신청외 4는 2024. 3. 11. 채권자에게 ‘채권자는 2018. 4. 27. 이사로 취임하여 2023. 4. 26. 그 임기가 만료되었다.’는 취지의 내용증명을 발송하였다.

자. 채무자 종중은 2024. 4. 13. 정기총회를 개최하였는데, 정기총회에서 종손을 종회의 족보에 기재된 기준에 따라 정하기로 하는 내용의 안건이 가결되었다(이하 ‘이 사건 결의’라고 한다).

차. 2024. 8. 13. 채권자는 채무자를 상대로, 이 사건 결의가 무효라는 전제하에 채권자가 채무자 종중의 이사 지위에 있음을 임시로 정하는 이 사건 가처분을 신청하였다.

2. 채권자의 종손 지위 인정 여부에 관한 판단(제1 재항고이유 관련)

가. 원심의 판단

원심은 판시와 같은 이유로, 채권자가 신청외 3과의 이 사건 승계합의에 따라 채무자 종중의 종손 지위를 적법하게 승계하였으므로, 이 사건 규약에 따라 채권자가 채무자 종중의 당연직 이사 지위에 있다고 판단한 다음, 이 사건 결의에 하자가 있으므로 채권자의 피보전권리 및 보전의 필요성이 소명되었다고 판단하였다.

나. 대법원의 판단

그러나 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 받아들이기 어렵다.

1) 일반적으로 종손이라 함은 ‘장자계의 남자손으로서 적장자손’을 말한다(대법원 2024. 12. 24. 선고 2024다274398 판결 참조). 종손은 우선적으로 공동상속인들 사이의 협의에 의해 정할 수 있는 제사주재자(대법원 2008. 11. 20. 선고 2007다27670 전원합의체 판결, 대법원 2023. 5. 11. 선고 2018다248626 전원합의체 판결 참조)와는 달리 일정한 친족관계의 존재에 의하여 당연히 인정되는 신분적 지위로서 양도의 대상이 될 수 없다. 나아가 이러한 종손의 일신전속적 성격에 비추어 종중에서 실제로는 종손이 아닌 사람에 대하여 종손의 지위에 있음을 인정하였다고 하더라도, 곧바로 그 사람이 종손의 지위를 취득한다고 볼 수도 없다.

2) 원심결정의 이유를 위 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 채권자는 이 사건 승계합의에도 불구하고 신청외 3로부터 채무자 종중의 종손 지위를 양도받지 못하였고, 이 사건 규약에 따라 채무자 종중의 당연직 이사의 지위를 취득하지도 못하였다고 봄이 타당하며, 이는 채무자 종중이 채권자에 대하여 장기간 이의를 제기하지 않았거나 채무자 종중의 이 사건 이사 인준결의가 있더라도 달리 볼 수 없다. 그렇다면 이 사건 결의의 무효 여부와 관계없이 채권자의 이 사건 가처분신청은 그 피보전권리가 인정되지 않는다고 할 것이다.

그럼에도 원심은 채권자가 이 사건 승계합의에 따라 채무자 종중의 종손 지위를 신청외 3로부터 적법하게 승계하였고, 이 사건 규약에 따라 채무자 종중의 당연직 이사 지위에 있음이 인정된다는 이유로 채권자의 피보전권리 및 보전의 필요성이 소명되었다고 보아 채권자의 이 사건 가처분 신청을 받아들인 제1심결정을 그대로 유지하였다. 이러한 원심결정에는 종손 지위의 일신전속성에 관한 법리를 오해하여 결정에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있다. 이 점을 지적하는 취지의 재항고이유 주장은 이유 있다.

3. 결론

그러므로 나머지 재항고이유에 관한 판단을 생략한 채 원심결정은 그대로 유지할 수 없어 이를 파기하되, 이 사건은 이 법원이 직접 재판하기에 충분하므로 위와 같은 이유로 제1심결정 중 채권자와 채무자에 대한 부분 및 채권자와 채무자 사이의 이 사건 가처분결정을 취소하며, 그 부분에 관한 채권자의 채무자에 대한 이 사건 가처분신청을 기각하고, 소송총비용은 채권자가 부담하도록 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 결정한다.

대법관 신숙희(재판장) 천대엽(주심) 서경환 마용주

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