Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다33173

Wages (임금) Case임금

Decided1994. 06. 28. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A dismissed worker had already been recognized as having employee status through a Labor Relations Commission (노동위원회) remedy order and a favorable court judgment, but had not yet been reinstated when the company transferred its business to another entity. The Supreme Court held that this worker's employment relationship was nonetheless automatically transferred to the acquiring company along with the business transfer.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA dismissed worker had not yet been reinstated when the company was sold, and the new company refused to recognize the succession of his employment relationship.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that all employment relationships are automatically transferred upon a business transfer, and excluding only certain workers from this succession amounts to unfair dismissal (부당해고).
  • LessonWorkers' employment status is protected even when a company changes ownership, so a business transfer cannot be used as grounds to exclude specific employees from succession.
Issues
  • Whether an employment relationship is automatically succeeded by the acquiring company upon a business transfer (영업양도)
  • Whether succession of the employment relationship can occur even without actual reinstatement of the worker before the transfer
  • Whether a special agreement between the transferring and acquiring companies to exclude certain workers from succession is legally valid
Key reasoning

When a business is transferred (영업양도), the employment relationships of the transferring company's workers are, in principle, automatically succeeded by the acquiring company as a matter of law. A special agreement between the transferor and transferee to exclude certain workers from this succession is legally equivalent to a dismissal, and therefore requires a legitimate cause under labor law to be valid. The mere fact of a business transfer does not, by itself, constitute a legitimate reason for dismissal. Since the worker in this case had already secured recognition of employee status through the Labor Relations Commission and court proceedings, the lack of actual physical reinstatement before the transfer did not prevent the succession of the employment relationship to the new company.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] A transfer of business refers to the transfer, as a single unit while maintaining its identity, of an entity organized for a certain business purpose, that is, a human and material organization, and where a business is transferred comprehensively, the employment relationship between the transferor and the employees is, in principle, also comprehensively succeeded to by the transferee, absent a special agreement to the contrary.

[2] Where there is a special agreement between the parties to a business transfer excluding part of the employment relationships from the scope of succession, the succession of employment relationships may not take place accordingly; however, since such a special agreement is in substance no different from a dismissal, it is valid only if there is a justifiable reason as prescribed in Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and dismissing an employee on the sole ground of the business transfer itself cannot be deemed to constitute a case where a justifiable reason exists.

[3] A remedial order issued by the Labor Relations Commission against an employer under Article 42 of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법) merely imposes upon the employer a public-law obligation to comply therewith, and does not itself create or alter the private-law legal relationship between labor and management; however, where an employee subjected to a dismissal disposition separately files a wage claim lawsuit and obtains a final and conclusive favorable judgment, and this judgment is premised on the dismissal being void and the employee thus still retaining the status of an employee, ordering payment of wages from the time of dismissal until reinstatement, then even if there has been no actual reinstatement measure, the said employee must be deemed to have been in a lawful and valid employment relationship with the transferor company at the time of the business transfer, and therefore the employment relationship between that employee and the transferor company is succeeded to by the transferee company.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,732 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Dongjin Metal Co., Ltd.
[Judgment Below] Gwangju District Court Judgment 93Na1424, decided June 3, 1993

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The Defendant's grounds of appeal are examined.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the lower court, based on the evidence cited, found as follows: the Plaintiff joined non-party ○○ Co., Ltd. on February 17, 1986 and worked there; upon being dismissed on February 8, 1988 for reasons including assaulting a superior, the Plaintiff filed an application for remedy against unfair labor practices, and on March 10, 1988 received a remedial order finding that the said dismissal constituted an unfair labor practice and was therefore null and void, ordering the non-party company to reinstate the Plaintiff to his original position and to pay wages equivalent to those for the period of dismissal; the non-party company, dissatisfied with this, filed a request for reexamination but withdrew it on July 28, 1988, whereupon the said remedial order became final and conclusive as it stood. Nevertheless, without reinstating the Plaintiff, the non-party company transferred its business to the Defendant on November 1, 1990, agreeing with the Defendant to succeed only 70 of the employees then working for the non-party company, and excluded the Plaintiff from that number. Having found these facts, the lower court determined that even though the Plaintiff had not actually been reinstated to the non-party company at the time of the business transfer, the Plaintiff retained the status of an employee of the non-party company by virtue of the nullity of the dismissal; that, accordingly, as a result of the business transfer by the non-party company maintaining its identity, the employment relationship between the non-party company and the Plaintiff was comprehensively transferred to the Defendant; and that, therefore, absent special circumstances, the Plaintiff's status as an employee of the non-party company was carried over to the Defendant as it was. The lower court further determined that even if the agreement between the non-party company and the Defendant concerning the takeover of employees were regarded as a special agreement that the Defendant would not take over the Plaintiff, where a business is transferred by way of a transfer of business, the refusal by the transferee alone, or by agreement between the transferee and the transferor, to take over a specific employee constitutes a type of dismissal of that employee; that, accordingly, for such dismissal to be valid, there must be justifiable cause as prescribed in Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법); and that a dismissal based solely on the business transfer itself does not constitute justifiable cause for dismissal.

2. A transfer of business means the transfer, as a single unit while maintaining its identity, of an entity organized for a certain business purpose, that is, its human and material organization; and where a business is comprehensively transferred, absent a special agreement to the contrary, the employment relationship between the transferor and the employees is, in principle, also comprehensively succeeded to by the transferee (see this Court's Decisions 91Da40276, decided July 14, 1992; 91Da12806, decided November 12, 1991; 91Da15225, decided August 9, 1991, etc.). Where the parties to a business transfer have a special agreement excluding part of the employment relationships from the scope of succession, the succession of the employment relationship in question may accordingly not take place; however, since such a special agreement is substantially no different from a dismissal, it is valid only where there is justifiable cause as prescribed in Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act, and dismissing an employee solely on the ground of the business transfer itself cannot be deemed to fall under a case where justifiable cause exists.

Moreover, a remedial order issued by the Labor Relations Commission (노동위원회) against an employer under Article 42 of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법) merely imposes upon the employer a public-law obligation to comply with it, and does not directly create or alter the private-law legal relationship between labor and management (see this Court's Ruling 75Ma496, issued February 11, 1976); therefore, the mere fact that the remedial order became final and conclusive does not, by itself, mean that the Plaintiff recovered the status of an employee. However, according to the statements in each of Evidence A No. 2-1, 2, and 3 (each judgment, at pages 37 et seq. of the record), it can be recognized that, because the non-party company neither reinstated the Plaintiff nor paid wages even after the remedial order became final and conclusive, the Plaintiff separately filed a wage claim lawsuit and obtained a favorable judgment on December 1, 1988; that the non-party company's appeal and further appeal were both dismissed, so that the said favorable judgment became final and conclusive on August 24, 1990, before the conclusion of the business transfer agreement; and that the said judgment, premised on the fact that the Plaintiff's dismissal was null and void and that the Plaintiff still retained the status of an employee of the non-party company, ordered payment of wages from the time of dismissal until reinstatement. Given these facts, even though there was no actual measure of reinstatement, the Plaintiff must be deemed to have been in a lawful and valid employment relationship with the non-party company at the time of the business transfer, and therefore the Plaintiff's employment relationship with the non-party company must be deemed to have been succeeded to by the Defendant.

Although there are some inappropriate aspects in the reasoning of the court below, its determination that the employment relationship between the non-party company and the Plaintiff was succeeded to by the Defendant is ultimately justified, and there is no illegality therein, such as a misinterpretation of the provisions of the Commercial Act (상법) concerning business transfer, or a violation of Article 37(2) of the Constitution destroying the principle of private autonomy, that would have affected the judgment. This ground of appeal is without merit.

3. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are assessed against the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision.

Presiding Justice Ahn U-man
Justice Kim Yong-jun
Justice Cheon Gyeong-song (Presiding Reporter)
Justice Ahn Yong-deuk

【판결요지】

가. 영업의 양도라 함은 일정한 영업목적에 의하여 조직화된 업체 즉 인적 물적 조직을 그 동일성은 유지하면서 일체로서 이전하는 것을 말하고 영업이 포괄적으로 양도되면 반대의 특약이 없는 한 양도인과 근로자 간의 근로관계도 원칙적으로 양수인에게 포괄적으로 승계된다.

나. 영업양도 당사자 사이에 근로관계의 일부를 승계의 대상에서 제외하기로 하는 특약이 있는 경우에는 그에 따라 근로관계의 승계가 이루어지지 않을 수 있으나, 그러한 특약은 실질적으로 해고나 다름이 없으므로, 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 소정의 정당한 이유가 있어야 유효하며, 영업양도 그 자체만을 사유로 삼아 근로자를 해고하는 것은 정당한 이유가 있는 경우에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다.

다. 노동조합법 제42조 소정의 노동위원회의 사용자에 대한 구제명령은 사용자에게 이에 복종하여야 할 공법상의 의무를 부담시킬 뿐 직접 노사간의 사법상의 법률관계를 발생 또는 변경시키는 것은 아니지만, 해고처분을 받은 근로자가 별도의 임금청구소송을 제기하여 승소판결이 확정되었으며 이 판결은 해고가 무효여서 여전히 근로자로서의 지위를 가지고 있음을 전제로 해고 이후 복직시까지의 임금의 지급을 명하는 것이라면, 비록 현실적인 복직조치가 없었다 하더라도 위 근로자는 영업양도 당시 양도회사와 적법 유효한 근로관계에 있었다고 보아야 하므로 그 근로자와 양도회사와의 근로관계는 양수회사에게 승계된다.

【참조조문】

가.나.다. 상법 제41조 / 나.다. 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 / 다. 노동조합법 제42조

【참조판례】

가.다. 대법원 1993.5.25. 선고 91다41750 판결(공1993하,1832) / 가. 대법원 1991.8.9. 선고 91다15225 판결(공1991,2322), 1991.11.12. 선고 91다12806 판결(공1992,90), 1992.7.14. 선고 91다40276 판결(공1992,2384) / 다. 대법원 1976.2.11. 자 75마496 결정(공1976,8981), 1988.12.13. 선고 86다204,86다카1035 판결(공1989,89)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,430자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 주식회사 동진금속

【원심판결】 광주지방법원 1993.6.3. 선고 93나1424 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 피고의 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 거시증거를 들어, 원고는 1986.2.17. 소외 주식회사 ○○에 입사하여 근무하던 중 1988.2.8. 상사폭행 등의 이유로 해고당하자 부당노동행위구제신청을 하여 1988.3.10. 위 해고처분은 부당노동행위에 해당되어 무효이므로 소외 회사는 원고를 원직에 복직시키고 해고기간 중의 임금 상당액을 지급하라는 구제명령을 받았고, 소외 회사는 이에 불복하여 재심신청을 하였다가 1988.7.28. 이를 취하하여 위 구제명령은 그대로 확정된 사실, 그런데도 소외 회사는 원고를 복직시키지 아니한 채 1990.11.1. 소외 회사의 영업을 피고에게 양도하면서 피고와 당시 소외 회사에 근무하고 있던 종업원 중 70명만을 승계한다고 약정하며 원고는 이에 포함시키지 않은 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고가 영업양도 당시 소외 회사에 현실적으로 복직되지 않고 있었다 하더라도 위 해고처분의 무효로 소외 회사의 근로자로서의 지위에 있었고, 따라서 동일성을 유지한 소외 회사의 영업양도로 인하여 소외 회사의 원고에 대한 근로관계는 피고에게 포괄적으로 이전되었다 할 것이므로 원고의 소외 회사에 대한 근로자로서의 지위는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 피고에게 그대로 승계되었다 할 것이고, 소외 회사와 피고간의 종업원 인계에 관한 약정을 피고가 원고를 인수하지 않는다는 특약으로 본다고 하더라도 영업양도에 의하여 영업이 이전되는 경우 양수인 단독으로 또는 양수인과 양도인이 합의하여 특정 근로자의 인수를 거절하는 것은 그 근로자에 대한 해고의 일종이라 할 것이고, 따라서 그 해고가 유효하기 위하여는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 소정의 정당한 사유가 있어야 할 것인데, 영업양도 자체로 인한 해고는 정당한 해고사유에 해당하지 않는다고 판단하고 있다.

2. 영업의 양도라 함은 일정한 영업목적에 의하여 조직화된 업체 즉 인적 물적 조직을 그 동일성은 유지하면서 일체로서 이전하는 것을 말하고 영업이 포괄적으로 양도되면 반대의 특약이 없는 한 양도인과 근로자간의 근로관계도 원칙적으로 양수인에게 포괄적으로 승계된다 할 것이고(당원 1992.7.14. 선고 91다40276 판결; 1991.11.12. 선고 91다12806 판결; 1991.8.9. 선고 91다15225 판결 등 참조), 영업양도 당사자 사이에 근로관계의 일부를 승계의 대상에서 제외하기로 하는 특약이 있는 경우에는 그에 따라 근로관계의 승계가 이루어지지 않을 수 있으나, 그러한 특약은 실질적으로 해고나 다름이 없다 할 것이므로, 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 소정의 정당한 이유가 있어야 유효하다 할 것이며, 영업양도 그 자체만을 사유로 삼아 근로자를 해고하는 것은 정당한 이유가 있는 경우에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다 할 것이다.

그리고, 노동조합법 제42조 소정의 노동위원회의 사용자에 대한 구제명령은 사용자에게 이에 복종하여야 할 공법상의 의무를 부담시킬 뿐 직접 노사간의 사법상의 법률관계를 발생 또는 변경시키는 것은 아니므로(당원 1976.2.11. 고지 75마496 결정 참조), 구제명령이 확정되었다는 사정만으로 원고가 근로자의 지위를 회복하는 것은 아니지만, 갑 제2호증의 1.2.3(각 판결, 기록 37면 이하)의 각 기재에 의하면, 원고는 소외 회사가 구제명령이 확정된 후에도 복직을 시키지 않음은 물론 임금도 지급하지 않기 때문에 별도로 임금청구소송을 제기하여 1988.12.1. 승소판결을 받았고, 소외 회사의 항소와 상고가 모두 기각됨으로써 위 승소판결은 영업양도계약 체결 전인 1990.8.24. 확정되었으며, 위 판결은 원고에 대한 해고는 무효여서 원고는 여전히 소외 회사의 근로자로서의 지위를 가지고 있음을 전제로 해고 이후 복직시까지의 임금의 지급을 명하고 있는 사실을 인정할 수 있는바, 사실관계가 이러하다면 비록 현실적인 복직조치가 없었다 하더라도 원고는 영업양도 당시 소외 회사와 적법 유효한 근로관계에 있었다고 보아야 할 것이므로 원고의 소외 회사와의 근로관계는 피고에게 승계되었다고 할 것이다.

원심의 설시에 다소 적절하지 않은 점은 있으나 소외 회사와 원고와의 근로관계가 피고에게 승계되었다고 판단한 것은 결국 정당하고, 거기에 영업양도에 관한 상법규정의 해석을 그르쳤거나 헌법 제37조 제2항에 위반하여 사적 자치의 원칙을 파괴하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 안우만(재판장) 김용준 천경송(주심) 안용득

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
2021구합68704 · 서울행정법원 2022-09-23
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy
#2
90다9353 · 대법원 1991-07-12
Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc. (해고무효확인등)
#3
2015가합102807 · 대전지방법원 천안지원 2016-11-18
Action to Confirm Invalidity of Dismissal
#4
2001두1154 · 대법원 2004-10-15
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy
#5
2001두10455 · 대법원 2002-05-28
Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Dismissal Rem

Cases citing this decision

2018두54705 · 대법원 2020-11-05
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal and Unfai
2000두8455 · 대법원 2002-03-29
Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Dismissal Rem
98나10052 · 부산고법 1999-10-27
Retirement Pay
96다2644 · 대법원 1997-06-24
Retirement Pay
95다33238 · 대법원 1996-05-31
근로관계확인등

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)