Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2011다90194,90200

Transfer of Ownership Registration, etc. / Severance Pay, etc.소유권이전등기등·퇴직금등

Decided2013. 12. 26. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — ruling in favor of the pastor's statute-of-limitations defense; the lower court's decision favoring the church was reversed.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A church had registered land under the name of its pastor through a title trust (명의신탁) arrangement, but failed to convert the registration to the church's own name within the grace period required under Korean real-name registration law. After the pastor retired and claimed ownership of the land for himself, the church sued to recover the property as unjust enrichment (부당이득). The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's ruling, which had rejected the pastor's statute-of-limitations defense as an abuse of rights.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA church held land under a title trust in its pastor's name, but after the pastor retired, he claimed personal ownership, prompting the church to sue for unjust enrichment.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that because the church filed suit long after the reasonable period following removal of the obstacle to asserting its rights, the pastor's statute-of-limitations defense was not an abuse of rights.
  • LessonEven when there is a valid reason preventing the exercise of one's rights, once that obstacle is removed, the rights must be exercised promptly—within a short period comparable to the statutory suspension periods under the Civil Code.
Issues
  • Whether a church may claim unjust enrichment (부당이득반환청구권) for land registered under a title trust (명의신탁) in the name of its pastor
  • Whether a debtor's statute-of-limitations defense (소멸시효 항변) constitutes an abuse of rights (권리남용) under the circumstances
  • Whether the claims for severance pay (퇴직금) and retirement allowance (은퇴금) were properly asserted
Key reasoning

Under Korean law, for a debtor's assertion of the expiration of the statute of limitations (소멸시효) to be considered an abuse of rights (권리남용), the creditor must exercise its rights within a short period after the obstacle preventing the exercise of rights is removed—generally comparable to the short suspension periods for limitation periods set out in the Civil Code. In this case, the church filed suit long after this reasonable window had passed, following the removal of whatever obstacle had prevented it from asserting its rights earlier. Therefore, the pastor's reliance on the statute of limitations could not be characterized as an abuse of rights. The Supreme Court found that the lower court erred in extending undue leniency to the church's delay and remanded the case for further proceedings consistent with this reasoning.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

In a case where Church A entrusted the title of a purchaser to B when purchasing land, without the seller’s knowledge, and where Church A, without registering under its real name and after the grace period prescribed by the Act on the Registration of Real Estate under Actual Titleholder’s Name (부동산 실권리자명의 등기에 관한 법률) had passed, sought return of unjust enrichment regarding the land from B, and B raised a defense of extinctive prescription: the Supreme Court held that, since Church A had filed the lawsuit seeking return of unjust enrichment against B after the period corresponding to the suspension-of-prescription period under the Civil Act (민법) had elapsed from the time the impediment preventing it from exercising its right had ceased to exist, it could not be deemed, absent special circumstances, that Church A had exercised its right within a reasonable period; nevertheless, the lower court’s judgment, which held that B’s defense of extinctive prescription could not be permitted as an abuse of rights contrary to the principle of good faith, was found to contain an error of law based on a misapprehension of the legal principles.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,394 chars

【Plaintiff (Defendant in Counterclaim), Appellee and Appellant】 The ◇◇ Church of the Korean Methodist Church (Litigation Representative: Soho Law Firm, Attorneys Kim Ho-jin and 2 others)
【Defendant (Plaintiff in Counterclaim), Appellant and Appellee】 Defendant (Litigation Representative: Bae, Kim & Lee LLC (Yulchon), Attorneys Ko Hyun-cheol and 5 others)
【Judgment Below】 Seoul High Court Judgment 2010Na24642, 24659, dated September 9, 2011
【Order】
The part of the judgment below that ruled against the Defendant (Plaintiff in Counterclaim), insofar as it concerns the land listed in Attached List 1 of the judgment below, is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The Plaintiff (Defendant in Counterclaim)'s appeal and the remainder of the Defendant (Plaintiff in Counterclaim)'s appeal are dismissed.

【Reasoning】 The grounds of appeal (to the extent that the supplementary brief on grounds of appeal, submitted after the deadline for submission of grounds of appeal, supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.

1. As to the grounds of appeal concerning the land listed in Attached List 1 of the judgment below (hereinafter “the ○○-ri Land at Issue”)

A. The court below, comprehensively considering the adopted evidence, found the facts as stated in its reasoning, and determined that the Plaintiff (Defendant in Counterclaim; hereinafter “Plaintiff”) purchased the ○○-ri Land at Issue from 1982 to 1983 and entrusted the title in the name of the buyer to the Defendant (Plaintiff in Counterclaim; hereinafter “Defendant”), that the seller at the time was unaware of the title trust, and that since the Plaintiff failed to register the land under its real name within the one-year grace period from July 1, 1995, as prescribed by Article 11 of the Act on the Registration of Real Estate under Actual Titleholder's Name (부동산 실권리자명의 등기에 관한 법률), and that period lapsed, the title trustee, the Defendant, acquired complete ownership of the ○○-ri Land at Issue as of July 1, 1996, thereby unjustly enriching himself with the land itself. On this basis, the court below recognized the Plaintiff's claim for restitution of unjust enrichment with respect to the ○○-ri Land at Issue.

Furthermore, the court below determined that the Defendant's defense of extinctive prescription against the Plaintiff's claim for restitution of unjust enrichment constituted an abuse of rights contrary to the principle of good faith and could not be permitted, in light of the following: that the Defendant served as the representative and head pastor of the Plaintiff church from 1974 until his retirement around March 2008, exercising extensive authority over the overall administration of the church, including its finances and personnel; that, until around early 2007, the year immediately before his retirement, the Defendant had consistently stated, both in official and private settings, that the ○○-ri Land at Issue and the △△△ Prayer House building situated thereon belonged to the Plaintiff church, and had indicated the △△△ Prayer House as an affiliated institution of the Plaintiff church in the church bulletin, newsletters, and congregation handbooks prepared under his ultimate responsibility, and had requested that the congregants of the Plaintiff church contribute various offerings and volunteer labor with a sense of ownership for the development of the △△△ Prayer House, thereby giving the congregants of the Plaintiff church the trust that, although the registration of the ○○-ri Land at Issue was in his own name, it would at any time be transferred to the Plaintiff church; and that the dispute between the Plaintiff and the Defendant concerning the ○○-ri Land at Issue and other matters arose around early 2007, immediately before the Defendant entered his sabbatical leave preceding his retirement, and it was from this point that the Defendant began to refuse the transfer of registration for the ○○-ri Land at Issue and to assert his rights thereto.

B. However, the judgment below's determination that the Defendant's defense of extinctive prescription is not permissible cannot be upheld, for the following reasons.

The exercise of a debtor's defense of extinctive prescription is also governed by the principle of good faith and the prohibition of abuse of rights, which are fundamental principles of our Civil Act (민법). Accordingly, even where the debtor made it impossible or significantly difficult for the creditor to exercise its rights or to interrupt the prescriptive period prior to the completion of prescription, or engaged in conduct that led the creditor to believe that such measures were unnecessary, or where there existed objective impediments preventing the creditor from exercising its rights, or where, after the completion of prescription, the debtor displayed conduct suggesting that it would not invoke the completed prescription, thereby causing the creditor to rely on such belief, and the creditor exercised its rights within a reasonable period from the time such impediment was removed, during which the creditor could be expected to exercise its rights—in such cases as well, the debtor's assertion of the completion of extinctive prescription cannot be permitted, as it constitutes an abuse of rights contrary to the principle of good faith. However, denying the effect of the completion of prescription on the basis of the principle of good faith in this manner must remain an exceedingly exceptional limitation on the system of extinctive prescription, which is founded upon the ideals of achieving legal stability, remedying difficulties of proof, and sanctioning negligence in the exercise of rights. Therefore, absent special circumstances, the “reasonable period” for the exercise of rights referred to above must be restricted to a short period, by analogy to the suspension of prescription under the Civil Act (see, e.g., Supreme Court en banc Decision 2012Da202819, decided May 16, 2013).

Even according to the reasoning of the judgment below, a dispute arose between the Plaintiff and the Defendant concerning the ownership of the ○○-ri Land at Issue around early 2007, and it was in that state that the Defendant retired from the position of head pastor of the Plaintiff church around March 2008. Accordingly, it may be considered that, at the latest around March 2008, the impediment preventing the Plaintiff from exercising its rights had ceased to exist. However, the Plaintiff did not file the instant lawsuit seeking restitution of unjust enrichment against the Defendant until March 19, 2009, well beyond the period corresponding to the suspension of prescription under the Civil Act. Therefore, absent special circumstances, it cannot be said that the Plaintiff exercised its rights within a reasonable period.

Nevertheless, the court below concluded, solely on the grounds stated in its reasoning, that the Defendant's defense of extinctive prescription with respect to the ○○-ri Land at Issue constituted an abuse of rights contrary to the principle of good faith and could not be permitted. This determination by the court below involves an error of law regarding the legal principles governing whether a defense of extinctive prescription constitutes an abuse of rights, which affected the judgment, and the Defendant's argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out has merit.

2. As to the grounds of appeal concerning the remaining buildings, the loan, and the retirement allowance

The court below, based on the adopted evidence, found the facts and circumstances as stated in its reasoning, and determined that the First Building was constructed with the Plaintiff's funds and labor and thus was originally acquired by the Plaintiff, and that, among the Additional Buildings, the portions other than the C Building were affixed to the First Building originally acquired by the Plaintiff. However, the court below determined that it was difficult to find that the Plaintiff originally acquired the C Building among the Additional Buildings, the Second Building, and the Third Building, that the Defendant lent 120,000,000 won to the Plaintiff at the time of the purchase of the □□-dong Land at Issue, or that there was an agreement that the Plaintiff would pay the Defendant a retirement allowance of 700,000,000 won.

Upon examination in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, the fact-finding and determination of the court below are justified, and there is no error of law therein, as argued in the grounds of appeal, in violation of the rules of logic and experience, exceeding the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence, or misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the presumptive effect of registration.

3. Conclusion

Accordingly, without examining the Defendant's remaining grounds of appeal, the part of the judgment below that ruled against the Defendant, insofar as it concerns the ○○-ri Land at Issue, is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination. The Plaintiff's appeal and the remainder of the Defendant's appeal are dismissed. This judgment is rendered pursuant to the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Kim Shin (Presiding Justice), Min Il-young, Lee In-bok (Justice in Charge), Park Bo-young

【판결요지】

甲 교회가 토지를 매수하면서 乙에게 매수인 명의를 신탁하였고 매도인은 이를 알지 못하였는데, 甲 교회가 실명등기를 하지 않고 부동산 실권리자명의 등기에 관한 법률에서 정한 유예기간을 경과한 후 乙을 상대로 토지의 부당이득반환을 구하자 乙이 소멸시효 항변을 한 사안에서, 甲 교회가 권리를 행사할 수 없는 장애사유가 소멸된 때로부터 민법상 시효정지기간이 지나 乙에게 부당이득반환을 구하는 소를 제기하였으므로, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 甲 교회가 상당한 기간 내에 권리행사를 하였다고 볼 수 없는데도, 乙의 소멸시효 항변이 신의성실의 원칙에 반하는 권리남용으로 허용될 수 없다고 본 원심판결에는 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

민법 제2조, 제162조

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,301자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고(반소피고), 피상고인 겸 상고인】 기독교대한감리회◇◇교회 (소송대리인 법무법인 소호 담당변호사 김호진 외 2인)

【피고(반소원고), 상고인 겸 피상고인】 피고 (소송대리인 법무법인(유한) 태평양 담당변호사 고현철 외 5인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2011. 9. 9. 선고 2010나24642, 24659 판결

【주 문】

원심판결의 피고(반소원고) 패소 부분 중 원심판결 별지 제1목록 기재 각 토지에 관한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 원고(반소피고)의 상고와 피고(반소원고)의 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 지난 후에 제출된 상고이유보충서의 기재는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 안에서)에 대하여 판단한다.

1. 원심판결 별지 제1목록 기재 각 토지(이하 ‘이 사건 ○○리 토지’라 한다)에 관한 상고이유에 대하여

가. 원심은 채택 증거를 종합하여 그 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고(반소피고, 이하 ‘원고’라 한다)가 1982년부터 1983년에 걸쳐 이 사건 ○○리 토지를 매수하면서 피고(반소원고, 이하 ‘피고’라 한다)에게 그 매수인 명의를 신탁하였고 당시 매도인은 그 명의신탁 사실을 알지 못하였으며, 원고가 부동산 실권리자명의 등기에 관한 법률 제11조에서 정한 1995. 7. 1.부터 1년의 유예기간 내에 실명등기를 하지 않고 그 기간이 지났으므로 명의수탁자인 피고는 1996. 7. 1. 이 사건 ○○리 토지에 관한 완전한 소유권을 취득함으로써 위 토지 자체를 부당이득하였다고 판단하여, 이 사건 ○○리 토지에 관한 원고의 부당이득반환청구권을 인정하였다.

나아가 원심은, 피고가 1974년부터 2008. 3.경 은퇴할 때까지 원고 교회의 대표자 겸 담임 목사로 재직하면서 교회 재정, 인사 등 운영전반에 걸쳐 막강한 권한을 행사하여 온 점, 피고는 은퇴하기 바로 전해인 2007년 초경까지도 공적이나 사적인 자리에서 늘 이 사건 ○○리 토지와 그 지상 건물인 △△△ 기도원이 원고 교회의 소유라고 말하여 왔고, 피고의 최종 책임 아래 작성되는 교회의 주보, 소식지, 교인생활수첩 등에도 원고 교회 부속기관으로 위 △△△ 기도원을 표시하여 왔으며, 원고 교회 교인들에게 주인의식을 가지고 △△△ 기도원의 발전을 위하여 각종 헌금과 노력봉사를 해 줄 것을 요청하여 옴으로써, 원고 교회 교인들에게 비록 이 사건 ○○리 토지에 관한 등기가 자신 명의로 되어 있으나 언제든지 원고 교회에 이전하여 줄 것이라는 신뢰를 부여한 점, 이 사건 ○○리 토지 등에 관하여 원고와 피고 사이에 분쟁이 생긴 때는 피고가 은퇴를 앞두고 안식년 휴식에 들어가기 직전인 2007년 초경이었고 이때부터 피고는 이 사건 ○○리 토지에 관한 등기이전을 거부하며 권리 주장을 하기 시작한 점 등에 비추어 원고의 위 부당이득반환청구에 대한 피고의 소멸시효 항변은 신의성실의 원칙에 반하는 권리남용으로 허용될 수 없다고 판단하였다.

나. 그러나 피고의 소멸시효 항변이 허용되지 않는다고 한 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 수긍할 수 없다.

채무자의 소멸시효에 관한 항변권의 행사도 우리 민법의 대원칙인 신의성실의 원칙과 권리남용금지 원칙의 지배를 받는 것이어서, 채무자가 시효완성 전에 채권자의 권리행사나 시효중단을 불가능 또는 현저히 곤란하게 하였거나, 그러한 조치가 불필요하다고 믿게 하는 행동을 하였거나, 객관적으로 채권자가 권리를 행사할 수 없는 장애사유가 있었거나, 또는 일단 시효완성 후에 채무자가 시효를 원용하지 아니할 것 같은 태도를 보여 채권자로 하여금 그와 같이 신뢰하게 하였고, 채권자가 그러한 장애가 해소된 때부터 권리행사를 기대할 수 있는 상당한 기간 내에 자신의 권리를 행사하였다면, 이러한 경우에도 채무자가 소멸시효 완성을 주장하는 것은 신의성실의 원칙에 반하는 권리남용으로 허용될 수 없다. 다만 위와 같이 신의성실의 원칙을 들어 시효 완성의 효력을 부정하는 것은 법적 안정성의 달성, 입증곤란의 구제, 권리행사의 태만에 대한 제재를 그 이념으로 삼고 있는 소멸시효 제도에 대한 대단히 예외적인 제한에 그쳐야 할 것이므로, 위 권리행사의 ‘상당한 기간’은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 민법상 시효정지의 경우에 준하여 단기간으로 제한되어야 한다(대법원 2013. 5. 16. 선고 2012다202819 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

원심판결 이유에 의하더라도 2007년 초경에는 원고와 피고 사이에 이 사건 ○○리 토지의 소유권에 관한 분쟁이 생겼고, 그러한 상태에서 피고는 2008. 3.경 원고 교회의 담임 목사직에서 은퇴하였다는 것이므로, 늦어도 2008. 3.경에는 원고가 권리를 행사할 수 없는 장애사유가 소멸되었다고 볼 수 있을 것인데, 원고는 그로부터 민법상 시효정지기간이 훨씬 지난 2009. 3. 19.에 이르러서야 피고에게 부당이득반환을 구하는 이 사건 소를 제기하였으므로, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 원고가 상당한 기간 내에 권리행사를 하였다고 볼 수는 없다고 할 것이다.

그럼에도 원심은 그 판시와 같은 이유만으로 이 사건 ○○리 토지에 관한 피고의 소멸시효 항변이 신의성실의 원칙에 반하는 권리남용으로 허용될 수 없다고 단정하였으니, 원심의 이러한 판단에는 소멸시효 항변의 권리남용 해당 여부에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있고, 이를 지적하는 취지의 피고의 이 부분 상고이유 주장에는 정당한 이유가 있다.

2. 그 밖의 각 건물과 대여금 및 은퇴금에 관한 상고이유에 대하여

원심은 채택 증거에 의하여 그 판시와 같은 사실과 사정을 인정한 다음, 1차 건물은 원고의 자금과 노력으로 건축되어 원고가 원시취득하였고 추가 건물 중 제씨동을 제외한 나머지 부분은 원고가 원시취득한 1차 건물에 부합되었다고 판단하였으나, 추가 건물 중 제씨동과 2차 건물 및 3차 건물을 원고가 원시취득하였다거나 이 사건 □□동 토지를 구입할 당시 피고가 원고에게 1억 2,000만 원을 대여하였다거나 원고가 피고에게 은퇴금 7억 원을 지급하기로 하는 약정이 있었다고 보기는 어렵다고 판단하였다.

관련 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 이러한 사실인정과 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 논리와 경험의 법칙을 위반하고 자유심증주의의 한계를 벗어나거나 등기 추정력에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 없다.

3. 결론

그러므로 피고의 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결의 피고 패소 부분 중 이 사건 ○○리 토지에 관한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하며, 원고의 상고와 피고의 나머지 상고는 기각하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김신(재판장) 민일영 이인복(주심) 박보영

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