Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2012다77006

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided2012. 12. 13. Court대법원Worker (attorneys) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved attorneys who were formally registered as partners (구성원 변호사) at a law firm (법무법인) but were, in substance, in a subordinate employment relationship with the firm. The Korean Supreme Court held that such attorneys qualify as employees (근로자) under labor law when the actual working relationship demonstrates dependency, regardless of their formal partner status. The Court further ruled that they were entitled to severance pay (퇴직금) because no genuine agreement existed to divide or incorporate severance pay into their regular wages.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAttorneys formally registered as partners at a law firm, while actually working under conditions of dependent employment, sought payment of severance pay from the firm.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court prioritized the substantive subordinate relationship over the formal partner registration, recognized the attorneys as employees, and held the firm liable for severance pay due to the absence of a clear severance pay division agreement.
  • LessonEmployee status is determined by the actual relationship of direction, supervision, and dependency in daily work, not by formal titles such as partner registration or partnership agreements.
Issues
  • Whether attorneys registered as partners (구성원 변호사) at a law firm qualify as employees (근로자) under labor law
  • Whether a valid agreement to divide severance pay (퇴직금 분할 약정) existed, and its legal effect
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court emphasized that employee status (근로자성) should be determined based on the substantive nature of the working relationship rather than formal titles or registrations, such as being listed as a partner attorney. Even though the attorneys were registered as members of the law firm, the actual circumstances showed they were subject to direction and supervision typical of an employment relationship, establishing subordination (종속관계). Additionally, the Court found that the amount purportedly allocated as severance pay within their compensation was never clearly specified or distinguished from regular wages. Because there was no concrete, identifiable agreement to split severance pay from wages, the Court concluded no valid severance pay division agreement (퇴직금 분할 약정) existed. As a result, the firm was still obligated to pay statutory severance pay in full.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Article 2(1)(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) defines a worker as a person who provides labor to a business or workplace for the purpose of earning wages, regardless of the type of occupation. Whether a person constitutes a worker must be determined based on whether, in substance, the person provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages at a business or workplace, regardless of whether the form of the contract is an employment contract or a service (contract for work) agreement under the Civil Act (민법). In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following matters must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer, whether the person is subject to employment rules or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the person is subject to specific and individual direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the person is bound thereby; whether the work is substitutable, such as by the worker hiring a third party to perform the work on their behalf; the ownership relationship of equipment, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the nature of the remuneration is compensation for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed salary is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive attachment to the employer; whether the person is recognized as having worker status under other statutes, such as social security legislation; and the socio-economic conditions of both parties. Whether an attorney working at a law firm (법무법인) qualifies as a worker must likewise be determined not merely by formal considerations, such as the abstract status of an attorney as provided under the Attorney-at-Law Act (변호사법) or whether the person is registered as a member, but by comprehensively and substantively considering the above criteria.

[2] In a case where Eul and Byeong, who began practicing as attorneys immediately upon commencing employment at Gap law firm right after completing the Judicial Research and Training Institute (사법연수원), were registered as member attorneys from the year following their employment, worked in that capacity, and then retired, and subsequently claimed retirement allowance on the ground that they were in fact workers, the court held—in light of various circumstances, including: the absence of any evidence that they acquired or transferred equity interests in the process of being registered as members or withdrawing therefrom; the fact that their working conditions remained largely unchanged before and after their registration as members; the fact that they never received profit distributions from, nor bore losses of, Gap law firm; the fact that they received a fixed monthly salary regardless of case acceptance; the fact that they had almost no instances of independently accepting cases and instead handled work assigned to them by Gap law firm; and the fact that they claimed to have learned of their registration as members only one year before retirement or at the time of retirement—that the lower court's determination, which found that although Eul and Byeong were registered as members of Gap law firm, they were in substance in the position of workers who provided labor to Gap law firm in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages, was justified.

[3] Where an employer and a worker agree to pay, in advance, a certain amount designated as retirement allowance together with the monthly salary or daily wage (hereinafter referred to as an “agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments”), such agreement, unless it constitutes an interim settlement of retirement allowance as recognized under the first sentence of Article 8(2) of the Act on the Guarantee of Workers' Retirement Benefits (근로자퇴직급여 보장법), amounts to a prior waiver by the worker of the right to claim retirement allowance that arises upon final retirement, and is therefore void as being in violation of Article 8 of the same Act, which is a mandatory statutory provision. Meanwhile, if an employer has in substance paid to a worker money in the name of retirement allowance, and yet the payment is recognized as having neither the effect of a valid retirement allowance payment nor the effect of a valid wage payment, it is equitable to hold that the worker must return the money received in the name of retirement allowance to the employer as unjust enrichment. However, in light of the legislative purpose of establishing the retirement allowance system as a mandatory statutory scheme, the foregoing legal principle can only be applied on the premise that a substantive agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments actually exists between the employer and the worker. Accordingly, where the relevant agreement between the employer and the worker is, in substance, merely a determination of wages, and the employer has merely adopted the form of an agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments in order to evade the obligation to pay retirement allowance, the foregoing legal principle cannot be applied. That is, the foregoing legal principle applies only where the employer and the worker have agreed that the monthly salary or daily wage includes retirement allowance and that no separate retirement allowance will be paid upon retirement, and, in addition, the amount designated as retirement allowance, as distinguished from wages, is specified, and the content of the employment contract, including the agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments, is not disadvantageous to the worker in light of the prior employment contract or the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), etc., taking into account the amount of wages excluding the amount designated as retirement allowance—in other words, only where the employer and the worker have substantively agreed to additionally pay, as distinguished from wages, a certain amount in the name of retirement allowance.

[4] In a case where Eul and Byeong, who had worked as attorneys at and then retired from Gap law firm, claimed retirement allowance against Gap law firm, and Gap law firm asserted that Eul and Byeong had already received retirement allowance pursuant to a total annual salary agreement that included retirement allowance, such that the claim constituted a duplicate claim, the court held that the lower court's determination rejecting this assertion—on the ground that there was no evidence establishing that a substantive agreement to pay retirement allowance in installments existed between Gap law firm and Eul and Byeong, including the fact that the amount designated as retirement allowance, as distinguished from wages, could not be found to have been specified within the details of the salary paid by Gap law firm to Eul and Byeong—was justified.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,612 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 1 other
[Defendant, Appellant] Law Firm Pureun (Attorney Min Kyung-sik, Counsel for the Defendant)
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul Central District Court Decision 2011Na43401 rendered on July 26, 2012

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined (including the supplementary brief on the grounds of appeal, which was submitted after the deadline for submission of the grounds of appeal had passed, to the extent that it supplements the grounds of appeal).

1. As to the First Ground of Appeal
Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) defines an employee as a person who provides labor to a business or workplace for the purpose of earning wages, regardless of the type of occupation. Whether a person constitutes an employee must be determined based on whether, in substance, the person provided labor to the employer in a business or workplace in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages, regardless of whether the form of the contract is an employment contract or a service contract under the Civil Act (민법). In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to employment rules or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the employer exercises specific and individual direction and supervision over the performance of the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the person is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as the worker hiring a third party to perform the work on his or her behalf; the ownership relationship of equipment, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the nature of the remuneration is compensation for the labor itself, whether a basic salary or fixed salary is set, and whether income tax is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-providing relationship and the existence and degree of exclusivity to the employer; whether employee status is recognized under other statutes, such as those concerning the social security system; and the social and economic conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 2006Da60793 rendered on January 25, 2007; Supreme Court Decision 2007Da7973 rendered on October 23, 2008, etc.). Whether an attorney working at a law firm (법무법인) constitutes an employee must also be determined by comprehensively and substantively considering the above criteria, rather than merely examining formal matters such as the abstract status of an attorney as provided under the Attorney-at-Law Act (변호사법) or whether the attorney is registered as a member.

According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment and the judgment of the court of first instance cited therein, the lower court, on the premise that a member attorney under the Attorney-at-Law Act, as the subject of the establishment, continuation, and dissolution of a law firm, has autonomous and independent authority not only over the general performance of attorney duties but also over all areas including the law firm's assets and accounting, organizational changes, mergers, etc., and must be able to participate in the overall management of the law firm through members' meetings, and that where an attorney is unable to do so, such attorney cannot be regarded as a genuine member attorney even if registered as such, determined, considering comprehensively the following circumstances: ① although the Plaintiffs began practicing as attorneys by joining the Defendant as associate attorneys without prior career experience immediately after completing the Judicial Research and Training Institute, they were registered as members in the year following their employment; ② there is no evidence that the Plaintiffs acquired or transferred any equity interest in the process of being registered as members of the Defendant or withdrawing therefrom, and it appears that the Plaintiffs' form of work before and after their registration as members remained largely unchanged; ③ the Plaintiffs never received profit distributions or bore losses from the Defendant, and received a fixed monthly salary regardless of case acquisition; ④ the content of the Plaintiffs' work was to handle matters assigned by the Defendant, with almost no instances of the Plaintiffs acquiring cases on their own; ⑤ the Plaintiffs' salaries had a fixed base pay, and the Defendant withheld Class A wage and salary income tax at source and provided national pension, health insurance, and long-term care insurance; ⑥ the Plaintiffs were not permitted to have a third party perform their duties on their behalf, and there was virtually no possibility of them providing labor to another law firm; and ⑦ the Plaintiffs assert that they were unaware of the fact that they had been registered as members until, in the case of Plaintiff 1, one year before retirement, and in the case of Plaintiff 2, at the time of retirement, and that the non-party who had been a member of the Defendant and was registered as having withdrawn after transferring his equity interest to Plaintiff 2 likewise stated that he had been unaware that he was registered as a member, and that he performed work assigned to him by a senior attorney who was directed and supervised by the managing attorney—the lower court determined, in effect, that although the Plaintiffs were registered as members of the Defendant, they were in substance in the position of employees who provided labor to the Defendant in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages.

Examining the record in light of the legal principles set forth above, the lower court's determination as described above is justifiable, and there is no error of law, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the employee status of a member attorney of a law firm, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

2. As to the Second Ground of Appeal
Where an employer and an employee agree to pay in advance, together with the monthly salary or daily wage, a certain amount of money designated as retirement pay (hereinafter referred to as an "agreement to divide and pay retirement pay in installments"), such agreement, unless it constitutes an interim settlement of retirement pay recognized under the first sentence of Article 8, Paragraph 2 of the Act on the Guarantee of Employees' Retirement Benefits (근로자퇴직급여 보장법), constitutes an advance waiver by the employee of the right to claim retirement pay that arises upon final retirement, and is void as violating Article 8 of the said Act, which is a mandatory provision (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2007Da90760 rendered on May 20, 2010; Supreme Court Decision 2009Do8248 rendered on October 13, 2011, etc.).

Meanwhile, where an employer has substantially paid an employee money designated as retirement pay, but the effect of retirement pay payment is not recognized, and moreover the effect of wage payment is also not recognized, it is reasonable from the standpoint of equity to hold that the employee must return the money received in the name of retirement pay to the employer as unjust enrichment (see the above Supreme Court en banc Decision 2007Da90760). However, considering the legislative purpose of prescribing the retirement pay system as a mandatory provision, the above legal principle can only be applied on the premise that a substantial agreement to divide and pay retirement pay in installments actually exists between the employer and the employee. Accordingly, where the relevant agreement concluded between the employer and the employee is, in substance, merely a determination of wages, and the employer has merely adopted the form of an agreement to divide and pay retirement pay in installments in order to evade the payment of retirement pay, the above legal principle cannot be applied. That is, the above legal principle applies only where the employer and the employee agree, in a manner substantially distinguishing it from wages, to additionally pay a certain amount of money in the name of retirement pay, which requires: that there exists an agreement between the employer and the employee to the effect that the monthly salary or daily wage includes retirement pay and that no separate retirement pay will be paid upon retirement; that the amount of money designated as retirement pay, as distinguished from wages, is specified; and that, considering the amount of wages excluding the money designated as retirement pay, the content of the employment contract including the agreement to divide and pay retirement pay in installments is not disadvantageous to the employee in light of the previous employment contract or the Labor Standards Act, etc. (see Supreme Court Decision 2008Da9150 rendered on May 27, 2010).

According to the reasoning of the judgment of the court of first instance cited by the lower court, the lower court rejected the Defendant's argument that, on the premise of an annual salary agreement in which the total amount includes retirement pay, the Plaintiffs had already received retirement pay such that the instant claim constitutes a duplicate claim, on the ground that there is no evidence to recognize that a substantial agreement to divide and pay retirement pay in installments existed between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant, given that the amount of money designated as retirement pay, as distinguished from wages, among the Defendant's salary payments to the Plaintiffs cannot be considered to have been specified.

Examining the record in light of the legal principles set forth above, the lower court's determination as described above is justifiable, and there is no error of law, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the total annual salary system or the comprehensive wage system, a departure from the bounds of the principle of free evaluation of evidence in violation of the rules of logic and experience, a violation of precedent, or a failure to state reasons or a contradiction in reasons, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

3. Conclusion
Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This Judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.

Justice Kim Yong-deok (Presiding Justice), Shin Young-cheol (Justice in Charge), Lee Sang-hoon, Kim So-young

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제1호는 직업의 종류와 관계없이 임금을 목적으로 사업이나 사업장에 근로를 제공하는 자를 근로자로 규정하고 있다. 근로자에 해당하는지는 계약 형식이 민법상 고용계약인지 또는 도급계약인지에 관계없이 그 실질 면에서 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지에 따라 판단하여야 한다. 그러한 종속적 관계가 있는지를 판단하려면, 업무 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에서도 사용자로부터 구체적, 개별적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품 등의 소유관계, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격이 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에 대한 전속성 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 사회·경제적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다. 법무법인에 근무하는 변호사의 근로자 해당 여부도 변호사법에 규정된 변호사의 추상적 지위나 구성원 등기 여부 등의 형식만을 따질 것이 아니라 위와 같은 기준을 종합적·실질적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

[2] 사법연수원 수료 직후 甲 법무법인에 취업하여 변호사 업무를 시작한 乙과 丙이 취업 다음 해부터 구성원 변호사로 등기되어 근무하다 퇴직한 후 자신들이 근로자에 해당한다고 주장하며 퇴직금 지급을 구한 사안에서, 구성원으로 등기하거나 탈퇴하는 과정에서 지분을 양수하거나 양도한 증거가 없고, 구성원 등기 전후의 근무 형태 역시 큰 변화 없이 유지된 점, 甲 법무법인으로부터 이익배당을 받거나 손실을 부담한 사실이 없으며, 사건 수임과 상관없이 매달 일정한 금액의 급여를 받은 점, 스스로 사건을 수임한 사례가 거의 없이 甲 법무법인으로부터 배당받은 업무를 처리해 온 점, 자신들이 구성원으로 등기된 사실을 퇴직 1년 전 또는 퇴직 시에야 알게 되었다고 주장하고 있는 점 등 여러 사정에 비추어, 乙과 丙은 甲 법무법인의 구성원으로 등기되어 있었지만 실질적으로는 甲 법무법인에 대하여 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 근로를 제공하는 근로자 지위에 있었다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례.

[3] 사용자와 근로자가 매월 지급하는 월급이나 매일 지급하는 일당과 함께 퇴직금으로 일정한 금원을 미리 지급하기로 약정(이하 ‘퇴직금 분할 약정’이라 한다)하였다면, 그 약정은 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조 제2항 전문에서 정한 퇴직금 중간정산으로 인정되는 경우가 아닌 한 최종 퇴직 시 발생하는 퇴직금청구권을 근로자가 사전에 포기하는 것으로서, 강행법규인 같은 법 제8조에 위배되어 무효이다. 한편 사용자가 근로자에게 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 실질적으로 지급하였음에도 불구하고 정작 퇴직금 지급의 효력이 인정되지 아니할 뿐만 아니라 임금 지급의 효력도 인정되지 않는다면, 근로자는 수령한 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 부당이득으로 사용자에게 반환하여야 한다고 보는 것이 공평의 견지에서 합당하다. 다만 퇴직금 제도를 강행법규로 규정한 입법 취지를 고려할 때, 위와 같은 법리는 사용자와 근로자 사이에 실질적인 퇴직금 분할 약정이 존재함을 전제로 하여 비로소 적용할 수 있다. 따라서 사용자와 근로자가 체결한 해당 약정이 그 실질은 임금을 정한 것에 불과함에도 사용자가 퇴직금 지급을 면탈하기 위하여 퇴직금 분할 약정의 형식만을 취한 것인 경우에는 위와 같은 법리를 적용할 수 없다. 즉, 사용자와 근로자 사이에 월급이나 일당 등에 퇴직금을 포함하고 퇴직 시 별도의 퇴직금을 지급하지 않는다는 취지의 합의가 존재할 뿐만 아니라, 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목 금원의 액수가 특정되고, 위 퇴직금 명목 금원을 제외한 임금 액수 등을 고려할 때 퇴직금 분할 약정을 포함하는 근로계약 내용이 종전 근로계약이나 근로기준법 등에 비추어 근로자에게 불이익하지 아니하여야 하는 등 사용자와 근로자가 임금과 구별하여 추가로 퇴직금 명목으로 일정한 금원을 실질적으로 지급할 것을 약정한 경우에 한하여 위와 같은 법리가 적용된다.

[4] 甲 법무법인에서 변호사로 근무하다 퇴직한 乙과 丙이 甲 법무법인을 상대로 퇴직금 지급을 청구하자 甲 법무법인이 乙과 丙은 퇴직금이 포함된 총액 연봉제 약정에 따라 이미 퇴직금을 수령하였으므로 위 청구가 이중청구에 해당한다고 주장한 사안에서, 甲 법무법인의 乙, 丙에 대한 급여 내역 중 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목 금원의 액수가 특정되었다고 볼 수 없는 등 甲 법무법인과 乙, 丙 사이에 실질적인 퇴직금 분할 약정이 존재하였다고 인정할 증거가 없다는 이유로 위 주장을 배척한 원심판단을 수긍한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제1호

[2] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제1호, 제34조, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조

[3] 민법 제105조, 제741조, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조

[4] 민법 제105조, 제741조, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2007. 1. 25. 선고 2006다60793 판결(공2007상, 340), 대법원 2008. 10. 23. 선고 2007다7973 판결 / [3] 대법원 2010. 5. 20. 선고 2007다90760 전원합의체 판결(공2010상, 1132), 대법원 2010. 5. 27. 선고 2008다9150 판결, 대법원 2011. 10. 13. 선고 2009도8248 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,872자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 1인

【피고, 상고인】 법무법인 푸른 (소송대리인 변호사 민경식)

【원심판결】 서울중앙지법 2012. 7. 26. 선고 2011나43401 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 지나 제출된 상고이유보충서의 기재는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 내에서)를 판단한다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 대하여

근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제1호는 직업의 종류와 관계없이 임금을 목적으로 사업이나 사업장에 근로를 제공하는 자를 근로자로 규정하고 있다. 근로자에 해당하는지는 그 계약 형식이 민법상 고용계약인지 또는 도급계약인지에 관계없이 그 실질 면에서 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지에 따라 판단하여야 한다. 그러한 종속적 관계가 있는지를 판단하려면, 업무 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에서도 사용자로부터 구체적, 개별적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품 등의 소유관계, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격이 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에 대한 전속성 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 사회·경제적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다(대법원 2007. 1. 25. 선고 2006다60793 판결, 대법원 2008. 10. 23. 선고 2007다7973 판결 등 참조). 법무법인에 근무하는 변호사의 근로자 해당 여부도 변호사법에 규정된 변호사의 추상적 지위나 구성원 등기 여부 등의 형식만을 따질 것이 아니라 위와 같은 기준을 종합적·실질적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

원심판결 및 원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 변호사법상 구성원 변호사는 법무법인의 설립, 존속, 해산의 주체로서, 일반적인 변호사 업무 수행은 물론 법무법인의 자산 및 회계, 조직 변경, 합병 등을 포함한 모든 영역에서 자율적·독자적 권한을 가지고 있고, 구성원 회의를 통하여 법무법인 운영 전반에 관여할 수 있어야 하는데 그러하지 못한 경우에는 비록 구성원 변호사로 등기되어 있더라도 진정한 구성원 변호사로 볼 수 없다고 전제한 다음, ① 원고들이 사법연수원 수료 직후 경력이 없는 신입 변호사로서 피고의 소속변호사로 취업함으로써 변호사 업무를 시작하였음에도 취업 다음 해에 구성원으로 등기된 점, ② 원고들이 피고의 구성원으로 등기되거나, 탈퇴하는 과정에서 지분을 양수하거나 양도하였다는 점에 대한 아무런 증거자료가 없으며, 구성원 등기 전후의 원고들 근무 형태 역시 큰 변화 없이 유지된 것으로 보이는 점, ③ 원고들은 피고로부터 이익배당을 받거나 손실을 부담한 사실이 없으며, 사건 수임에 상관없이 매달 일정한 금액의 급여를 받은 점, ④ 원고들은 스스로 사건을 수임한 사례가 거의 없는 상태에서 피고로부터 배당받은 업무를 처리하는 것이 업무 내용이었던 점, ⑤ 원고들에 대한 급여는 본봉이 정해져 있었으며, 피고는 갑종근로소득세를 원천징수하고, 국민연금, 건강보험, 요양보험을 제공한 점, ⑥ 원고들이 제3자로 하여금 업무를 대행하게 할 수 없었고, 사실상 다른 법무법인에 대한 노무제공 가능성도 없었던 점, ⑦ 원고들은 자신들이 구성원으로 등기된 사실을 알지 못하였다가 원고 1의 경우에는 퇴직 1년 전에, 원고 2의 경우에는 퇴직 시에야 알게 되었다고 주장하고 있으며, 피고의 구성원이었다가 원고 2에게 지분을 양도하고 탈퇴한 것으로 등기된 소외인 역시 자신이 구성원으로 등기되어 있었다는 사실을 알지 못하였다고 진술하고 있으며, 업무 처리 역시 대표변호사의 지시·감독을 받는 선임변호사로부터 할당받은 업무를 수행하였다고 진술하고 있는 점 등을 종합적으로 고려하면, 원고들이 피고의 구성원으로 등기되어 있음에도 실질적으로 원고들은 피고에 대하여 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 근로를 제공하는 근로자 지위에 있다는 취지로 판단하였다.

앞서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 법무법인 구성원 변호사의 근로자성 여부에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 대하여

사용자와 근로자가 매월 지급하는 월급이나 매일 지급하는 일당과 함께 퇴직금으로 일정한 금원을 미리 지급하기로 약정(이하 ‘퇴직금 분할 약정’이라 한다)하였다면, 그 약정은 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조 제2항 전문 소정의 퇴직금 중간정산으로 인정되는 경우가 아닌 한 최종 퇴직 시 발생하는 퇴직금청구권을 근로자가 사전에 포기하는 것으로서, 강행법규인 같은 법 제8조에 위배되어 무효이다(대법원 2010. 5. 20. 선고 2007다90760 전원합의체 판결, 대법원 2011. 10. 13. 선고 2009도8248 판결 등 참조).

한편 사용자가 근로자에게 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 실질적으로 지급하였음에도 불구하고 정작 퇴직금 지급의 효력이 인정되지 아니할 뿐만 아니라 임금 지급의 효력도 인정되지 않는다면, 근로자는 수령한 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 부당이득으로 사용자에게 반환하여야 한다고 보는 것이 공평의 견지에서 합당하다(위 대법원 2007다90760 전원합의체 판결 참조). 다만 퇴직금 제도를 강행법규로 규정한 입법 취지를 고려할 때, 위와 같은 법리는 사용자와 근로자 사이에 실질적인 퇴직금 분할 약정이 존재함을 전제로 하여 비로소 적용할 수 있다. 따라서 사용자와 근로자가 체결한 해당 약정이 그 실질은 임금을 정한 것에 불과함에도 사용자가 퇴직금 지급을 면탈하기 위하여 퇴직금 분할 약정의 형식만을 취한 것인 경우에는 위와 같은 법리를 적용할 수 없다. 즉, 사용자와 근로자 사이에 월급이나 일당 등에 퇴직금을 포함하고 퇴직 시 별도의 퇴직금을 지급하지 않는다는 취지의 합의가 존재할 뿐만 아니라, 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목 금원의 액수가 특정되고, 위 퇴직금 명목 금원을 제외한 임금 액수 등을 고려할 때 퇴직금 분할 약정을 포함하는 근로계약 내용이 종전 근로계약이나 근로기준법 등에 비추어 근로자에게 불이익하지 아니하여야 하는 등, 사용자와 근로자가 임금과 구별하여 추가로 퇴직금 명목으로 일정한 금원을 실질적으로 지급할 것을 약정한 경우에 한하여 위와 같은 법리가 적용된다(대법원 2010. 5. 27. 선고 2008다9150 판결 참조).

원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 피고의 원고들에 대한 급여 내역 중 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목 금원의 액수가 특정되었다고 볼 수 없는 등 원고들과 피고 사이에 실질적인 퇴직금 분할 약정이 존재하였다고 인정할 증거가 없다는 이유에서 퇴직금이 포함된 총액 연봉제 약정을 전제로 원고들이 이미 퇴직금을 수령하여 이 사건 청구가 이중청구에 해당한다는 취지의 피고 주장을 배척하였다.

앞서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 수긍이 가고, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 총액 연봉제나 포괄 임금제에 관한 법리를 오해하거나, 논리와 경험의 법칙을 위반하여 자유심증주의의 한계를 벗어나거나, 판례 위반, 이유불비 또는 이유모순 등의 위법이 없다.

3. 결론

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김용덕(재판장) 신영철(주심) 이상훈 김소영

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