Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 95다29932

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Dispute퇴직금

Decided1996. 09. 06. Court대법원Employer (National Agricultural Cooperative Federation) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved an employee of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (농협) who worked in a special position (특수직) and voluntarily applied for and passed an internal exam to convert to a regular position (일반직), receiving severance pay (퇴직금) for his special-position service at that time. The Supreme Court ruled that because the job conversion was voluntary and the employee received an interim settlement of severance pay, the prior employment relationship was legally terminated, meaning his final severance pay upon actual retirement should be calculated only from the date he re-entered as a regular employee, excluding his earlier special-position tenure.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: An NACF employee who converted from a special position to a regular position via an internal exam, and received severance pay for his special-position service at that time, later demanded that his final severance pay include the earlier special-position period as well.
  • OutcomeResult: The Court held that the voluntary conversion combined with the interim severance settlement severed the employment relationship, so final severance pay must be calculated only from the date of re-entry as a regular employee.
  • LessonLesson: When an employee voluntarily changes job categories and receives an interim severance payment, the employment relationship is considered terminated, meaning final severance pay will only be calculated from the new starting point onward.
Issues
  • Whether a voluntary job category conversion (환직) severs the continuity of the employment relationship
  • From what point should 'continuous years of service' (계속근로연수) be calculated for purposes of severance pay
Key reasoning

The Court reasoned that since the employee voluntarily chose to change job categories through the internal conversion exam and accepted an interim severance payment for his special-position service, this constituted a clear break in the continuous employment relationship (근로관계 단절). Because the employment relationship was severed at that point, the 'continuous years of service' (계속근로연수) used to calculate final severance pay must be counted starting from the date of re-employment in the regular position, not from the original start date in the special position. The voluntary nature of the transfer and the fact that severance was already paid and accepted were decisive factors in finding no continuity of service across the two periods.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Where an employee, within the same enterprise, submits a letter of resignation, etc. to the employer based on his or her own free will in accordance with his or her own needs or judgment, and receives payment of the prescribed retirement allowance settled by the enterprise accordingly, the submission of the letter of resignation, etc. cannot be regarded as having been made unavoidably in accordance with the employer's unilateral management policy or merely as a matter of form, and thus the employment relationship between the enterprise and the employee is deemed to have been effectively terminated at that point. In such a case, even if the employee is immediately re-employed by the enterprise with his or her prior years of service recognized, and continues to work until eventually retiring, the continuous years of service that serve as the basis for calculating the retirement allowance must be calculated starting from the time of re-employment.

[2] A case holding that where an employee who had been working as a special-position employee voluntarily took and passed a job-conversion examination in order to convert to a regular-position employee with more favorable working conditions, and was newly hired as a regular-position employee, and was paid a retirement allowance corresponding to the period of service as a special-position employee, the previous employment relationship was deemed to have been terminated at that point.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,130 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (농업협동조합중앙회) (Litigation Representative: Attorney Lee Ki-chang)

[Judgment Below] Seoul District Court Decision 94Na23950 rendered on May 25, 1995

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Where, within the same enterprise, an employee submits a letter of resignation, etc. to the employer based on his or her own free will in accordance with his or her own necessity or judgment, and the prescribed retirement allowance is thereupon settled and paid by the enterprise concerned, such submission of a letter of resignation, etc. cannot be regarded as having been made unavoidably in accordance with the employer's unilateral management policy or as being merely a formality, and thus the employment relationship between the enterprise concerned and the employee is deemed to have been effectively severed at that point. In such a case, even if the employee, upon having his or her prior service record recognized by the enterprise concerned, is immediately re-employed and continues to work until final retirement, the number of years of continuous service, which serves as the basis for calculating the retirement allowance, must be calculated from the date of re-employment, and the prior period of service should not be aggregated therewith (see Supreme Court Decisions 90Da20398 rendered on May 28, 1991; 92Da2295 rendered on May 22, 1992; 92Da17754 rendered on September 14, 1992; 91Da31753 rendered on November 24, 1992; 96Da12535 rendered on July 9, 1996, etc.).

2. Upon examining the instant case in light of the record, the following facts may be recognized: The Plaintiff was employed on November 20, 1969, as a daily-wage laborer (referred to by both parties as "il-go-jik") of the non-party Uljin-gun Agricultural Cooperative (before the Agricultural Cooperatives Act (농업협동조합법) was amended by Act No. 3300 on December 31, 1980, the said cooperative possessed a separate legal personality and was a member cooperative of the Defendant, receiving guidance, supervision, and audit with respect to its business from the Defendant; however, upon the said amended Act taking effect from January 1, 1981, pursuant to Article 2 of the Addenda to the said Act, the legal personality of the said cooperative was extinguished, and the Defendant succeeded to all rights and obligations of the said cooperative, and the property and business of the said cooperative also came to vest in the Defendant). Due to an amendment of the organizational regulations of the county agricultural cooperatives, the Defendant established, effective from July 1, 1974, a new "special position" category distinct from regular staff, with different appointment procedures and hiring standards, whose duties were limited to specific fields such as clerical assistants, salespersons, warehouse managers, and women's guidance officers, and which was subject to considerably different terms regarding mandatory retirement age and the number of days of retirement allowance payable based on continuous service. For this special position category, the Defendant enacted and enforced special internal regulations (the "Special Position Internal Regulations") governing working conditions, etc., separate from the Service Regulations, Staff Salary Regulations, and Staff Retirement Benefits and Disaster Compensation Regulations applicable to regular staff. The Special Position Internal Regulations established a system of "position conversion" (환직) whereby a special-position employee could convert to a Grade 4 regular staff position, to be effected either through a position-conversion examination or a Grade 4 new-hire examination, and provided that upon such conversion, the special-position employee would be treated as newly hired as a Grade 4 employee. Meanwhile, whether a special-position employee applied for the position-conversion examination, etc. was not compelled by the policy of the Defendant or the cooperative concerned, but was left to the free choice of the individual special-position employee concerned; those among the eligible applicants who did not apply, or who failed the examination, remained in their special positions. The Plaintiff worked as a salesperson in a special position at the said cooperative from July 20, 1974. Subsequently, with a view to boosting the morale of special-position employees affiliated with county agricultural cooperatives, etc., the Defendant issued a policy directive to its provincial branch offices to conduct, as of April 30, 1979, a position-conversion examination open to employees who had served in special positions for two years or more, for conversion to Grade 4 regular staff positions, which offered more favorable working conditions than special positions. When the Defendant's Gyeongbuk Provincial Branch accordingly conducted the position-conversion examination on May 20 of the same year, the Plaintiff voluntarily applied and passed, and was thereupon newly hired and converted to a Grade 4 regular staff position at the Uljin-gun Agricultural Cooperative, receiving from the said cooperative around that time the sum of KRW 701,715 as a retirement allowance corresponding to his period of service in the special position. It may also be recognized that, at the time the position-conversion examination was conducted, unlike for regular staff, no retirement benefit reserve fund had been accumulated for special-position employees. Given these facts, inasmuch as the Plaintiff, while working in a special position, voluntarily applied for and passed the position-conversion examination in order to convert to the more favorable Grade 4 regular staff position, was newly hired as a Grade 4 regular staff employee, and was even paid the retirement allowance corresponding to his period of service in the special position, the Plaintiff's prior employment relationship with the said cooperative must be deemed to have been severed at that point. The outcome is not altered by the circumstances alleged in the grounds of appeal—namely, that the Defendant, in calculating the annual/monthly leave compensation for the Plaintiff after his conversion, aggregated his period of service in the special position; that the Defendant failed to pay retirement allowance for the Plaintiff's period of service as a daily-wage laborer at the time of his conversion, only belatedly paying an amount calculated based on the Plaintiff's average wage at the time of his mandatory retirement; that the Defendant continued to use the Plaintiff's prior personnel record card from his time as a special-position employee even after his conversion; and that the Plaintiff did not submit a letter of resignation at the time of his conversion. Furthermore, Article 19(2) of the Special Position Internal Regulations, cited in the grounds of appeal, which provides that where an employee newly hired as a Grade 4 employee upon conversion is later promoted to a Grade 3 position, the period served in the special position shall be converted at 80% and recognized as service in the Grade 4 position—rather supports the conclusion that, in principle, the employment relationship during the period of service in a special position is not succeeded to by an employee who converts to a regular position.

Accordingly, the factual findings and judgment of the court below, being to the same effect, are justified, and there is no illegality therein, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, arising from a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the period of continuous service serving as the basis for calculating retirement allowance, or from a mistake in the assessment of evidence leading to a misapprehension of facts.

Moreover, the remaining grounds of appeal raised by the Plaintiff—namely, (i) that the court should have separately calculated the retirement allowances for the period of service as a daily-wage laborer and special-position employee and for the subsequent period of service as a regular employee, determined whether the sum thereof exceeds the retirement allowance already paid, and ordered payment of the retirement allowance accordingly; and (ii) that, since the Plaintiff held the position of deputy-manager-equivalent at Grade 3, Step 24 at the time of retirement, approximately four years, being 80% of his slightly more than five years of service in the special position, should be recognized as service in the Grade 4 position, resulting in a period of continuous service as a regular employee of 17 years—constitute new factual assertions that were never raised up to the court below, and therefore cannot constitute legitimate grounds of appeal. Furthermore, according to the record, the amount of retirement allowance calculated according to the Plaintiff's own assertion for the period of service as a daily-wage laborer and special-position employee falls far short of the amount the Plaintiff actually received from the Defendant as retirement allowance for the same period, such that this assertion is disadvantageous to the Plaintiff himself and thus cannot be accepted. In addition, Article 19(2) of the Special Position Internal Regulations relied upon in the grounds of appeal concerning the recognition of service records clearly pertains only to the calculation of service record in the case of promotion to Grade 3 by an employee who has converted from a special position to a Grade 4 regular position, and does not pertain to the recognition of service record for the calculation of the number of years of continuous service for purposes of calculating retirement allowance. Therefore, this point of the grounds of appeal is also without merit.

3. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff, the losing party. It is so decided as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices concerned.

Supreme Court Justice Kim Hyeong-seon (Presiding Justice), Park Man-ho, Park Jun-seo (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 동일한 기업 내에서 근로자가 스스로의 필요나 판단에 따라 자유로운 의사에 기하여 사용자에게 사직서 등을 제출하고 이에 따라 당해 기업으로부터 소정 퇴직금을 정산하여 지급받은 경우에는 사직서 등의 제출이 사용자의 일방적인 경영방침에 따라 어쩔 수 없이 이루어지거나 단지 형식적으로 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 없어 이로써 당해 기업과 근로자와의 근로관계는 일단 유효하게 단절되고, 이 경우 근로자가 당해 기업에 종전의 근무경력을 인정받고 곧바로 재입사하여 계속근무하다가 퇴직하였다고 하더라도 퇴직금 산정의 기초가 되는 계속근로연수를 산정함에 있어서는 재입사한 때로부터 기산하여야 한다.

[2] 특수직 직원으로 근무하던 근로자가 근로조건 등이 유리한 일반직 직원으로 환직하기 위하여 환직고시에 자발적으로 응시하여 합격한 후 일반직 직원으로 신규채용되어 특수직 근무기간에 상응하는 퇴직금까지 지급받은 경우, 종전의 근로관계는 이로써 일단 단절되었다고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제28조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법 제28조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1][2] 대법원 1991. 5. 28. 선고 90다20398 판결(공1991, 1747), 대법원 1992. 5. 22. 선고 92다2295 판결(공1992, 1977), 대법원 1992. 9. 14. 선고 92다17754 판결(공1992, 2874), 대법원 1992. 11. 24. 선고 91다31753 판결(공1993상, 213), 대법원 1996. 7. 9. 선고 96다12535 판결(공1996하, 2449)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,560자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,상고인】

【피고,피상고인】 농업협동조합중앙회 (소송대리인 변호사 이기창)

【원심판결】 서울지법 1995. 5. 25. 선고 94나23950 판결

【주문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 동일한 기업 내에서 근로자가 스스로의 필요나 판단에 따라 자유로운 의사에 기하여 사용자에게 사직서 등을 제출하고 이에 따라 당해 기업으로부터 소정 퇴직금을 정산하여 지급받은 경우에는 사직서 등의 제출이 사용자의 일방적인 경영방침에 따라 어쩔 수 없이 이루어지거나 단지 형식적으로 이루어진 것으로 볼 수 없어 이로써 당해 기업과 근로자와의 근로관계는 일단 유효하게 단절된다 할 것이고, 이 경우 근로자가 당해 기업에 종전의 근무경력을 인정받고 곧바로 재입사하여 계속근무하다가 퇴직하였다고 하더라도 퇴직금 산정의 기초가 되는 계속근로연수를 산정함에 있어서는 재입사한 때로부터 기산하여야 할 것이지 종전의 근무기간을 통산할 것은 아니다( 대법원 1991. 5. 28. 선고 90다20398 판결, 1992. 5. 22. 선고 92다2295 판결, 1992. 9. 14. 선고 92다17754 판결, 1992. 11. 24. 선고 91다31753 판결, 1996. 7. 9. 선고 96다12535 판결 등 참조).

2. 돌이켜 이 사건을 기록에 의하여 살펴보면, 원고는 1969. 11. 20. 소외 울진군 농업협동조합(1980. 12. 31. 법률 제3300호로 농업협동조합법이 개정되기 이전에는 위 조합은 별도의 법인격을 갖고 피고의 회원조합으로 되어 피고로부터 업무에 관한 지도, 감독, 감사 등을 받고 있었으나, 위 개정법률이 1981. 1. 1.부터 시행됨으로써 그 법률 부칙 제2조에 의하여 위 조합의 법인격이 소멸되고 피고가 위 조합의 권리와 의무 일체를 승계하였고 아울러 위 조합의 재산과 업무가 피고에게 귀속되었다.)의 노무직 일고용원(원·피고는 이를 일고직이라고 부른다)으로 채용된 사실, 군농업협동조합의 직제규정의 개정으로 피고는 일반직 직원과는 다른 임용절차나 채용기준을 정하고, 담당하는 업무도 사무보조원, 판매원, 창고관리원 및 부녀지도원 등의 특정분야로 한정되어 있으며 정년이나 계속근로에 따른 퇴직금지급일수 등에 있어서 상당히 차이를 둔 특수직을 신설하여 일반직 직원에 대하여 적용되는 복무규정, 직원급여규정, 직원퇴직급여및재해보상규정 등과는 별도로 특수직 직원에 대한 근로조건 등을 규율하기 위한 특수직내규 등을 1974. 7. 1.부터 제정·시행하였는데 그 특수직내규에서는 특수직 직원이 일반직 4급 직원으로 전환할 수 있는 환직(換職) 제도를 마련하고, 그 환직의 방법으로 환직고시 또는 4급 직원 신규채용고시에 의하도록 하면서 특수직 직원이 일반직 4급 직원으로 환직되었을 때에는 4급 직원으로 신규채용되는 것으로 규정하고 있는 사실, 한편 특수직 직원의 환직고시 등에 대한 응시 여부는 피고나 위 조합의 방침에 따라 강요된 것이 아니고 해당 특수직 직원 스스로의 선택에 맡겨져 있었고, 환직고시 응시대상자 중에서 응시하지 아니한 자나 환직고시에 합격하지 못한 자는 그대로 특수직 직원으로 남아 근무한 사실, 원고는 1974. 7. 20.부터 위 조합의 특수직인 판매원으로 근무하여 오다가 피고가 군농업협동조합 등에 소속된 특수직 직원의 사기진작 등을 목적으로 그 산하 각 도지부 등에 대하여 1979. 4. 30.을 기준으로 2년 이상 특수직에 근무한 직원들을 대상으로 근로조건 등이 특수직보다 유리한 일반직 4급 직원으로 채용될 수 있는 환직고시를 실시하도록 방침을 시달하여 피고 산하 경북도지부가 같은 해 5. 20. 환직고시를 실시하게 되자 이에 자발적으로 응시, 합격한 후 울진군 농업협동조합의 일반직 4급 직원으로 신규채용되어 환직하고 그 무렵 위 조합으로부터 특수직 근무기간에 상응하는 퇴직금으로 금 701,715원까지 지급받은 사실, 위 환직고시 시행 당시 일반직 직원과는 달리 특수직 직원을 위하여는 퇴직급여 충당금이 적립되어 있지 아니하였던 사실을 인정할 수 있는바 그렇다면 특수직 직원으로 근무하던 원고가 근로조건 등이 유리한 일반직 4급 직원으로 환직하기 위하여 환직고시에 자발적으로 응시하여 합격한 후 일반직 4급 직원으로 신규채용되어 특수직 근무기간에 상응하는 퇴직금까지 지급받았다면 원고의 위 조합과의 종전의 근로관계는 이로써 일단 단절되었다 할 것이고, 소론과 같이 피고가 환직한 원고에 대한 연·월차휴가보상금을 산정함에 있어서 특수직 근무기간을 통산하였거나 원고의 환직 당시 일고직으로 근무한 기간에 대한 퇴직금을 지급하지 않다가 뒤늦게 그 기간에 대한 퇴직금으로 원고의 정년퇴직 당시의 평균임금을 기준으로 산정한 금액을 지급하였고, 환직 후에도 특수직 직원으로 근무할 당시의 종전의 인사기록카드를 그대로 사용하였으며 원고가 환직 당시 사직서를 제출하지 아니하는 등의 사정이 있다고 하여 그 결론이 달라지는 것은 아니라 할 것이다. 또한 소론이 내세우는 4급 직원으로 신규채용되어 환직된 직원이 다시 3급 직원으로 승진하는 경우에 특수직으로 근무한 기간을 80%로 환산하여 4급 직원으로 근무한 경력으로 인정하도록 규정하고 있는 특수직 내규 제19조 제2항은 오히려 특수직 근무기간 동안의 근로관계가 일반직으로 환직한 직원에게 원칙적으로 승계되지 아니함을 단적으로 나타내는 것이라 할 것이다.

따라서 같은 취지의 원심의 사실인정과 판단은 정당하다 할 것이고 거기에 소론과 같이 퇴직금 산정의 기초가 되는 근속기간에 관한 법리를 오해하거나 증거 판단을 잘못하여 사실을 오인한 위법이 없다.

그리고 원고가 나머지 상고이유로 내세우는 일고직 및 특수직으로 근무한 기간과 그 이후 일반직으로 근무한 기간 동안의 퇴직금을 별도로 산정하여 이를 합산한 금원이 기지급 퇴직금을 초과하는지 여부를 판단하여 그에 따라 퇴직금의 지급을 명하여야 한다는 점 및 원고가 퇴직 당시 3급 24호봉 대리대우 직급에 있었기 때문에 특수직으로 근무한 5년 남짓 되는 기간의 80%인 4년 남짓 되는 기간을 4급 직원으로 근무한 경력으로 인정받게 되어 그에 따른 일반직 근속기간은 17년이 된다는 점은 원심에 이르기까지 전혀 주장하지 아니한 새로운 사실로서 적법한 상고이유가 될 수 없을 뿐 아니라 기록에 의하면 일고직 및 특수직으로 근무한 기간 동안의 원고 주장에 따라 산정한 퇴직금의 액수가 원고가 피고로부터 같은 기간 동안의 퇴직금으로 받은 금액에 훨씬 미달하는 것임을 알 수 있어 그와 같은 주장은 원고 스스로에게 불리한 것이어서 허용될 수 없고, 근무경력의 인정에 관한 소론 주장의 위에서 본 특수직내규 제19조 제2항은 특수직에서 일반직 4급 직원으로 환직된 직원이 3급직원으로 승진하는 경우에 있어서의 경력 산정에 관한 것일 뿐 퇴직금 산정을 위한 계속근로연수의 계산에 있어서의 경력 인정에 관한 것이 아님이 명백하므로 이 부분 논지도 이유 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자인 원고의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김형선(재판장) 박만호 박준서(주심)

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