Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2001다76229

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided2003. 10. 10. Court대법원Worker(s) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The Supreme Court ruled that when a company forces employees to submit resignation letters (사직서) and processes their departure as a resignation—even though the employees never actually intended to resign—this constitutes a dismissal (해고), not a voluntary resignation. The Court further held that even if the employees accepted severance pay (퇴직금), this does not automatically validate the dismissal if they continuously raised objections and accepted the payment only because they had no other choice. The Supreme Court upheld the lower court's ruling confirming the dismissal was invalid and dismissed the company's appeal.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A company forced employees who had no intention of resigning to submit resignation letters and treated it as a voluntary resignation.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled this was, in substance, a dismissal (해고) and sided with the employees.
  • LessonLesson: Even if you were pressured into resigning or had no choice but to accept severance pay, you can still challenge the dismissal as invalid if you continue to raise objections.
Issues
  • Whether processing an employee's departure through a coerced resignation letter, when the employee had no genuine intent to resign, legally constitutes a dismissal (해고)
  • Whether an employee's acceptance of severance pay (퇴직금) should be interpreted as acknowledging the validity of the dismissal
Key reasoning

When an employer coerces an employee who has no genuine intention to resign into writing and submitting a resignation letter, this is, in substance, a unilateral termination of the employment contract by the employer—that is, a dismissal (해고), regardless of its formal label as a 'resignation.' The key issue is whether the resignation was truly voluntary or was effectively forced upon the worker. Additionally, the Court clarified that accepting severance pay does not necessarily mean the employee has accepted the dismissal as valid. If there is objective evidence that the employee was actively disputing the dismissal's validity (e.g., through continued objections or grievances) and only accepted the severance pay because of unavoidable circumstances (such as financial necessity), this does not constitute a waiver of their right to challenge the dismissal.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,424 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 16 others (Attorney: Lee San Law Firm, Attorney in charge Lee Won-young)
[Defendant, Appellant] SK Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (Attorneys: Jipyong Law Firm, Attorneys in charge Cho Yong-hwan and 2 others)
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul High Court Decision 2000Na53382 rendered on October 24, 2001

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to the allegation of insufficient deliberation and violation of the rules of evidence

The court below recognized the facts stated in its judgment based on the evidence it adopted. Upon examining the relevant evidence in conjunction with the record, the lower court's fact-finding is deemed proper, and it cannot be said that there was any illegality in the lower court's judgment due to insufficient deliberation or misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence. Accordingly, this ground of appeal is not accepted.

2. As to the allegation of misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the effect of the submission of a letter of resignation

Where an employer terminates an employment relationship in the form of an accepted voluntary resignation by receiving a letter of resignation from an employee, if the employee, who had no intention to resign, was compelled to prepare and submit the letter of resignation, this in substance constitutes a termination of the employment relationship by the unilateral intention of the employer, and therefore amounts to a dismissal (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2000Du4675 rendered on May 14, 2002).

With respect to the submission of letters of resignation by Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, Plaintiff 7, Plaintiff 8, Plaintiff 9, and Plaintiff 10, the court below determined, in light of the various circumstances set forth in its judgment, that these Plaintiffs, without any knowledge whatsoever as to whether their resignations would be accepted or the criteria for acceptance, understood the submission merely as a symbolic and formal act signifying their willingness to take responsibility for the company's deteriorating management, and, for the sole reason that it was a decision made by the company's upper management, prepared and submitted their letters of resignation involuntarily despite having no actual intention to resign; and that the acceptance of resignation letters submitted under such circumstances by Kookmin Life Insurance Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Kookmin Life"), the pre-merger entity, and the consequent treatment of the Plaintiffs as having retired, in substance constituted a termination of the employment relationship by the unilateral intention of the employer, and thus amounted to a dismissal. With respect to the submission of letters of resignation by Plaintiff 11, Plaintiff 12, Plaintiff 13, Plaintiff 14, Plaintiff 15, Plaintiff 16, and Plaintiff 17, the court below, after finding the facts set forth in its judgment, further determined that the working conditions of the direct sales team ("Jikpan Team") to which these Plaintiffs belonged were, in comparison with other departments, so poor as to make it virtually impossible to provide normal labor; that these Plaintiffs submitted their letters of resignation because they could not withstand the company's demands that they resign under such working conditions; and that, considering as a whole the process by which the Plaintiffs were transferred to the Jikpan Team and eventually came to submit their letters of resignation, the Jikpan Team was nothing more than a department deliberately established not to perform its ostensible duties but rather to minimize the friction and backlash arising from dismissals; and that, even though the Plaintiffs' retirement formally took the shape of voluntary resignation, it is reasonable to view that the submission of the letters of resignation resulted from the company's active coercion aimed at avoiding an unlawful dismissal of specific employees, that the employees subject to retirement had in fact already been determined by the company, and that these Plaintiffs had no option other than to retire; and therefore, the retirement of these Plaintiffs in substance constituted a case in which the employer unilaterally terminated the employment relationship of employees who had no actual intention to resign, and thus amounted to a de facto dismissal.

Upon examination in conjunction with the record, the lower court's determination as above is acceptable in light of the aforementioned legal principles, and it cannot be said that there was any illegality due to misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the effect of the submission of a letter of resignation. Accordingly, this ground of appeal is likewise not accepted.

3. As to the allegation of misapprehension of the legal principles concerning ratification of a void act or the principle of good faith

Where an employee dismissed by the employer receives severance pay, etc. without raising any reservation of objection or condition, it is to be deemed, absent special circumstances, that the employee has accepted the validity of the dismissal; therefore, filing a lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal a long time after such receipt is not permissible as it violates the principle of good faith or the principle of estoppel. However, even in such a case, if there are objective circumstances indicating that the employee did not accept the validity of the dismissal and was disputing it, or if there are other circumstances suggesting that the employee received the payment under considerable justifiable reasons, then even where severance pay was received without an explicit reservation of objection, it should not be uniformly concluded that the validity of the dismissal was accepted (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 95Da51847 rendered on March 8, 1996).

The court below, comprehensively considering the evidence it adopted, found that the Plaintiffs had continuously protested to the company against the pressure to submit letters of resignation; that when the Plaintiffs and other employees submitted their letters of resignation, the company announced that, simultaneously with processing the resignations, it would raise the interest rate on loans that employees had borrowed from the company from 4% per annum to 22% per annum, whereupon some employees, fearing the resulting interest burden, offset their loans against their severance pay and received the remaining severance pay; and that, as for employees who did not receive their severance pay, the company unilaterally offset the loans against the severance pay and remitted the remaining severance pay to the employees' bank accounts. Based on these findings, the court below determined that it is reasonable to view that the Plaintiffs merely received the severance pay for fear of the disadvantages that might otherwise befall them; and further, comprehensively considering the circumstances before and after the Plaintiffs' dismissal, including the fact that the dismissed employees gathered on several occasions and raised objections with Kookmin Life, protesting that the company's unilateral acceptance of the resignations was unjust, the mere fact that some of the Plaintiffs temporarily worked at other workplaces after retirement, or that the Plaintiffs filed the instant lawsuit for invalidation of dismissal approximately 9 months to 1 year and 8 months after their dismissal, cannot be deemed to constitute ratification of the dismissal or to render the filing of the lawsuit contrary to the principle of good faith. Upon examination in conjunction with the record, the lower court's determination as above is acceptable in light of the aforementioned legal principles, and it cannot be said that there was any illegality due to misapprehension of the legal principles concerning ratification of a void act and the principle of good faith. Accordingly, this ground of appeal is likewise not accepted.

4. Conclusion

Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the judgment.

Justice Kim Yong-dam (Presiding Justice), Yoo Ji-dam, Bae Ki-won (Justice in charge)

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항, 제31조

[2] 민법 제2조, 근로기준법 제30조 제1항, 제31조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2002. 5. 14. 선고 2000두4675 판결 /[2] 대법원 1993. 9. 24. 선고 93다21736 판결(공1993하, 2925),대법원 1995. 11. 21. 선고 94다45753 판결(공1996상, 40),대법원 1996. 3. 8. 선고 95다51847 판결(공1996상, 1218)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,014자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 16인 (소송대리인 법무법인 이산 담당변호사 이원영)

【피고, 상고인】 에스케이생명보험 주식회사 (소송대리인 법무법인 지평 담당변호사 조용환 외 2인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2001. 10. 24. 선고 2000나53382 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 심리미진 및 채증법칙 위배의 점에 대하여

원심은, 그 채용한 증거에 의하여 판시사실을 인정하였는바, 관련 증거들을 기록과 대조하여 살펴보면 원심의 그와 같은 사실인정은 정당하고, 거기에 심리미진이나 채증법칙을 어겨 사실을 오인한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 따라서 이 점 상고이유는 받아들이지 아니한다.

2. 사직서 제출의 효과에 관한 법리 오해의 점에 대하여

사용자가 근로자로부터 사직서를 제출받고 이를 수리하는 의원면직의 형식을 취하여 근로계약관계를 종료시킨 경우, 사직의 의사 없는 근로자로 하여금 어쩔 수 없이 사직서를 작성·제출하게 하였다면 실질적으로 사용자의 일방적인 의사에 의하여 근로계약관계를 종료시키는 것이어서 해고에 해당한다 할 것이다(대법원 2002. 5. 14. 선고 2000두4675 판결 등 참조).

원심은, 원고 1, 원고 2, 원고 3, 원고 4, 원고 5, 원고 6, 원고 7, 원고 8, 원고 9, 원고 10의 사직서 제출에 관하여는, 그 판시와 같은 여러 사정에 비추어 위 원고들은 사직서의 수리 여부, 수리 기준 등에 대하여 전혀 알지 못한 채 단순히 회사의 경영악화에 책임을 지겠다는 상징적인 의미의 형식적 제출에 불과한 것으로 알고 회사 상부의 결정사항이라는 이유만으로 사직의 의사가 없음에도 어쩔 수 없이 사직서를 작성·제출하였다 할 것인데, 합병 전 국민생명보험 주식회사(이하 '국민생명'이라 한다)가 이러한 상황하에서 제출된 사직서를 수리하여 원고들을 퇴직처리한 것은 실질적으로 사용자의 일방적인 의사에 의하여 근로계약관계를 종료시키는 것이어서 해고에 해당한다 할 것이라고 판단하였고, 원고 11, 원고 12, 원고 13, 원고 14, 원고 15, 원고 16, 원고 17의 사직서 제출에 관하여는, 그 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 나아가 위 원고들이 소속되었던 직판팀의 근로조건은 다른 근무부서와 비교할 때 정상적인 근로를 제공하기 불가능할 정도로 열악한 것이었다 할 것이고, 원고들이 그와 같은 근로조건하에서 회사측의 사직서 제출 종용을 견디지 못하고 사직서를 제출한 것이라고 할 것이며, 따라서 원고들이 직판팀에 전보발령을 받아 결국 사직서 제출에 이르게 된 과정을 전체적으로 고려해 보면, 위 직판팀은 그 본연의 업무를 수행하기 위해서라기보다는 해고에 따른 잡음과 반발을 최소화하기 위하여 계획적으로 설치된 부서에 불과하고, 위 원고들의 퇴직이 형식적으로는 의원퇴직에 해당한다 하더라도 사직원의 제출이 특정 사원에 대한 위법한 해고를 회피하기 위한 회사의 적극적인 강요에 의한 것이었고 사실상 퇴직할 대상 사원이 회사에 의하여 확정되어 있었으며 이들에게는 퇴직 이외에는 다른 선택의 여지가 없었다고 봄이 상당하므로, 위 원고들의 퇴직은 실질적으로 사직의 의사가 없는 근로자의 근로계약관계를 사용자가 일방적 의사표시에 의하여 종료시킨 것으로서 사실상 해고에 해당한다 할 것이라고 판단하였다.

기록과 대조하여 살펴보면, 원심의 그와 같은 판단은 위와 같은 법리에 비추어 수긍이 가고, 거기에 사직서 제출의 효과에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 따라서 이 점 상고이유의 주장도 받아들이지 아니한다.

3. 무효행위의 추인 내지 신의칙에 관한 법리 오해의 점에 대하여

사용자로부터 해고된 근로자가 퇴직금 등을 수령하면서 아무런 이의의 유보나 조건을 제기하지 않았다면 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 할 것이고, 따라서 그로부터 오랜 기간이 지난 후에 그 해고의 효력을 다투는 소를 제기하는 것은 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 위배되어 허용될 수 없으나, 다만 이와 같은 경우라도 해고의 효력을 인정하지 아니하고 이를 다투고 있었다고 볼 수 있는 객관적인 사정이 있다거나 그 외에 상당한 이유가 있는 상황하에서 이를 수령하는 등 반대의 사정이 있음이 엿보이는 때에는, 명시적인 이의를 유보함이 없이 퇴직금을 수령한 경우라고 하여도 일률적으로 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 보아서는 안된다(대법원 1996. 3. 8. 선고 95다51847 판결 등 참조).

원심은 그 채용 증거들을 종합하여, 원고들은 사직서제출 종용에 대하여 회사측에 줄곧 항의하였고, 원고들을 비롯한 사원들이 사직서를 제출하자 회사측이 사직처리와 동시에 사원들이 회사로부터 대출받은 대출금의 이율을 연 4%에서 연 22%로 올리겠다고 하므로 이에 이자부담을 두려워한 일부 사원들은 퇴직금으로 대출금을 상계하고 나머지 퇴직금을 수령하였으며, 퇴직금을 수령하지 않은 사원들에 대하여는 회사측이 일방적으로 대출금과 퇴직금을 상계처리한 후 나머지 퇴직금을 사원들의 은행계좌로 송금한 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고들은 자신들에게 미칠 불이익을 두려워하여 일단 퇴직금을 수령한 것에 불과하다고 봄이 상당하고, 또한, 해고된 직원들이 여러 차례 모여서 위와 같은 일방적인 사직서 수리조치가 부당하다며 항의하는 등 국민생명측에 이의를 제기한 사정 등 원고들의 해고 전후의 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 보면 일부 원고들이 퇴직 후 일시적으로 다른 직장에 근무하였다거나 원고들이 해고된 후 약 9개월 내지 1년 8개월 남짓 지나 이 사건 해고무효의 소를 제기하였다는 사정만으로는 해고를 추인하였거나 그 소제기 행위가 신의칙에 반한다고 할 수는 없다고 판단하였는바, 기록과 대조하여 살펴보면, 원심의 그와 같은 판단은 위와 같은 법리에 비추어 수긍이 가고, 거기에 무효행위의 추인 및 신의칙에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 따라서 이 점 상고이유의 주장도 받아들이지 아니한다.

4. 결 론

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김용담(재판장) 유지담 배기원(주심)

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