Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93도3128

Violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법위반)근로기준법위반

Decided1994. 06. 14. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (originally in favor of the worker/prosecution, overturned in favor of the employer's position on legal standard)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The representative of a taxi company suspended a driver from dispatch (i.e., stopped assigning him shifts) over suspicions of meter tampering, without following any formal disciplinary procedure (징계절차). The Supreme Court held that a mere procedural violation in imposing disciplinary action does not automatically constitute a criminal offense; criminal liability requires proof of abuse of the employer's disciplinary authority (징벌권 남용) and a level of culpability recognized as criminal under general social norms. Because the lower court misunderstood this legal standard, the case was reversed and remanded (파기환송).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA taxi company's representative suspended a driver's shift assignments over suspected meter tampering, without going through the required disciplinary procedure.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that a procedural violation alone is not enough for criminal punishment; both abuse of disciplinary authority and social-norm-level culpability must be shown together.
  • LessonEven if an employer skips proper disciplinary steps, this alone won't lead to criminal punishment—workers should consider civil remedies or filing a complaint with the labor office (노동청) as a more effective first step.
Issues
  • Whether a mere violation of disciplinary procedure is sufficient for criminal punishment under the Labor Standards Act
  • What conditions must be met for an employer's exercise of disciplinary authority to result in criminal liability
  • How to determine whether disciplinary action was taken 'without just cause' (정당한 이유 없이)
Key reasoning

Even if an employer violates the required disciplinary procedure, this alone does not automatically expose the employer to criminal punishment under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). Criminal liability only arises where there are special circumstances showing the employer deliberately disregarded the procedure with an unjust punitive intent, combined with abuse or overreach of the employer's disciplinary authority. Additionally, the conduct must reach a level of blameworthiness that society would generally recognize as warranting criminal punishment (사회통념상 가벌성), not merely a technical procedural lapse. The lower court failed to apply this stricter standard and instead treated the procedural violation itself as sufficient grounds for criminal punishment, which was a legal error.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Even in a case where an employer imposes some disciplinary punishment on an employee without following the prescribed procedures, so that the effect of such disciplinary punishment cannot be recognized, this procedural defect alone does not immediately render the act subject to criminal punishment under Article 107 and Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), unless there are special circumstances showing that the employer deliberately disregarded the disciplinary procedures with the intent to impose an unjust punishment. Beyond this, it becomes subject to criminal punishment only where the disciplinary punishment, in its substance, is found to constitute an abuse of the right to discipline or to exceed its scope, and this is evaluated as being punishable under generally accepted social norms.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,864 chars

[Defendant]

[Appellant] Defendant
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Ju Su-chang and 2 others
[Judgment Below] Seoul Criminal District Court Judgment 93No3476, rendered October 6, 1993

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Seoul Criminal District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. The facts charged in this case are that the Defendant, as the representative director of ○○ Corporation, an employer operating a taxi transportation business, suspended driver Lee Heon-ju from driving duty from July 10, 1991 to September 16 of the same year, on the ground that Lee Heon-ju had tampered with the taxi fare meter, without going through lawful disciplinary procedures, thereby inflicting punishment without just cause. The court below found the Defendant guilty of the above charge for the following reasons.

That is, according to the evidence cited, it is found that: Lee Heon-ju had applied in 1991 for a license to operate an individually-owned taxi business and was expected to obtain that license around August 20, 1991 and to retire from the company; from around May 1991, prior to his expected retirement date, his cash quota (sanapgeum) receipts increased considerably, and in particular, during the working period from July 1 to July 9, 1991, there were as many as five days on which there was no "empty running time" (time driven without a passenger) at all; the Defendant, upon judging that Lee Heon-ju had tampered with the meter as a means of increasing his cash quota receipts in order to raise his retirement allowance in anticipation of retirement, instructed the deputy head of the company's management department on July 9, 1991, without following disciplinary procedures, to stop assigning vehicles to Lee Heon-ju, and accordingly no vehicle was assigned to him until September 16 of that year; and at the time, under the company's collective agreement and rules of employment, the types of disciplinary action were dismissal, suspension from work, and warning, and disciplinary action was to be taken by resolution of a disciplinary committee. The court below held that, although there is room for suspicion that Lee Heon-ju may have tampered with the taxi meter as a means of raising his retirement allowance in anticipation of retirement as described above, in the absence of clear evidence thereof, the Defendant's act of instructing the suspension of vehicle assignment to Lee Heon-ju while disregarding the prescribed disciplinary procedures, thereby substantively imposing a suspension disposition on him, cannot be deemed a disciplinary action with justifiable grounds, and therefore the Defendant's act falls under Article 107 and Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

2. However, there are aspects of the above determination by the court below that are difficult to accept.

Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act provides that "an employer shall not dismiss, suspend, lay off, transfer, reduce the wages of, or otherwise punish a worker without just cause," and Article 107 of the same Act prescribes penal provisions for violations thereof. Even where an employer imposes some punishment on a worker without following the prescribed procedures, such that the punishment cannot be recognized as valid, it is proper to interpret that, absent special circumstances such as the employer having intentionally disregarded the disciplinary procedures with the intent to impose an unjust punishment, the mere procedural defect alone does not immediately render the act subject to criminal punishment under the above penal provision; rather, criminal punishment is warranted only where, in addition, the punishment is found, in its substance, to constitute an abuse of the right to discipline or to exceed the scope thereof, and where this is evaluated as being punishable under generally accepted social norms.

Looking back at this case, according to the record, it can be recognized that: in light of Lee Heon-ju's cash quota performance and driving records, the Defendant recognized that Lee Heon-ju had tampered with the meter as a means of increasing his cash quota receipts in order to raise his retirement allowance in anticipation of retirement, and instructed the temporary suspension of vehicle assignment as described above until the suspicion regarding Lee Heon-ju was clarified (investigation record, page 26); and meanwhile, in accordance with the company's rules of employment (Article 12, Item 2), which required the company representative, in exercising personnel authority over employees, to immediately notify the labor union thereof, the Defendant notified the labor union of the content of the above measure (investigation record, page 94). Accordingly, there is room to view that the Defendant recognized the above vehicle-assignment suspension measure not as a disciplinary action but as part of a personnel measure. Under such factual circumstances, even if the vehicle-assignment suspension measure taken by the Defendant results, in effect, in bearing the character of a suspension from work, which is a type of disciplinary action, it cannot be concluded that the Defendant intentionally disregarded the prescribed disciplinary procedures with the intent to impose an unjust punishment. Furthermore, in light of the fact that it is technically not easy to confirm with certainty whether the meter was tampered with, it cannot be said that there is no room to view the measure as not exceeding, under generally accepted social norms, the scope of the employer's right to discipline exercised for the necessities of company management or the performance of business operations. Therefore, the court below should not have concluded, merely on the ground that there is no clear evidence that Lee Heon-ju tampered with the meter as stated in its judgment, that the Defendant's act as found is to be evaluated as punishable under generally accepted social norms and that a criminal offense is thereby established.

The court below should have examined these points further before determining whether the Defendant should be subject to criminal punishment.

The fact that the court below found the facts charged in this case to be guilty solely for the reasons stated in its judgment amounts to an error in the legal interpretation of the aforementioned penal provisions of the Labor Standards Act, and, as a result thereof, to an illegality of having failed to exhaust the examination of the case. The grounds of appeal are with merit.

3. Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below, this Judgment being rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Kim Ju-han (Presiding Justice), Bae Man-woon, Kim Seok-su, Jeong Gwi-ho (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

사용자가 근로자에게 어떠한 징벌을 가함에 있어 소정의 절차를 밟지 아니하여 징벌의 효력이 인정될 수 없는 경우라 하더라도, 사용자가 부당한 징벌을 가할 의사로 징벌의 절차를 의도적으로 무시하였다는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한, 그와 같은 절차 위배의 사유만으로 곧바로 근로기준법 제107조, 제27조 제1항에 의한 형사처벌의 대상이 된다고는 할 수 없고, 여기에서 나아가 그와 같은 징벌이 그 내용에 있어 징벌권을 남용하거나 또는 그 범위를 벗어난 것으로 인정되고 또 이것이 사회통념상 가벌성이 있는 것으로 평가되는 경우에 한하여 형사처벌의 대상이 된다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항 , 제107조

【참조판례】

대법원 1994.5.27. 선고 93도3377 판결(공1994,1875)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,592자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】

【상 고 인】 피고인

【변 호 인】 변호사 주수창 외 2인

【원심판결】 서울형사지방법원 1993.10.6. 선고 93노3476 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 서울형사지방법원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 이 사건 공소사실은, 피고인은 주식회사 의 대표이사로서 택시운수업을 경영하는 사용자인데, 운전기사 이헌주가 택시요금미터기를 조작하였다는 이유로 적법한 징계절차를 거치지 아니하고 1991.7.10.부터 같은 해 9.16.까지 택시에 대한 승무를 정지시킴으로써 정당한 사유 없이 징벌을 가하였다고 함에 있는바, 원심은 다음과 같은 이유로 위 공소사실을 유죄로 인정하고 있다.

즉, 거시증거들에 의하면 위 이헌주는 1991년도 개인택시운송사업면허 신청을 하여 1991.8.20.쯤이면 그 면허를 취득하고 회사를 퇴직할 것으로 예상되고 있었는데, 퇴직예상시기를 앞둔 1991.5.경부터 동인의 사납금이 상당히 증가하였으며, 특히 1991.7.1.부터 7.9.까지 사이의 근무기간 중에는 승객을 태우지 않은채 운행한 시간(공차시간)이 전혀 없는 날이 5일이나 되었던 사실, 이에 피고인은 위 이헌주가 퇴직을 앞두고 퇴직금을 높이기 위해 사납금을 늘리는 방편으로 미터기를 조작하였다고 판단하고 징계절차없이 1991.7.9. 회사 관리부 차장에게 위 이헌주에 대한 배차를 중지하도록 지시하여 같은 해 9.16.까지 배차를 하지 아니한 사실, 당시 위 회사 단체협약 및 취업규칙에 의하면 징계의 종류로는 해고, 취업정지, 경고의 3가지가 있었고, 징계시에는 징계위원회의 결의에 의하도록 규정된 사실이 인정되는바, 위와 같이 위 이헌주가 퇴직을 앞두고 퇴직금을 높이기 위한 수단으로 택시미터기를 조작하였을지도 모른다는 의심이 들기는 하나 이에 대한 뚜렷한 증거가 없는 상황에서 소정의 징계절차를 무시한 채 위 이헌주에 한 배차중지를 지시함으로써 실질적으로 동인에게 정직처분을 내린 것은 정당한 이유가 있는 징계처분이라고 할 수 없어, 피고인의 행위는 근로기준법 제107조, 제27조 제1항에 해당한다는 것이다.

2. 그러나, 원심의 위와 같은 판단에는 수긍하기 어려운 점이 있다.

근로기준법 제27조 제1항은 "사용자는 근로자에 대하여 정당한 이유 없이 해고, 휴직, 정직, 전직, 감봉 기타 징벌을 하지 못한다"고 규정하고 있고 이를 위반하는 경우에 대한 벌칙을 동법 제107조에서 규정하고 있는바, 사용자가 근로자에게 어떠한 징벌을 가함에 있어 소정의 절차를 밟지 아니하여 징벌의 효력이 인정될 수 없는 경우라 하더라도, 사용자가 부당한 징벌을 가할 의사로 징벌의 절차를 의도적으로 무시하였다는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한, 그와 같은 절차위배의 사유만으로 곧바로 위 처벌조항에 의한 형사처벌의 대상이 된다고는 할 수 없고, 여기에서 나아가 그와 같은 징벌이 그 내용에 있어 징벌권을 남용하거나 또는 그 범위를 벗어난 것으로 인정되고 또 이것이 사회통념상 가벌성이 있는 것으로 평가되는 경우에 한하여 형사처벌의 대상이 된다고 해석함이 옳을 것이다.

돌이켜 이 사건을 보건대, 기록에 의하면, 피고인은 위 이헌주의 사납금 실적과 운행기록등에 비추어 볼 때 동인이 퇴직을 앞두고 퇴직금을 높이기 위해 사납금을 늘리는 방편으로 미터기를 조작하였다고 인식하고 위 이헌주의 혐의가 해명될 때까지 위와 같이 배차를 일시 중지하도록 지시하였고(수사기록 26장), 한편 회사 대표자가 종업원에 대한 인사권을 행사함에 있어서는 이를 즉시 노동조합에 통보하도록 한 위 회사 취업규칙(제12조 제2호)에 따라 위와 같은 조치내용을 노동조합에 통보하였던 사실을 인정할 수 있어(수사기록 94장), 결국 피고인은 위 배차중지 조치를 징계로서가 아니라 인사조치의 일환으로 인식한 것으로 볼 여지가 있고, 이와 같은 사실관계 아래에서라면 피고인이 취한 위 배차중지 조치가 결과적으로 징계의 일종인 취업정지의 성격을 띤다 하더라도 피고인이 부당한 징벌을 할 의사로 소정의 징계절차를 의도적으로 무시하였다고 단정할 수는 없는 것이라 할 것이고, 또, 미터기 조작여부를 확증함이 기술적으로 쉽지 아니한 점에 비추어서, 사회통념상 사용자의 회사 경영상의 필요나 업무수행을 위한 징벌권의 범위를 벗어나지 아니한 것으로 볼 여지가 없다고 할 수 없는 것이어서, 원심 판시와 같이 위 이헌주가 미터기를 조작하였다는 뚜렷한 증거가 없다는 점을 들어 피고인의 판시 행위를 사회통념상 가벌성이 있는 것으로 평가하여 형사범죄가 성립하는 것으로 단정하여서는 아니될 것이다.

원심으로서는 위와 같은 점들에 관하여 좀더 심리를 거친 후에 피고인에 대한 형사처벌 여부를 판단하였어야 할 것이다.

원심이 그 판시와 같은 이유만으로 이 사건 공소사실을 유죄로 인정하였음은 위 근로기준법의 벌칙조항에 대한 법리를 오해하고 이로 인하여 사건의 심리를 다하지 아니한 위법을 저질렀음에 귀착된다 할 것이다. 상고논지는 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김주한(재판장) 배만운 김석수 정귀호(주심)

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