Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2017다218642

Provision of Labor Union Office Space, etc. (Duty of Fair Representation Case)노동조합사무실제공등(공정대표의무 사건)[공정대표의무 사건]

Decided2018. 08. 30. Court대법원Worker (labor union) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addressed whether an employer violated the duty of fair representation (공정대표의무) by providing office space only to the union designated as the bargaining representative union (교섭대표노동조합) under the bargaining window unification procedure (교섭창구단일화 절차), while denying the same to other minority unions. The Supreme Court held that the duty of fair representation must be observed not only during collective bargaining but also throughout the implementation of the resulting collective agreement, and that if office space is given to the representative union, other unions must likewise be given space they can use on a regular basis. The Court further ruled that physical space limitations or cost concerns do not, by themselves, constitute a reasonable justification for such differential treatment.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employer provided office space only to the bargaining representative union and refused to provide any space to other unions, prompting a lawsuit alleging violation of the duty of fair representation.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that once office space is provided to the representative union, the employer must also provide other unions with space they can use on a regular basis.
  • LessonEmployers must treat all unions fairly under the bargaining window unification system and cannot justify discriminatory treatment by citing physical space limits or cost concerns.
Issues
  • Whether the duty of fair representation (공정대표의무) applies not only during collective bargaining but also during the implementation of the collective agreement
  • Whether discriminatory provision of union office space between the bargaining representative union and other unions constitutes a violation of the duty of fair representation
  • Whether discrimination in the allocation of paid time-off for union activities (근로시간 면제) constitutes a violation of the duty of fair representation
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, once a bargaining representative union is selected through the window unification procedure, it negotiates on behalf of all unions at the workplace, but this comes with a corresponding duty of fair representation (공정대표의무) owed to minority unions. The Supreme Court clarified that this duty is not limited to the bargaining process itself but extends to how the employer implements the resulting collective agreement, including the provision of union facilities. Because providing office space is a form of support that enables a union to carry out its basic activities, giving such space exclusively to the representative union while excluding other unions amounts to unreasonable discriminatory treatment. The Court rejected the employer's defense that limited physical space or additional costs justified the disparity, finding these practical constraints insufficient to excuse a failure to provide at least some regularly usable space to the excluded unions. The same reasoning was applied to disparities in the allocation of paid time-off for union work (근로시간 면제), reinforcing that fairness must be maintained across all aspects of union support once a representative union structure is in place.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Under the bargaining channel single-window system (교섭창구 단일화 제도), a labor union that fails to become the representative bargaining union (교섭대표노동조합) cannot exercise the right to collective bargaining on its own. Accordingly, the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법, hereinafter the “Trade Union Act”) imposes a duty of fair representation on the employer and the representative bargaining union, in order to protect labor unions that failed to become the representative bargaining union, by prohibiting them from discriminating without reasonable grounds against labor unions that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure or their members (Article 29-4(1)). The duty of fair representation functions as an institutional safeguard to ensure that the essential content of the right to collective bargaining guaranteed by the Constitution is not infringed, and serves as the basis for justifying the extension of the effect of a collective agreement concluded between the representative bargaining union and the employer to other labor unions that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure.

In light of the purpose and function of this duty of fair representation, it is reasonable to hold that the duty of fair representation must be observed not only in the process of collective bargaining and the content of the collective agreement resulting therefrom, but also in the process of implementing the collective agreement. Furthermore, where it is found that the representative bargaining union or the employer has discriminated against another labor union that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure or its members, the burden of asserting and proving that such discrimination had a reasonable ground lies with the representative bargaining union or the employer.

[2] Considering the importance of a labor union office as a space where the routine work necessary for the existence and development of a labor union is carried out, it is reasonable to hold that, once an employer has provided the representative bargaining union with a labor union office that can be used on a regular basis pursuant to a collective agreement or otherwise, the employer must, absent special circumstances, also provide other labor unions that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure with a certain space that can be used on a regular basis as a labor union office, even if not necessarily in a uniform or proportional manner. Conversely, the fact that the employer provided a labor union office to the representative bargaining union while providing no labor union office at all, or merely granting a temporary opportunity to use company facilities, to other labor unions that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure, citing physical limitations or cost burdens, cannot be deemed to constitute a reasonable ground for such discrimination.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,411 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Korean Public Service and Transport Workers' Union (Attorney Jang Dong-hwan, Counsel for the plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellant] Geumnam Transportation Co., Ltd. and 6 others (Law Firm Saenal, Attorneys Cho Yong-mu et al., Counsel for the defendants)
[Judgment below] Daejeon High Court Decision 2016Na16038 decided February 16, 2017

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of appeal shall be borne by the Defendants.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to the first ground of appeal

A. According to the provisions of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법, hereinafter referred to as the "Trade Union Act"), workers may freely organize or join a trade union (Article 5), and a trade union may demand collective bargaining with the employer on behalf of its members (Article 29(1)); however, where two or more trade unions coexist within a single business or workplace, regardless of their organizational form, each trade union must, in principle, designate a bargaining representative union through the bargaining channel unification procedure and demand collective bargaining with the employer through that representative union (main text of Article 29-2(1)). The main purport and purpose of the Trade Union Act's introduction of the bargaining channel unification system for multiple trade unions, thereby requiring the collective bargaining procedure to be unified, is to establish an efficient and stable collective bargaining system by effectively resolving problems—such as conflict and discord among trade unions or between a trade union and the employer, decreased efficiency of collective bargaining, and increased costs—that may arise where multiple trade unions independently exercise their collective bargaining rights (see Supreme Court Decision 2016Du36956 decided October 31, 2017).

Under the bargaining channel unification system, a trade union that fails to become the bargaining representative union cannot independently exercise its collective bargaining rights. Accordingly, in order to protect trade unions that fail to become the bargaining representative union, the Trade Union Act imposes on the employer and the bargaining representative union a duty of fair representation, prohibiting them from discriminating without reasonable grounds against a trade union that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure or its members (Article 29-4(1)). The duty of fair representation functions as an institutional mechanism to prevent infringement of the essential content of the right to collective bargaining guaranteed by the Constitution, and serves as the basis justifying the extension of the effect of a collective agreement concluded between the bargaining representative union and the employer to other trade unions that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure.

In light of the purport and function of the duty of fair representation as described above, it is reasonable to hold that the duty of fair representation must be observed not only in the process of collective bargaining and the content of the resulting collective agreement, but also in the process of implementing the collective agreement. Moreover, where it is found that the bargaining representative union or the employer has discriminated against another trade union that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure, or against its members, the burden of asserting and proving that such discrimination has a reasonable basis lies with the bargaining representative union or the employer.

Meanwhile, considering the importance of a trade union office as a space where the routine work necessary for the existence and development of a trade union is carried out, if the employer has provided the bargaining representative union with a trade union office available for regular use pursuant to a collective agreement or otherwise, then, absent special circumstances, it is reasonable to hold that the employer must also provide other trade unions that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure with a certain space, available for regular use, as a trade union office, even if not necessarily on a uniform or proportional basis. Conversely, it cannot be considered that there is a reasonable basis for discrimination where the employer provides a trade union office to the bargaining representative union while providing no trade union office at all, or merely providing an opportunity to temporarily use company facilities, to other trade unions that participated in the bargaining channel unification procedure, on the grounds of physical limitations or cost burdens.

B. The court below determined that the agreement reached between the bargaining representative union and the Defendants, the employers, through the agreement dated December 23, 2013 and the agreement dated June 24, 2014, to provide a trade union office only to the bargaining representative union, constituted discrimination without reasonable grounds between the bargaining representative union and other trade unions, and thus constituted a violation of the duty of fair representation.

Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the evidence lawfully adopted, this determination by the court below is based on the legal principles set forth above, and there is no error, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the duty of fair representation.

2. As to the second ground of appeal

The court below determined that even after the bargaining channel was unified, the Defendants recognized time-off for union activities only for the bargaining representative union and did not recognize it for the Plaintiff, and that the Defendants' failure to take any measures regarding the Plaintiff's time-off for union activities when concluding the agreement dated May 30, 2014, despite the Plaintiff's request for recognition of such time-off even before that agreement, constituted discrimination against the Plaintiff without reasonable grounds, and thus constituted a violation of the duty of fair representation.

Upon examining the matter in light of the legal principles set forth above and the evidence lawfully adopted, there is no error, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in the court below's determination misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the duty of fair representation.

3. As to the third ground of appeal

The court below determined that, as the Plaintiff suffered intangible damage due to the Defendants' violation of the duty of fair representation, the Defendants are liable to pay the Plaintiff consolation money as stated in the holding, as damages based on tort.

Upon examining the matter in light of the relevant legal principles and the evidence lawfully adopted, there is no error, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in the court below's determination misunderstanding the legal principles concerning tort and the calculation of consolation money.

4. Conclusion

Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal are to be borne by the losing parties. This Judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.

Justice Kim Seon-su (Presiding Justice), Kwon Sun-il, Lee Ki-taek (Justice in charge), Park Jeong-hwa

【판결요지】

[1] 교섭창구 단일화 제도하에서 교섭대표노동조합이 되지 못한 노동조합은 독자적으로 단체교섭권을 행사할 수 없으므로, 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법(이하 ‘노동조합법’이라고 한다)은 교섭대표노동조합이 되지 못한 노동조합을 보호하기 위해 사용자와 교섭대표노동조합에게 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 노동조합 또는 그 조합원을 합리적 이유 없이 차별하지 못하도록 공정대표의무를 부과하고 있다(제29조의4 제1항). 공정대표의무는 헌법이 보장하는 단체교섭권의 본질적 내용이 침해되지 않도록 하기 위한 제도적 장치로 기능하고, 교섭대표노동조합과 사용자가 체결한 단체협약의 효력이 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합에게도 미치는 것을 정당화하는 근거가 된다.

이러한 공정대표의무의 취지와 기능 등에 비추어 보면, 공정대표의무는 단체교섭의 과정이나 그 결과물인 단체협약의 내용뿐만 아니라 단체협약의 이행과정에서도 준수되어야 한다고 봄이 타당하다. 또한 교섭대표노동조합이나 사용자가 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합 또는 그 조합원을 차별한 것으로 인정되는 경우, 그와 같은 차별에 합리적인 이유가 있다는 점은 교섭대표노동조합이나 사용자에게 주장·증명책임이 있다.

[2] 노동조합의 존립과 발전에 필요한 일상적인 업무가 이루어지는 공간으로서 노동조합 사무실이 가지는 중요성을 고려하면, 사용자가 단체협약 등에 따라 교섭대표노동조합에 상시적으로 사용할 수 있는 노동조합 사무실을 제공한 이상, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합에도 반드시 일률적이거나 비례적이지는 않더라도 상시적으로 사용할 수 있는 일정한 공간을 노동조합 사무실로 제공하여야 한다고 봄이 타당하다. 이와 달리 교섭대표노동조합에는 노동조합 사무실을 제공하면서 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합에는 물리적 한계나 비용 부담 등을 이유로 노동조합 사무실을 전혀 제공하지 않거나 일시적으로 회사 시설을 사용할 수 있는 기회를 부여하였다고 하여 차별에 합리적인 이유가 있다고 볼 수 없다.

【참조조문】

[1] 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제29조의4 제1항

[2] 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제29조의4 제1항

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,657자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 전국공공운수사회서비스노동조합 (소송대리인 변호사 장동환)

【피고, 상고인】 금남교통운수 주식회사 외 6인 (소송대리인 법무법인 새날로 담당변호사 조용무 외 3인)

【원심판결】 대전고법 2017. 2. 16. 선고 2016나16038 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고들이 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 관하여

가. 「노동조합 및 노동관계조정법」(이하 ‘노동조합법’이라고 한다) 규정에 의하면, 근로자는 자유로이 노동조합을 조직하거나 이에 가입할 수 있고(제5조), 노동조합은 조합원을 위하여 사용자에게 단체교섭을 요구할 수 있으나(제29조 제1항), 하나의 사업 또는 사업장 단위에서 노동조합이 그 조직형태와 관계없이 2개 이상 병존하는 경우 각 노동조합은 원칙적으로 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 따라 교섭대표노동조합을 정하여 사용자에게 단체교섭을 요구하여야 한다(제29조의2 제1항 본문). 노동조합법이 이처럼 복수 노동조합에 대한 교섭창구 단일화 제도를 도입하여 단체교섭 절차를 일원화하도록 한 것은, 복수 노동조합이 독자적인 단체교섭권을 행사할 경우 발생할 수도 있는 노동조합 간 혹은 노동조합과 사용자 간 반목·갈등, 단체교섭의 효율성 저하 및 비용 증가 등의 문제점을 효과적으로 해결함으로써, 효율적이고 안정적인 단체교섭 체계를 구축하는 데에 그 주된 취지 내지 목적이 있다(대법원 2017. 10. 31. 선고 2016두36956 판결).

교섭창구 단일화 제도하에서 교섭대표노동조합이 되지 못한 노동조합은 독자적으로 단체교섭권을 행사할 수 없으므로, 노동조합법은 교섭대표노동조합이 되지 못한 노동조합을 보호하기 위해 사용자와 교섭대표노동조합에게 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 노동조합 또는 그 조합원을 합리적 이유 없이 차별하지 못하도록 공정대표의무를 부과하고 있다(제29조의4 제1항). 공정대표의무는 헌법이 보장하는 단체교섭권의 본질적 내용이 침해되지 않도록 하기 위한 제도적 장치로 기능하고, 교섭대표노동조합과 사용자가 체결한 단체협약의 효력이 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합에게도 미치는 것을 정당화하는 근거가 된다.

이러한 공정대표의무의 취지와 기능 등에 비추어 보면, 공정대표의무는 단체교섭의 과정이나 그 결과물인 단체협약의 내용뿐만 아니라 단체협약의 이행과정에서도 준수되어야 한다고 봄이 타당하다. 또한 교섭대표노동조합이나 사용자가 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합 또는 그 조합원을 차별한 것으로 인정되는 경우, 그와 같은 차별에 합리적인 이유가 있다는 점은 교섭대표노동조합이나 사용자에게 그 주장·증명책임이 있다.

한편 노동조합의 존립과 발전에 필요한 일상적인 업무가 이루어지는 공간으로서 노동조합 사무실이 가지는 중요성을 고려하면, 사용자가 단체협약 등에 따라 교섭대표노동조합에게 상시적으로 사용할 수 있는 노동조합 사무실을 제공한 이상, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합에게도 반드시 일률적이거나 비례적이지는 않더라도 상시적으로 사용할 수 있는 일정한 공간을 노동조합 사무실로 제공하여야 한다고 봄이 타당하다. 이와 달리 교섭대표노동조합에게는 노동조합 사무실을 제공하면서 교섭창구 단일화 절차에 참여한 다른 노동조합에게는 물리적 한계나 비용 부담 등을 이유로 노동조합 사무실을 전혀 제공하지 않거나 일시적으로 회사 시설을 사용할 수 있는 기회를 부여하였다고 하여 차별에 합리적인 이유가 있다고 볼 수 없다.

나. 원심은, 교섭대표노동조합과 사용자인 피고들이 2013. 12. 23.자 합의와 2014. 6. 24.자 합의를 통해 교섭대표노동조합에게만 노동조합 사무실을 제공하기로 합의한 것은 합리적 이유 없이 교섭대표노동조합과 다른 노동조합을 차별한 것으로서 공정대표의무 위반에 해당한다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 적법하게 채택된 증거들에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 이러한 판단은 앞에서 본 법리에 기초한 것으로서, 거기에 상고이유 주장과 같이 공정대표의무에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 관하여

원심은, 피고들이 교섭창구 단일화가 이루어진 이후에도 교섭대표노동조합에게만 근로시간 면제를 인정하면서 원고에게는 이를 인정하지 않았고, 원고가 2014. 5. 30.자 합의 이전부터 근로시간 면제를 인정해 줄 것을 요구하였음에도 피고들이 2014. 5. 30.자 합의를 체결하면서 원고의 근로시간 면제에 관하여 아무런 조치를 취하지 않은 것은 합리적인 이유 없이 원고를 차별한 것이어서 공정대표의무 위반에 해당한다고 판단하였다.

앞에서 본 법리와 적법하게 채택된 증거들에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 이러한 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 공정대표의무에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

3. 상고이유 제3점에 관하여

원심은, 피고들의 공정대표의무 위반 행위로 인해 원고가 무형의 손해를 입었으므로, 피고들은 원고에게 불법행위에 기한 손해배상으로서 판시 위자료를 지급할 의무가 있다고 판단하였다.

관련 법리와 적법하게 채택된 증거들에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 이러한 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 불법행위 및 위자료 산정 등에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

4. 결론

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자들이 부담하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김선수(재판장) 권순일 이기택(주심) 박정화

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