[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorneys Kim Tae-hyung and 2 others of Jipyong LLC, Counsel for the plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Head of Banpo Tax Office (Attorneys Kang Nam-gyu and 2 others of Gaon LLC, Counsel for the defendant)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2015Nu45863 decided June 1, 2016
[Order]
The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff.
[Reasoning]
The grounds for appeal (the supplementary brief on grounds for appeal, submitted after the deadline for submission, is considered to the extent it supplements the grounds for appeal) are examined as follows.
1. Overview of the Case and Issues
A. The Plaintiff's Request for Correction of Capital Gains Tax and the Defendant's Rejection Disposition
1) On October 18, 2011, the Plaintiff sold 116,022 shares (hereinafter "the shares at issue") of Chosun Refractories Co., Ltd. (조선내화 주식회사, hereinafter "Chosun Refractories"), a listed company, to his older brother, Nonparty, through an after-hours block trading method, setting the sale price at the closing price on the Korea Exchange (hereinafter "KRX closing price") on that day, which was 65,500 won per share, totaling 7,599,441,000 won (hereinafter "the sale price at issue"). By purchasing the shares at issue, Nonparty became the largest shareholder of Chosun Refractories, holding 702,549 shares out of the total 4,000,000 issued shares.
2) On February 29, 2012, the Plaintiff reported and paid capital gains tax, etc. related to the transfer of the shares at issue, using the sale price at issue as the transfer value.
3) On June 10, 2013, the Director of the Gwangju Regional Tax Office determined the following: ① Applying Article 63, Paragraph 1, Item 1, Subitem (a) and Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act (상속세 및 증여세법, before amendment by Act No. 11130 on December 31, 2011; hereinafter "the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act"), which is applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to Article 167, Paragraph 5 of the former Enforcement Decree of the Income Tax Act (소득세법 시행령, before amendment by Presidential Decree No. 23588 on February 2, 2012; hereinafter the same; hereinafter "the Enforcement Decree provision at issue"), since Chosun Refractories had "the largest shareholder, etc." (referring to the largest shareholder and shareholders in a special relationship with such shareholder, including the Plaintiff; hereinafter the same) holding more than 50% of the total issued shares, the "market price" per share of the shares at issue should be deemed to be 83,431 won (= 64,178 won × 130/100), calculated by adding a 30% premium rate for the largest shareholder, etc. to the average of the daily closing prices published during the two months before and after October 18, 2011 (the valuation base date), which was 64,178 won; ② In that case, it is reasonable to view that the Plaintiff unfairly reduced the tax burden on capital gains by calculating the transfer of the shares at issue to his brother Nonparty, who is in a special relationship with him, at 65,500 won per share, a price lower than the "market price," and transferring them for the sale price at issue; ③ Consequently, the sale price at issue reported by the Plaintiff as the transfer value should be denied, and on the premise that the transfer value should be calculated according to the above "market price," the Plaintiff was guided to file an amended return of capital gains tax, etc.
4) Following the above guidance, on June 12, 2013, the Plaintiff filed an amended return with the Defendant, calculating the "market price" of the shares at issue as 83,396 won per share and additionally paying capital gains tax (including additional tax) of 512,644,352 won. Subsequently, on July 26, 2013, the Plaintiff filed a request for correction of capital gains tax with the Defendant, arguing that the sale price at issue, rather than the above "market price," should be regarded as the transfer value, but the Defendant issued a rejection disposition on September 10, 2013.
B. Issues
According to the Plaintiff's grounds for appeal, the issues in this case are: ① whether the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, which is the core basis for the Defendant's rejection disposition, is null and void as it exceeds the scope of legislative delegation or its content is unconstitutional or unlawful, such as infringing on property rights under the Constitution (Ground for Appeal No. 2); and ② even if the Enforcement Decree provision at issue is not void, whether the sale between the Plaintiff and Nonparty regarding the shares at issue, being in accordance with ordinary business practices and having economic rationality, cannot be regarded as a transaction that unfairly reduced tax burden, and thus cannot be subject to the denial of wrongful calculation (Grounds for Appeal Nos. 1 and 3).
2. Judgment on Ground for Appeal No. 2
A. The Legislative Basis and Content of the Enforcement Decree Provision at Issue
1) The System for Denial of Wrongful Calculation Regarding Capital Gains
The system for denial of wrongful calculation as set forth in Article 101, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act (소득세법, before amendment by Act No. 11146 on January 1, 2012; hereinafter the same) is a system whereby, when a resident, in transactions with persons in a special relationship, unreasonably avoids or reduces tax burden by abusing the transaction forms listed in each subparagraph of Article 167, Paragraph 3 of the former Enforcement Decree of the Income Tax Act, rather than using rational methods that a normal economic actor would use, the tax authority denies such calculation and deems there to be capital gains that appear objectively reasonable, calculated by methods prescribed by statute (see Supreme Court Decision 2016Du50686, decided January 25, 2017, etc.). The legislative purpose of this system is to realize equitable taxation by embodying the substance-over-form principle.
Meanwhile, Article 167, Paragraph 3, Item 1 of the former Enforcement Decree of the Income Tax Act provides for "cases where a resident transfers an asset to a person in a special relationship at a price lower than the market price," i.e., a low-price transfer, as one type of act to which the above statutory provision on denial of wrongful calculation may apply. Accordingly, in cases of low-price transfers between persons in a special relationship, the tax authority may deny such transfers and newly calculate capital gains by methods prescribed by statute. The issue is how to establish the method for evaluating the "market price" of the asset at the time of transfer, as a standard for determining whether a transfer is a low-price transfer and for newly calculating the appropriate capital gains.
2) The Enforcement Decree Provision at Issue as a Legal Order Governing the "Market Price" of the Transferred Asset
The former Income Tax Act does not itself specify or regulate the meaning or evaluation method of the "market price" of the transferred asset, which should serve as the standard for denial of wrongful calculation. However, Article 101, Paragraph 5 regarding wrongful calculation of capital gains provides that "matters necessary for wrongful calculation shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree," and the Enforcement Decree provision at issue was legislated pursuant to the delegation under Article 101, Paragraph 5 above.
The Enforcement Decree provision at issue provides that "in applying the provisions of Article 167, Paragraph 3 of the former Enforcement Decree of the Income Tax Act, the 'market price' shall be based on the value assessed by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions of Articles 60 through 64 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act." Accordingly, the "market price" of the transferred asset, as the standard for determining whether there was a low-price transfer, is required to be assessed by applying the above provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act.
Looking at the representative provisions applied mutatis mutandis by the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act requires that property subject to inheritance tax or gift tax be evaluated based on the "market price" as of the date of commencement of inheritance or the date of gift, and defines "market price" as the value normally recognized as being established when transactions are freely conducted among unspecified numerous persons (Article 60, Paragraph 1, first sentence, and Paragraph 2, first clause of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act). In particular, looking at the provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act regarding the market price valuation of listed shares at issue in this case (hereinafter "the listed shares market price valuation provisions"): ① for listed shares, the average of the closing prices published during the two months before and after the valuation base date is deemed the "market price" [Article 60, Paragraph 1, second sentence, and Article 63, Paragraph 1, Item 1, Subitem (a) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act]; and ② for shares held by the largest shareholder, etc., the amount evaluated by adding a premium of 20% or 30%, depending on the holding ratio, is deemed the "market price" (Article 63, Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act).
3) The Meaning of the Enforcement Decree Provision at Issue in Relation to the Transfer of Listed Shares
Applying the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, which are applied mutatis mutandis by the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, in determining whether an act is subject to denial of wrongful calculation of capital gains, the "market price" of the listed shares subject to transfer should, absent special circumstances, be deemed the average of the daily closing prices published during the two months before and after the transfer date, calculated according to the valuation method under Article 63, Paragraph 1, Item 1, Subitem (a), pursuant to Article 60, Paragraph 1, second sentence of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act. Where the transfer of listed shares occurs between the largest shareholder, etc., the "market price" should be evaluated as the amount obtained by adding the premium rate under Article 63, Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act to the above average price.
The Supreme Court has consistently affirmed the legality of taxation dispositions made by applying the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, on the premise that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue is lawful and valid (see Supreme Court Decision 2008Du4770, decided January 13, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2008Du9140, decided January 13, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2009Du13061, decided January 27, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2010Du4421, decided January 27, 2011, etc.).
B. Whether the Enforcement Decree Provision at Issue Exceeds the Scope of Legislative Delegation
1) Whether a legal order exceeds the scope of legislative delegation must be determined by objectively ascertaining the scope and limits of the legislative delegation, considering not only the form and content of the directly delegating statutory provision but also the overall system, purpose, and objectives of the statute, and then comparing this with the content of the legal order. If the content of the legal order is found to be within the scope of delegation thus ascertained, or is found to have specifically and clearly articulated what the statute intended, the legal order does not become void (see Supreme Court Decision 2002Do6931, decided January 28, 2005; Supreme Court Decision 2019Do3795, decided April 29, 2020, etc.).
2) In light of the legal principles set forth above, it is difficult to evaluate that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, by applying mutatis mutandis the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, exceeded the scope of legislative delegation and thereby violated the principle of no taxation without law. The reasons are as follows.
A) The subject matter delegated by the statute, and the basic matters concerning the content and scope of such delegation, with respect to the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, are interpreted as follows.
① First, the "matters necessary for wrongful calculation" delegated to be prescribed by Presidential Decree under Article 101, Paragraph 5 of the former Income Tax Act includes the standards for wrongful calculation. Considering the legislative purpose and significance of the denial of wrongful calculation system provided for in Article 101, Paragraph 1, etc. of the former Income Tax Act, in order for the tax authority to evaluate an act or calculation chosen by a taxpayer under tax law as "unreasonable for tax avoidance purposes," a basis or standard therefor must be established. It is clear that provisions for evaluating the "market price" of the transferred asset must be included in the standards necessary for such denial of wrongful calculation.
② The former Income Tax Act does not explicitly define the meaning of "market price" of the transferred asset or specifically provide for its evaluation method. However, considering the dictionary meaning of "market price" and the fact that "market price" must function as a standard or basis for denial of wrongful calculation, the meaning or conceptual characteristics of "market price" can be readily derived even through interpretation of the provisions of the former Income Tax Act concerning denial of wrongful calculation. That is, even in the absence of an explicit statutory provision regarding the concept of "market price," the Supreme Court has held that "market price" is in principle the objective exchange price formed through normal transactions, and that when such "market price" is difficult to ascertain, the concept also includes the value evaluated by an objective and reasonable method (see Supreme Court Decision 90Nu7302, decided April 23, 1991, etc.), which can be seen as consistent with this interpretation.
③ The meaning or conceptual characteristics of "market price" can also be confirmed, in addition to the interpretation of the former Income Tax Act, through Article 60, Paragraph 2 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act and Article 52, Paragraph 2 of the former Corporate Tax Act (법인세법, before amendment by Act No. 11603 on January 1, 2013; hereinafter the same), which contain definitional provisions to the same effect. Thereby, the above meaning or conceptual characteristics of "market price" become an important standard for determining whether the content of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue exceeds the legislative intent of delegation.
④ Even understanding the meaning or conceptual characteristics of "market price" as above, the methods for evaluating such "market price" inevitably vary. The former Income Tax Act, etc. did not provide specific legislative guidelines in this regard, and through delegation, granted the legislator of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue a considerable degree of legislative discretion. This is because the following circumstances were considered.
That is, "unreasonable acts or calculations," which are the subject matter regulated by Article 105, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act, take on extremely diverse forms in reality and undergo severe generation and change, making it very difficult, from a legislative technique standpoint, for the statute itself to directly standardize and prescribe such matters. Considering these characteristics of tax avoidance acts, it is inevitable for the legislature to adopt a form whereby the essential parts of the denial of wrongful calculation system are prescribed through indeterminate concepts, etc., while delegating the statute to have specific content prescribed by subordinate statutes. Furthermore, since the "matters necessary for wrongful calculation" delegated to Presidential Decree under Article 101, Paragraph 5 of the former Income Tax Act are matters requiring immediate and flexible response to changes in social and economic realities, the necessity for delegation to Presidential Decree is recognized (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2016Hun-Ba269, decided May 25, 2017, etc.).
B) The Enforcement Decree provision at issue realizes the intent of delegation within the scope of legislative delegation.
① It is clear that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, in prescribing the method for evaluating the "market price" of listed shares, is in accordance with the delegation of the former Income Tax Act.
② The Enforcement Decree provision at issue is intended to realize the substance-over-form principle through denial of wrongful calculation, focusing on the possibility of tax avoidance arising from "the transferred asset being listed shares held by the largest shareholder, etc." and "the parties to the transfer transaction being in a special relationship." Meanwhile, it is not easy to find an objective and reasonable method for calculating the "market price," i.e., "the objective exchange price formed through normal transactions," of listed shares traded under such conditions. In view of the fact that the legislator of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue was granted a considerable degree of legislative discretion precisely to flexibly respond to such situations, the fact that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue applied mutatis mutandis the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act as the method for evaluating the market price of listed shares also conforms to the purpose of the legislative delegation.
③ Considering the above circumstances together with the fact, as will be seen below, that the content of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue itself cannot be viewed as infringing on property rights under the Constitution or violating the principle of equality, it can be seen that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, by applying mutatis mutandis the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, specifically and clearly articulated the intent of delegation within the scope of legislative delegation, and it is difficult to evaluate this as exceeding the scope of legislative delegation.
C. Whether the Content of the Enforcement Decree Provision at Issue Is Unconstitutional
1) Whether There Is Infringement of Property Rights Under the Constitution, etc.
A) The rationality and legitimacy of the provision within the Enforcement Decree provision at issue that "deems the average of the daily closing prices published during the two months before and after the transaction date as the market price of listed shares" can be recognized.
Listed shares traded on the Korea Exchange have very large fluctuations in price depending on the trends of the securities market, making it difficult to reasonably evaluate the intrinsic value of shares based solely on the market price at a specific point in time when a transaction is concluded. In particular, if listed shares traded on the Korea Exchange are evaluated based only on a single day as the valuation base date, there is a possibility that confusion in tax administration may arise due to repeated acts of canceling a transfer contract following short-term fluctuations in stock price after the transfer and then transferring again based on the reduced stock price, or that the transfer of shares may be abused as a means of conferring large benefits while avoiding capital gains tax burden, such as by persons who have easy access to internal information of the corporation transferring shares at a point in time when a rise in stock price is imminent.
In this case as well, at the time the Plaintiff sold the shares at issue, 116,022 shares constituting approximately 2.9% of Chosun Refractories' total issued shares of 4,000,000, through after-hours block trading based on the closing price, the largest shareholder, etc. of Chosun Refractories held approximately 60.17% of the total issued shares. A major shareholder such as the Plaintiff can easily move the closing price of Chosun Refractories' listed shares in an intended direction with a relatively small order near the close of trading on the day of such sale, so there is a concern that evaluating the "market price" of listed shares based solely on the closing price of the transaction date may fail to accurately calculate the intrinsic value of the listed shares.
For this reason, there is a need to extend the temporal scope of evaluation to more accurately calculate the intrinsic value of listed shares as of the valuation base date, and the period of two months before and after the transaction date is an appropriate period for evaluating the intrinsic value of listed shares, and cannot be said to be so long as to significantly impair the taxpayer's predictability [see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2014Hun-Ba363, 364 (consolidated), decided February 25, 2016, etc.].
B) The provision within the Enforcement Decree provision at issue that "when calculating the market price at the time of transfer of listed shares held by the largest shareholder, etc., adds a certain premium rate according to the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder, etc., regardless of whether the transfer of management control actually occurred," can also be affirmed as having rationality and legitimacy.
Generally, shares merely represent the asset value and profit value of a stock company divided among individual unit shares, but shares held by the largest shareholder, etc. carry, in addition to such value, a special value enabling the exercise of management rights or control over the relevant company, the so-called "management control premium." The legislative purpose of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue is to establish a fair evaluation method for appropriate taxation, in order to prevent the transfer of such corporate management control while bearing only a low amount of tax without proper taxation (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2002Hun-Ba65, decided January 30, 2003).
Meanwhile, since listed shares held by the largest shareholder, etc. are closely related to the maintenance of management control by the largest shareholder, etc., there is a difference in transferability, etc. compared to listed shares held by ordinary shareholders, and there is a need to reflect the fact that such shares are generally valued higher in actual transactions. Therefore, it can be seen that uniformly evaluating listed shares held by the largest shareholder, etc. with a premium of approximately 20-30% according to their shareholding ratio, thereby recognizing greater value than shares held by ordinary shareholders in calculating the "market price," regardless of whether management control actually transfers, falls within the scope of reasonable legislative discretion (see Supreme Court Decision 2001Du8292, decided February 11, 2003; Supreme Court Decision 2017Du48451, decided February 8, 2018, etc.).
C) The provision on denial of wrongful calculation is not applied without exception merely because the transaction price set by parties in a special relationship differs from the "market price" prescribed by statute. Rather, considering the various circumstances of the transaction specifically, there is a possibility that its application may be excluded where there are special circumstances indicating that the transaction has economic rationality in light of sound social norms or business practices (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Du7993, decided May 11, 2006; Supreme Court Decision 2006Du13909, decided February 22, 2007; Supreme Court Decision 2016Du50686, decided January 25, 2017; Supreme Court Decision 2017Du47519, decided December 28, 2018, etc.). From this perspective as well, it is difficult to evaluate the Enforcement Decree provision at issue as infringing on the property rights of the largest shareholder, etc. or the principle of freedom of contract.
2) Whether There Is a Violation of the Constitutional Principle of Equality
A) Like the former Income Tax Act, the former Corporate Tax Act also provides for the system of denial of wrongful calculation in Article 52. However, with respect to the market price valuation of listed shares, unlike the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, Article 89, Paragraph 1 of the former Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act (법인세법 시행령, before amendment by Presidential Decree No. 23589 on February 2, 2012; hereinafter the same) provides that where listed shares are traded on the Korea Exchange, the "market price" of such shares shall be based on the closing price on the trading date. That is, with respect to the market price valuation of listed shares for purposes of denial of wrongful calculation, the statutes governing cases where listed shares are transferred by an individual and cases where they are transferred by a corporation differ.
B) It is reasonable to view that the fact that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, with respect to the market price valuation of listed shares, applied mutatis mutandis the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act rather than Article 89, Paragraph 1 of the former Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act, falls within the scope of reasonable legislative discretion for the following reasons.
The concept of "market price" under the Income Tax Act and the concept of "market price" under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act (상속세 및 증여세법; hereinafter "the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act") are identical in that both refer to "the objective exchange value formed through normal, arm's-length transactions." Therefore, the mere fact that the Income Tax Act applies mutatis mutandis the provisions of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act cannot in itself be evaluated as unconstitutional or unlawful. Rather, it should be viewed that the legislator of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue has relatively broad legislative discretion as to whether to apply mutatis mutandis the provisions of the Corporate Tax Act or the provisions of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act with respect to the method for evaluating the market price of listed shares.
Furthermore, as previously discussed, the content itself of the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, which are applied mutatis mutandis by the Enforcement Decree provision at issue, falls within the scope of reasonable legislative discretion, and considering the following circumstances together, it cannot be evaluated that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue discriminated between individuals and corporations without reasonable grounds with respect to the market price valuation of listed shares.
Low-price transfers subject to denial of wrongful calculation partially have the characteristic of "gratuitous transfer of property," similar to a gift. That is, when a low-price transfer itself is recognized, it inevitably includes "gratuitous transfer of property," because it is ultimately the market price of the property subject to transfer that determines "the value of the property gratuitously transferred" (market price - consideration = value of gratuitous transfer). Therefore, it can be seen that the aspect in which "market price" is applied more meaningfully in the denial of wrongful calculation provisions is the part related to "gratuitous transfer of property."
In light of this point, "the difference between the consideration and the market price" as set forth in Article 35, Paragraph 1 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, which provides for the gift of profits arising from low-price acquisition, and the amount of income additionally recognized to the transferor as a result of the application of the denial of wrongful calculation provisions under the former Income Tax Act should, absent special circumstances, be the same amount. It can be seen that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue reflects this perspective—that the "market price" under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act and the "market price" under the Income Tax Act should, absent special circumstances, be identical—and thus its rationality can be sufficiently affirmed.
In addition to the above circumstances, it also appears that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue takes into account the fact that where the transferor is a corporation, it is relatively difficult to manipulate the transaction price and supporting documentation, and it is relatively easy to ascertain the actual transaction price through examination of books and other supporting documents, whereas where the transferor is an individual, it is relatively easy for the transacting parties to collude in manipulating the timing of transactions or fund transfers, or to create the appearance of contract cancellation and re-contracting, and it is difficult for the tax authority to uncover such circumstances.
D. Sub-conclusion
The Enforcement Decree provision at issue cannot be regarded as unconstitutional or unlawful and thus void. Therefore, the "market price" of the shares at issue should be deemed the amount obtained by adding the premium rate for the largest shareholder, etc. to the average of the daily closing prices published during the two months before and after the transfer date of the shares at issue, in accordance with the listed shares market price valuation provisions of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, which are applied mutatis mutandis by the Enforcement Decree provision at issue.
In the same vein, the court below's determination that the "market price" of the listed shares in this case applied by the Plaintiff at the time of the amended return was valid, based on the premise that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case is valid, is justified as being in accordance with the legal principles set forth above. There is no error therein, such as a mistake in the legal principles concerning "market price" as used in the provisions on denial of wrongful calculation of transactions under the Income Tax Act (소득세법) with respect to capital gains, as alleged in the grounds for appeal.
3. Determination on Grounds for Appeal Nos. 1 and 3
The court below determined that the Defendant's rejection of the request for correction was lawful, on the ground that the Plaintiff's transfer of the listed shares at issue in this case, which were linked to control over Chosun Refractories, at 65,500 won per share—significantly lower than the market-price valuation of 83,396 won per share (calculated by applying a premium rate to the average closing price for the two months before and after the transfer date)—constituted an abnormal transaction disregarding economic rationality.
Upon examination of the record in light of the relevant provisions and legal principles, this determination by the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, such as a mistake in the legal principles concerning economic rationality under the provisions on denial of wrongful calculation of transactions under the Income Tax Act with respect to capital gains, misapprehension of facts, or incomplete deliberation, as alleged in the grounds for appeal.
4. Conclusion
Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. It is so decided as set forth in the Order. Except for the dissenting opinion of Justices Kwon Sun-il, Park Sang-ok, Kim Jae-hyung, Ahn Cheol-sang, Lee Dong-won, and Noh Tae-ak, the opinions of the Justices participating in this decision are unanimous.
5. Dissenting Opinion of Justices Kwon Sun-il, Park Sang-ok, Kim Jae-hyung, Ahn Cheol-sang, Lee Dong-won, and Noh Tae-ak
The conclusion of this case hinges on whether the portion of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case—which, rather than directly prescribing in the former Income Tax Act (구 소득세법) the "market price" that serves as the standard for calculating transfer gains resulting from denial of wrongful calculation among the taxation requirements for capital gains tax on the transfer of listed shares, instead provides for the application of the market-price valuation provisions for listed shares under the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act (구 상속세 및 증여세법, hereinafter "former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act")—exceeds the scope of delegation under the parent statute and thereby violates the Constitution and statutes. We cannot agree with the majority opinion, which views the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case as lawful, in light of the limits on delegated legislation and the constitutional principles of statutory taxation (조세법률주의) and tax equality (조세평등주의).
A. Wrongful Calculation Concerning Capital Gains and the Issue in This Case
1) Provisions on Wrongful Calculation Concerning Capital Gains
A) The amount of capital gains is the amount obtained by deducting necessary expenses, etc. from the transfer value (Article 95, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act), and the transfer value of an asset is based on the amount actually transacted between the transferor and transferee at the time of transfer (hereinafter "actual transaction value") (Article 96, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act). As such, the actual transaction value that serves as the standard for calculating the transfer gain, which is the tax base for capital gains tax, does not mean the general market price reflecting objective exchange value, but rather the actual transaction amount itself or the amount actually agreed upon as consideration for performance at the time of the transaction (see Supreme Court Decision 97Nu6629, delivered February 9, 1999; Supreme Court Decision 2009Du19465, delivered February 10, 2011, etc.).
B) "Wrongful calculation" as prescribed in Article 101, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act concerning capital gains refers to a system whereby, when a resident, in a transaction with a person in a special relationship, has unjustly evaded or reduced tax burden by abusing, under the guise of one of the transaction types enumerated in each subparagraph of Article 167, Paragraph 3 of the Enforcement Decree of the former Income Tax Act, a method other than a reasonable method used by a normal economic actor, the taxing authority denies such calculation and deems that there exists capital gains that appear objectively reasonable according to the method prescribed by statute (see Supreme Court Decision 2016Du50686, delivered January 25, 2017, etc.), the legislative purpose of which is to realize equitable taxation by giving concrete effect to the substance-over-form principle (see Supreme Court Decision 95Nu13296, delivered February 14, 1997, etc.). At issue in this case is whether the transaction falls under "transfer of an asset to a person in a special relationship at a price lower than the market price" as prescribed in Article 167, Paragraph 3, Subparagraph 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the former Income Tax Act. However, the former Income Tax Act does not directly prescribe the "market price" in this context, and Article 101, Paragraph 5 of the former Income Tax Act concerning wrongful calculation (hereinafter "the parent statute provision at issue in this case") merely provides that "matters necessary for wrongful calculation shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree."
C) Accordingly, the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case provides that "in applying the provisions of Paragraph 3, the market price shall be based on the value assessed by applying mutatis mutandis Articles 60 through 64 of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act."
2) Provisions of the Former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act on Property Valuation
A) The Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act provides that property subject to inheritance tax or gift tax shall be valued based on the market price (시가) as of the date of commencement of inheritance or the date of gift (hereinafter "the valuation base date"), and defines "market price" as the value generally recognized as being ordinarily established when a transaction is freely conducted between unspecified persons (Article 60, Paragraph 1, First Sentence and Paragraph 2, First Sentence of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act).
B) However, the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act has two special provisions concerning the valuation of "listed shares." First, for listed shares, the average of the published closing prices for the two months before and after the valuation base date shall be deemed the "market price" [Article 60, Paragraph 1, Second Sentence, Article 63, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 1, Item (a) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act]. Second, for shares held by the largest shareholder, etc., the amount obtained by adding a premium of 20% or 30%, depending on the holding ratio, shall be deemed the "market price" (Article 63, Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act).
These provisions of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act are contrasted with the related provisions of the Corporate Tax Act (법인세법) as follows. That is, the former Corporate Tax Act, in Article 52, Paragraph 1, prescribes the system for denial of wrongful calculation, under which, where the act or calculation of income of a domestic corporation is deemed to have unjustly reduced the corporation's tax burden due to a transaction with a person in a special relationship, the taxing authority denies such calculation and calculates the corporation's income for each business year, and Paragraph 2 provides that "in applying this, the price that is applied or judged to be applied in a normal transaction between persons who are not in a special relationship, in accordance with sound social norms and commercial practice (hereinafter in this Article, 'market price')" shall be used as the standard. Regarding the "market price" in this context, Article 89, Paragraph 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the former Corporate Tax Act provides that, where listed shares are traded on the Korea Exchange, the "market price" of such shares shall be based on the closing price on the date of transaction.
3) The Issue in This Case and Prior Supreme Court Precedent
A) The issue in this case is whether the act of the Plaintiff, who is the largest shareholder, etc. of Chosun Refractories, and his elder brother, the non-party, in transacting the listed shares at issue in this case by setting the sale price based on the closing price, which is the final quoted price on the Korea Exchange on the day of sale, falls under "a case deemed to have unjustly reduced the tax burden on capital gains" as prescribed in Article 101, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act, and specifically, whether such act falls under "transfer of an asset at a price lower than the market price" as prescribed in Article 167, Paragraph 3, Subparagraph 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the former Income Tax Act.
B) However, applying Article 60, Paragraph 1, Second Sentence, Article 63, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 1, Items (a) and (b), and Article 63, Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, which are applied mutatis mutandis pursuant to the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case (hereinafter, these provisions, as applied mutatis mutandis and thereby becoming part of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case, are referred to as "the provisions applied mutatis mutandis at issue in this case"), leads to the conclusion that, in determining whether wrongful calculation applies to capital gains, the market price of listed shares being transferred must, absent special circumstances, be deemed the average of the daily published closing prices for the two months before and after the transfer date, calculated according to the valuation method under Article 63, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 1, Item (a) pursuant to Article 60, Paragraph 1, Second Sentence of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, and where the transfer of listed shares occurs between the largest shareholder, etc., the market price must be valued as the amount obtained by adding the premium rate under Article 63, Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act to the above average amount. The Supreme Court has previously ruled to this effect, on the premise that the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case is valid (see Supreme Court Decision 2008Du4770, delivered January 13, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2008Du9140, delivered January 13, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2009Du13061, delivered January 27, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2010Du4421, delivered January 27, 2011, etc.).
C) The court below, following the legal principles of the prior Supreme Court precedent, dismissed the Plaintiff's claim seeking revocation of the rejection disposition, determining that the Defendant's rejection of the request for correction, which applied the wrongful calculation provisions on capital gains under Article 101 of the former Income Tax Act, was lawful, on the grounds that the market price applied by the Plaintiff at the time of the amended return, pursuant to the provisions applied mutatis mutandis at issue in this case, was valid, and that the transfer of the listed shares at issue in this case could not be considered a normal transaction based on market price.
B. Determination on Whether the Enforcement Decree Provision at Issue in This Case Is Unconstitutional or Unlawful
1) On the Violation of the Principle of Statutory Taxation and the Departure from the Limits of Delegated Legislation
A) Legislative power belongs to the National Assembly (Article 40 of the Constitution), and the President may issue presidential decrees concerning matters delegated by law with the scope specifically defined therein, and matters necessary for the enforcement of laws (Article 75 of the Constitution). Accordingly, an enforcement decree of a statute may only prescribe matters delegated by the parent statute or detailed matters necessary for the actual enforcement of the statute within the scope prescribed by the statute, and may not, absent delegation by statute, alter or supplement the content concerning individual rights and obligations prescribed by statute, or prescribe new content not prescribed by statute (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 93Da37342, delivered January 24, 1995; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2005Du1237, delivered May 21, 2009, etc.).
In determining, with respect to a particular matter, the scope of delegation under the parent statute where the statute delegates to a subordinate statute, or whether the subordinate statute observes the limits of such delegation, one must comprehensively consider whether the content prescribed by the subordinate statute concerns an essential matter that the legislature must itself regulate through formal legislation, i.e., an area where the principle of legislative reservation (의회유보의 원칙) must be observed, the legislative purpose and content of the relevant statutory provision, the systematic structure of the provision, and its relationship with other provisions; and one must specifically examine whether, where the delegating provision itself clearly delimits the scope of delegation using terms whose meaning can be precisely ascertained, the subordinate statute exceeds the limits of that literal meaning; whether the content of the subordinate statute falls within a range where the general outline of the delegated content can be predicted from the parent statute itself; and whether the subordinate statute, by expanding or narrowing the scope beyond the meaning of the terms used in the delegating provision, can be evaluated as having gone beyond the stage of concretizing the delegated content and instead having enacted new legislation (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2011Du30878, delivered December 20, 2012; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2012Du23808, delivered August 20, 2015, etc.).
Meanwhile, Article 38 of the Constitution provides that "all citizens shall have the duty to pay taxes under the conditions as prescribed by law," and Article 59 provides that "the types and rates of taxes shall be determined by law," thereby adopting the principle of statutory taxation (조세법률주의). This principle of statutory taxation means that, in order to impose a tax obligation on citizens, the basic and essential matters concerning tax obligations, such as the types and rates of taxes, must be prescribed by statute enacted by the National Assembly, the representative body of the people, and that it is not permissible to prescribe basic and essential matters concerning tax obligations, such as taxation requirements, through administrative legislation such as orders or regulations, without delegation by statute. Therefore, prescribing matters concerning taxation requirements, etc. through administrative legislation such as orders or regulations without delegation by statute, or establishing interpretive provisions that arbitrarily analogize or expand the content prescribed by statute, violates the principle of statutory taxation (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 82Nu221, delivered November 23, 1982; Supreme Court en banc Decision 86Nu694, delivered September 22, 1987; Supreme Court en banc Decision 98Du11731, delivered March 16, 2000; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2006Du19693, delivered March 19, 2009; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2015Du45700, delivered April 20, 2017, etc.).
B) The Income Tax Act, while providing that in calculating the amount of capital gains subject to capital gains tax, the transfer value of an asset shall be based on the actual transaction value at the time of transfer of the asset (Article 96, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act), also provides, through the wrongful calculation system, that where such actual transaction value is deemed to have "unjustly reduced the tax burden on such income due to a transaction with a person in a special relationship" as prescribed in Article 101, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act, the tax authority may calculate the amount of income irrespective of the act or calculation of the transacting party. In light of the purpose of this wrongful calculation system, whether a transaction constitutes a low-price transfer subject to wrongful calculation must be determined based on whether the actual transaction value at the time of the transfer of the asset can be seen as a price that would have been, or was, formed in a normal transaction not involving a person in a special relationship. Supreme Court precedent has likewise consistently held that the "market price" prescribed as the standard for low-price transfers under Article 167, Paragraph 3 of the Enforcement Decree of the former Income Tax Act means the objective exchange price formed through a normal transaction (see Supreme Court Decision 2010Du8751, delivered September 30, 2010; Supreme Court Decision 2010Du28328, delivered June 14, 2012, etc.).
The Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case provides that "in applying the provisions of Article 167, Paragraph 3 of the Enforcement Decree of the former Income Tax Act, the market price shall be based on the value assessed by applying mutatis mutandis Articles 60 through 64 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act." This means that the "market price," which serves as the standard for low-price transfers subject to wrongful calculation under the Income Tax Act, shall be determined according to the valuation method for property subject to inheritance tax or gift tax under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act. However, the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act likewise provides that the valuation of property shall be based on the "market price" as of the valuation base date, i.e., the value generally recognized as ordinarily established when a transaction is freely conducted between unspecified persons (Article 60, Paragraph 1, First Sentence and Paragraph 2, First Sentence of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act), and the meaning of "market price" here does not differ from the meaning of "market price" prescribed in Article 167, Paragraph 3, Subparagraph 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the former Income Tax Act.
However, under the provisions applied mutatis mutandis at issue in this case, which form part of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case, unlike this concept of "market price," the value assessed according to a separate valuation method prescribed by the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act must be used as the statutorily deemed "market price" and serve as the standard for determining wrongful calculation under the Income Tax Act as well. That is, for listed shares, the average of the published closing prices for the two months before and after the valuation base date must be deemed the "market price," and for shares held by the largest shareholder, etc., the amount valued by adding a premium of 20% or 30%, depending on the holding ratio, is deemed the "market price."
The reason the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act established the provisions applied mutatis mutandis at issue in this case is, above all, to realize the purpose of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, namely fair taxation of inheritance tax and gift tax (Article 1 of the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act). Criticism has been raised that, even considering this purpose of fair taxation of inheritance tax and gift tax, this infringes upon the property rights guaranteed by the Constitution or violates the principle of tax equality. However, it must be considered that inheritance tax and gift tax have, in addition to the primary purpose of securing government revenue, the purpose of alleviating the hereditary transmission and concentration of wealth in order to promote economic equality among citizens (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 96Hun-Ga19, delivered December 24, 1997). Accordingly, the Constitutional Court has taken the position that, even though the principle is that the value of inherited or gifted property should be assessed as of the date of commencement of inheritance or the date of gift, since listed shares are subject to very large fluctuations in market price depending on trends in the securities market, it cannot be said to lack reasonableness to also take into account the market price before and after the valuation base date, and thus such provision does not violate the Constitution [see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2014Hun-Ba363, 364 (consolidated), delivered February 25, 2016]. Furthermore, the Constitutional Court, while acknowledging that even where property subject to inheritance tax or gift tax consists of shares held by the largest shareholder, etc., there may be cases where no separate value attributable to control over the company has formed depending on the company's financial structure, management conditions, etc., has nonetheless held that, considering that it is not easy for either the taxpayer or the tax authority to precisely demonstrate the value of the control premium embedded in a particular company's shares, the failure to adopt legislation specifically valuing and taxing such value cannot be deemed arbitrary legislation, and that, considering the difficulty of individually ascertaining cases where the transfer of listed shares does not involve the transfer of a control premium, adopting a uniform regulatory approach that treats such shares differently from shares held by other shareholders without recognizing exceptions cannot be deemed arbitrary or capricious legislation violating the Constitution (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2002Hun-Ba65, delivered January 30, 2003).
However, the Income Tax Act differs from the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act in that its purpose is to promote equity in tax burden by appropriately taxing individual income according to the nature of the income and the taxpayer's ability to pay, etc. (Article 1 of the Income Tax Act). That is, while the Income Tax Act classifies a resident's income into global income, retirement income, capital gains, etc., and among these, capital gains tax is prescribed with income arising from the paid transfer of assets as its tax base, the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act captures, as its tax source, the gratuitous transfer of property such as through inheritance or gift, and uses the assessed value of such property as its tax base. For this reason, the Income Tax Act has detailed provisions concerning the calculation of the amount of capital gains, which is a taxation requirement, such as providing that the transfer value of an asset shall be based on the actual transaction value between the transferor and transferee at the time of transfer (see Article 96 of the Income Tax Act, etc.), whereas the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act establishes a separate chapter concerning the valuation of inherited property and gifted property ("Chapter 4, Valuation of Property"), and therein, unlike the "market price" concept generally used, provides for certain cases prescribed by statute in which the value assessed according to a separately prescribed valuation method under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act shall be deemed the "market price" (see Article 60, Paragraph 1, Second Sentence, Paragraph 2, Second Sentence, and Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act). As such, because capital gains tax and inheritance tax/gift tax differ in the nature of the tax and the taxation requirements, the market-price provisions under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act should, in accordance with their purpose, be applied only to the valuation of inherited property and gifted property, and if applied to the calculation of the amount of capital gains under the Income Tax Act, this would result in imposing income tax on "income that has not accrued," raising concern that this would violate the principle of taxation according to ability to pay (응능부담의 원칙) and the principle of protection of taxpayers' property rights under the Income Tax Act.
C) In conclusion, it is correct to view the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case as having exceeded the constitutional limits of delegated legislation and therefore as null and void for violating the principle of statutory taxation. The reasons are as follows.
First, under the provisions applied mutatis mutandis at issue in this case, which form part of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case, the transfer value of the listed shares at issue in this case is to be deemed, not the actual transaction value prescribed in Article 95, Paragraph 1 of the former Income Tax Act, but rather the amount obtained by adding a 30% premium to the average of the published closing prices for the two months before and after the transfer date, pursuant to Article 63, Paragraph 3 of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act. This is clearly a taxation requirement, which is a basic and essential matter concerning the citizens' duty to pay taxes, and thus is a matter that the National Assembly must properly prescribe by statute in accordance with the principle of statutory taxation. It is precisely for this reason that the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act prescribes this by statute. It is also unusual, as in the case of the Enforcement Decree provision at issue in this case, for a subordinate statute to apply a higher statute mutatis mutandis. This may well be called an "escape into delegated legislation." The reason the Government did not submit a bill with such content is presumably out of concern that its constitutionality would be disputed during the legislative process, and even if enacted into law, it would be unable to avoid constitutional review by the Constitutional Court. Regulating, through administrative legislation, matters that the National Assembly must directly regulate by statute constitutes an infringement of legislative power, and it is the duty of the courts to correct this. If the courts fail to fulfill this duty, the freedom and property rights of citizens will be placed in jeopardy.
Second, the parent statute provision at issue in this case provides that "matters necessary for wrongful calculation shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree." This merely means that an executive order necessary for the enforcement of the statute may be issued, and cannot be construed as a provision comprehensively delegating to the Presidential Decree even the enactment of legal rules concerning taxation requirements such as transfer value or transfer margin (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 94Jaeda260, delivered April 25, 1995; Supreme Court en banc Decision 98Du11731, delivered March 16, 2000, etc.). To interpret otherwise would constitute an interpretation that arbitrarily analogizes or expands the content prescribed by statute, thereby violating the principle of statutory taxation. In this case, the intent is that the transfer value of the listed shares at issue in this case should be deemed, not the actual transaction value, but the amount obtained by adding a 30% premium to the average of the published closing prices for the two months before and after the transfer date—a figure difficult to predict at the time of transfer—and that whether the transaction constitutes a low-price transfer should be determined based on this deemed value; however, this cannot be regarded as "matters necessary for wrongful calculation."
2) On the Violation of Higher-Level Statutes
A) Article 11, Paragraph 1 of the Constitution declares the principle of equality, namely that all citizens are equal before the law, and that no one shall be discriminated against in any area of life without reasonable grounds. The principle of tax equality (조세평등주의) is the embodiment of this principle of equality in the field of tax law, requiring that the imposition and collection of taxes be conducted fairly and equally in accordance with the taxpayer's ability to pay, and prohibiting the unfavorable discrimination against, or preferential treatment of, particular taxpayers without reasonable grounds (see Supreme Court Decision 2003Du1165, delivered October 27, 2004). Furthermore, Article 18, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Act on National Taxes (국세기본법) provides that "in interpreting and applying tax statutes, care shall be taken so that the property rights of taxpayers are not unjustly infringed upon, in light of equity in taxation and the reasonable purpose of the relevant provision," thereby prescribing the principle of tax equality and the principle of protection of taxpayers' property rights (see Supreme Court Decision 2010Du3138, delivered December 29, 2016).
B) In light of these principles, we examine whether the provisions applied mutatis mutandis at issue in this case violate higher-level statutes.
First, according to the provision applied mutatis mutandis in this case, where the transferred asset is listed stock, its "market value" must be determined not by the closing price on the date of transfer, but by the average of the closing prices published during the two months before and the two months after the date of transfer. This not only violates Article 96(1) of the former Income Tax Act (구 소득세법), which provides that the transfer value of an asset must be based on the time of transfer, but also contravenes the principle that the point in time for determining whether a transaction is subject to the wrongful calculation provisions under Article 101(1) of the former Income Tax Act is the time of the transaction (see Supreme Court Decision 88Nu5273, delivered June 13, 1989; Supreme Court Decision 97Nu15821, delivered January 29, 1999; Supreme Court Decision 99Du1731, delivered June 15, 2001; Supreme Court Decision 2007Du14978, delivered May 13, 2010, among others). In consideration of this point, as noted earlier, Article 89(1) of the former Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act (구 법인세법 시행령) likewise provides that, where listed stock is traded on the Korea Exchange, the market value of such stock shall be based on the closing price on the date of the transaction. Although the Income Tax Act (소득세법) and the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act (상속세 및 증여세법, "상증세법") differ in their legislative purposes and taxation requirements, this result arises because the provisions on the valuation of inherited property and gifted property under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act were applied mutatis mutandis, without statutory basis, to the calculation of transfer income through the enforcement decree provision at issue in this case, without regard to the purpose for which those provisions were enacted under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act.
Second, let us examine the premium rate provision, among the provisions applied mutatis mutandis in this case, concerning the valuation of stock held by the largest shareholder, etc. As already discussed, even in the case of stock held by the largest shareholder, etc. of a listed company, depending on the company's financial structure, management conditions, and the like, there may be cases where no separate value has been formed with respect to control of the company, or cases where the transfer of the listed stock in question does not involve the transfer of a so-called "management control premium." Nevertheless, uniformly deeming the value assessed by applying the aforementioned premium in all such cases to be the "market value" and thereby deeming a transfer gain to exist contravenes the purpose of the wrongful calculation system under the Income Tax Act. Furthermore, this discriminates against a specific class of taxpayers to their disadvantage without reasonable grounds, and unjustly infringes upon their property rights, and thus must be found to violate the constitutional principle of tax equality and Article 18(1) of the Framework Act on National Taxes (국세기본법) (see Supreme Court Decision 92Nu4048, delivered July 14, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 97Nu20366, delivered June 23, 1998; Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2002Hunba65, delivered January 30, 2003, among others).
3) We now examine whether there would be any difficulty in applying the wrongful calculation provisions if the provision applied mutatis mutandis in this case were excluded from the enforcement decree provision at issue.
Wrongful calculation may be applied when a certain transaction between persons in a special relationship cannot, in light of social norms or customary practice, be regarded as a normal transaction that a rational economic actor would undertake, and is thus found to have unjustly reduced the tax burden (see Supreme Court Decision 91Nu7637, delivered January 21, 1992). The Supreme Court has consistently held that the "market value," which serves as the standard for determining low-price transfers subject to wrongful calculation, in principle means the objective exchange value formed through normal transactions, but that this concept also includes value assessed by an objective and reasonable method; this includes the price formed in a normal transaction between a business operator and a person not in a special relationship, or the price generally traded between third parties, and where there is no such transaction precedent, a price calculated by taking into account all relevant circumstances (see Supreme Court Decision 99Du1731, delivered June 15, 2001; Supreme Court Decision 2007Du7505, delivered September 24, 2009, among others), or the appraised value by a reliable appraisal institution (see Supreme Court Decision 2010Du28328, delivered June 14, 2012, among others), is also included therein.
Under this body of case law, where listed stock held by the largest shareholder, etc. of a listed company is transferred, if there are special circumstances such that the listed stock is related to management control or controlling interest in the relevant corporation, or that a management control or controlling interest premium was transferred together with the stock, the closing price on the date of transaction cannot be regarded as reflecting the objective exchange value in a case involving the transfer of only the shares of that company, and thus cannot be regarded as the market value of the transferred listed stock. In such a case, the tax authority may levy tax by treating as the market value the price formed in a normal transaction between persons not in a special relationship with respect to the relevant listed stock, or the price generally traded between third parties, and where there is no such transaction precedent, may recognize as the market value the appraised value by a reliable appraisal institution or an amount assessed by an objective and reasonable method taking into account all relevant circumstances, and may conduct wrongful calculation accordingly. The burden of proving such special circumstances and the market value rests with the tax authority.
4) Sub-conclusion
a) As examined above, the portion of the enforcement decree provision at issue in this case that applies mutatis mutandis the provisions on the valuation of property under the Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act to the calculation of transfer gains, which constitute the taxation requirement for capital gains tax arising from the transfer of listed stock, violates the limits on delegated legislation set forth in Articles 40 and 75 of the Constitution, and the principle of no taxation without law set forth in Articles 38 and 59 of the Constitution; it also violates the principle of tax equality and the principle of guaranteeing taxpayers' property rights set forth in Article 11(1) of the Constitution and Article 18(1) of the Framework Act on National Taxes; and it also violates the provisions of Article 96(1), etc. of the former Income Tax Act, which is the parent statute. Accordingly, this provision must ultimately be deemed invalid.
To summarize: the portion of the enforcement decree provision at issue in this case that applies mutatis mutandis the second sentence of Article 60(1) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act—that is, the part stating "in this case, the value assessed by the valuation method prescribed in Article 63(1)(1)(a) and (b) shall be deemed the market value"—and the portion applying mutatis mutandis "the provision requiring Article 63(3) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act to be applied when applying Article 60(2) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act" among the provisions of Article 63(3) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, are invalid.
b) On the other hand, Supreme Court Decision 2008Du4770, delivered January 13, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2008Du9140, delivered January 13, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2009Du13061, delivered January 27, 2011; Supreme Court Decision 2010Du4421, delivered January 27, 2011, among others, held—on the premise that the portion of the enforcement decree provision at issue applying mutatis mutandis the second sentence of Article 60(1) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act is valid—that, in determining whether a transfer of listed stock is subject to wrongful calculation for transfer income, the market value of the listed stock being transferred is deemed, absent special circumstances, to be only the average of the daily closing prices published during the two months before and the two months after the date of transfer, calculated pursuant to the valuation method under Article 63(1)(1)(a) in accordance with the second sentence of Article 60(1) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act, and that, where the stock being transferred is held by the largest shareholder, etc., the market value is the amount obtained by adding the premium rate under Article 63(3) of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act to the above average amount; these precedents must be overruled to the extent they conflict with the view set forth above.
C. Propriety of the Judgment Below
In light of the foregoing legal principles, we examine the judgment of the court below.
The court below determined that, since the sale of the listed stock in this case was not a transaction between unspecified multiple parties but a transaction agreed upon between the two parties, even if the transaction price was set at the closing price on the date of the transaction, this cannot be regarded as a normal transaction based on the "market value"; that, since the parties to the transaction were the largest shareholder, etc. of Chosun Refractories (조선내화), an amount not including the 30% largest shareholder premium cannot be deemed the "market value" applicable to the Plaintiff; and that the tax authority need only prove that there is a difference between the transfer price and the "market value," while the taxpayer bears the burden of proving the special circumstances under which the transfer price should be regarded as the "market value."
However, in this case, there is no assertion or proof whatsoever regarding special circumstances such as that the listed stock transferred by the Plaintiff to the non-party, a person in a special relationship with the Plaintiff, was related to management control or controlling interest in Chosun Refractories, or that a management control premium was transferred together with the stock. Accordingly, the "market value" of the listed stock in this case should, in principle, be regarded as the closing price on the date of transfer. Moreover, the burden of proving such special circumstances must be held to rest with the tax authority.
Nevertheless, the court below erroneously concluded that the enforcement decree provision at issue in this case is valid, and, on the mistaken premise that the "market value" of the listed stock in this case is the amount obtained by applying the listed stock market value assessment provision of the former Inheritance Tax and Gift Tax Act—that is, the average of the daily closing prices published during the two months before and the two months after the date of transfer of the listed stock in this case, plus the largest shareholder, etc. premium rate—determined that the Defendant's disposition rejecting the request for correction was lawful, and rejected the Plaintiff's arguments to the contrary.
The judgment of the court below contains an error affecting the judgment, arising from a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the "market value" referred to in the wrongful calculation provisions on transfer income under the Income Tax Act, and of the legal principles concerning the validity of the enforcement decree provision at issue in this case. The Plaintiff's argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out is well-founded. Therefore, the judgment of the court below should be reversed, and this portion of the case should be remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination.
D. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we express this dissenting opinion.
Chief Justice Kim Myeong-su (Presiding Justice), Justice Kwon Soon-il (Justice in charge), Justice Park Sang-ok, Justice Lee Ki-taek, Justice Kim Jae-hyung, Justice Park Jung-hwa, Justice Ahn Cheol-sang, Justice Min Yu-sook, Justice Kim Sun-soo, Justice Lee Dong-won, Justice Noh Jeong-hee, Justice Kim Sang-hwan, Justice Noh Tae-ak