Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2019두40345

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Remedy for Unfair Disciplinary Action (부당징계구제재심판정취소)부당징계구제재심판정취소

Decided2020. 10. 15. Court대법원Worker (Union) Won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The Railway Workers' Union conducted a strike after holding a member vote on whether to strike (찬반투표) before the mediation procedure (조정절차) had concluded. The Supreme Court ruled that merely conducting the strike vote before the mediation procedure was completed does not, by itself, invalidate the legitimacy of the strike (쟁의행위). The Court based this on the union's right to self-governance and the absence of any legal restriction on the timing of the strike vote, and ultimately found that some of the disciplinary actions imposed on union members were excessive, granting relief for unfair disciplinary action (부당징계구제).

Key takeaways
  • CaseThe Railway Workers' Union held a member vote on whether to strike before the mediation procedure was completed and then went on strike, leading the company to impose disciplinary action against participating workers.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that conducting the strike vote before the mediation procedure concluded did not, by itself, invalidate the strike's legitimacy, and found the disciplinary actions unjust.
  • LessonLabor unions may conduct a strike vote even while the mediation procedure is still ongoing, and doing so alone does not cause the strike to lose its legal legitimacy.
Issues
  • Whether the timing of the strike vote (쟁의행위 찬반투표) affects the legitimacy of a strike
  • Whether violation of the mandatory mediation principle (조정전치주의) affects the legitimacy of a strike
  • Whether the disciplinary actions imposed on strike participants were appropriate and proportionate
Key reasoning

Article 41 of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합법) only regulates the procedure for the strike vote and does not restrict when it must be held. The mandatory mediation requirement (조정전치주의) exists to provide an opportunity for pre-dispute mediation, not to prohibit the strike itself. Therefore, holding the member vote before the mediation procedure was formally completed does not, on its own, strip the strike of its legal legitimacy. Based on this reasoning, the Court concluded that the disciplinary measures taken against the striking workers were, at least in part, disproportionately severe.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Article 41(1) of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법, hereinafter the “Trade Union Act”), which requires that a trade union, in conducting industrial action, go through the procedure of obtaining a majority vote of approval by direct, secret, and unsigned ballot of its members, is a provision established in order to promote the independent and democratic operation of the trade union and, at the same time, to ensure greater prudence in the union's decision-making concerning the commencement of industrial action, so that workers who participate in the industrial action will not later suffer any disadvantage in connection with the question of whether the industrial action was justified. Therefore, industrial action conducted in violation of the above procedure loses its justification, unless there exist objective circumstances that made it impossible to comply with that procedure.

However, the mere fact that the members' vote of approval or disapproval concerning the industrial action was conducted without going through the mediation procedure of the Labor Relations Commission as prescribed in Article 45 of the Trade Union Act is insufficient, by itself, to conclude that the industrial action thereby loses its justification.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,325 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Korea Railroad Corporation (Legal Representative: Sejong LLC, Attorney Cho Yong-jun and 1 other)
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenors for the Defendant] As listed in the attached list of Intervenors for the Defendant. (Legal Representative: Yeoneun Law Firm, Attorney Woo Ji-yeon and 10 others)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2017Nu71958 rendered on April 10, 2019

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal, including those arising from the intervention, shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning] The grounds of appeal are examined.
1. First Ground of Appeal
The court below determined that it was clear that wage issues, such as the 2013 wage negotiations, were one of the main purposes of the second strike, and that although there were circumstances suggesting that pending issues such as the withdrawal of disciplinary actions, damages claims, and provisional attachments against members of the Railway Workers' Union, and opposition to rotational transfers and single-person crewing, were included in the purpose of the second strike, it could not be found that the second strike would not have occurred if these had been excluded; therefore, the legitimacy of the purpose of the second strike could not be denied.
Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the record, there is no error in the court below's determination as alleged in the grounds of appeal, such as a misunderstanding of the legal principles regarding the legitimacy of the purpose of industrial action.

2. Second Ground of Appeal
A. Whether the Second Strike Was Conducted Without a Member Vote
The court below determined that, considering the entire process from the Railway Workers' Union's proposal of the 2013 wage agreement, through the member vote and the second strike, to the conclusion of the wage agreement, a labor dispute had already arisen between the Plaintiff and the Railway Workers' Union due to disagreement over the 2013 wage negotiations at the time of the member vote, and that one of the main purposes of the second strike was also the 2013 wage negotiations; therefore, it was reasonable to view that a member vote had been held with respect to the second strike.
Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the record, there is no error in the court below's determination as alleged in the grounds of appeal, such as a misunderstanding of the legal principles regarding the procedures for industrial action.

B. Whether There Was an Error Regarding the Timing of the Vote
1) Article 41(1) of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법, hereinafter the “Trade Union Act”), which requires that when a labor union engages in industrial action, it must go through the procedure of obtaining a majority approval by direct, secret, and unsigned voting of union members, was established to promote the autonomous and democratic operation of labor unions, and also to ensure greater prudence in the union's decision-making regarding the commencement of industrial action, so that workers who participate in the industrial action do not later suffer any disadvantage in relation to the legitimacy of that industrial action. Therefore, industrial action conducted in violation of this procedure loses its legitimacy unless there are objective circumstances recognized as making it impossible to follow the procedure (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 99Do4837, decided October 25, 2001, etc.).
However, the mere fact that a member vote on industrial action was conducted without going through the mediation procedure of the Labor Relations Commission as provided in Article 45 of the Trade Union Act is insufficient to find that the legitimacy of the industrial action is lost. The reasons are as follows.
A) The Trade Union Act merely restricts industrial action to being conducted after a member vote (Article 41(1)), but does not contain any provision restricting the timing of the member vote on industrial action. A labor union is an organization that workers themselves autonomously form in solidarity against the State and employers in order to "maintain and improve working conditions and otherwise enhance the economic and social status of workers," and thus must be guaranteed autonomy from the State, employers, and others (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2013Hun-Ma671, 2014Hun-Ga21 (consolidated), decided May 28, 2015, etc.). Accordingly, unless there are circumstances such as the timing of the member vote on industrial action being restricted by law, it is consistent with the purpose of the constitutional guarantee of the three labor rights for the labor union to determine the timing autonomously.
B) The purpose of Article 45 of the Trade Union Act, which provides for prior mediation as a precondition to industrial action, is to provide an opportunity to avoid the occurrence of industrial action by mediating disputes in advance, not to prohibit industrial action itself. Therefore, industrial action does not unconditionally lack legitimacy merely because it did not go through the procedure required under the prior mediation provisions (see Supreme Court Decision 99Do4812, decided October 13, 2000, etc.). In light of the content and purpose of Article 45 of the Trade Union Act, the legitimacy of industrial action should not be judged based on whether the labor dispute mediation procedure had been completed at the time of the member vote on the industrial action.
2) In the same vein, the court below determined that the mere fact that the member vote, conducted after the labor dispute had arisen, took place before the mediation procedure of the National Labor Relations Commission had concluded, was insufficient to deny the legitimacy of the second strike. There is no error in the court below's determination as alleged in the grounds of appeal, such as a misunderstanding of the legal principles regarding the procedural legitimacy of industrial action.
The Supreme Court decision cited by the Plaintiff in this part of the grounds of appeal concerns a case in which the member vote was conducted before a labor dispute had arisen, and is therefore not appropriately invoked in this case, where the facts differ.

3. Third Ground of Appeal
The court below determined that the disciplinary ground of "joint assault on the head of the Susaek Vehicle Business Office" against Intervenor for the Defendant (hereinafter "Intervenor") No. 36 was not unlawful because it did not violate social norms, or that there was no evidence establishing the responsibility of the said Intervenor; and that the disciplinary ground of "unauthorized occupation of the Seoul Headquarters Director's office" against Intervenor No. 4 was difficult to evaluate as infringing on the Plaintiff's facility management rights or disturbing organizational order, and on these and other grounds, determined that neither constituted a legitimate ground for disciplinary action. As for Intervenor No. 17, the court below determined that, although some of the disciplinary grounds as set forth in the judgment below were recognized, the imposition of dismissal, the most severe disciplinary measure, was an excessive disciplinary action out of proportion to the degree of the misconduct constituting the grounds for discipline, thereby violating the principle of proportionality or equity.
Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the record, there is no error in the court below's determination as alleged in the grounds of appeal, such as a misunderstanding of the legal principles regarding grounds for discipline and the appropriateness of disciplinary measures, or a violation of the rules of logic and experience exceeding the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence.

4. Conclusion
Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal, including those arising from the intervention, are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, with the unanimous consent of the participating Justices.

[Attachment] List of Intervenors for the Defendant: Omitted

Justice Park Sang-ok (Presiding Justice), Ahn Cheol-sang, Noh Jeong-hee (Justice in Charge), Kim Sang-hwan

【판결요지】

노동조합이 쟁의행위를 할 때에 조합원의 직접·비밀·무기명투표에 의한 과반수의 찬성결정이라는 절차를 거치도록 한 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법(이하 ‘노동조합법’이라 한다) 제41조 제1항은 노동조합의 자주적이고 민주적인 운영을 도모함과 아울러 쟁의행위에 참가한 근로자들이 사후에 쟁의행위의 정당성 유무와 관련하여 어떠한 불이익을 당하지 않도록 그 개시에 관한 조합의사의 결정에 보다 신중을 기하기 위하여 마련된 규정이므로 위의 절차를 위반한 쟁의행위는 그 절차를 따를 수 없는 객관적인 사정이 인정되지 않는 한 정당성이 상실된다.

하지만 쟁의행위에 대한 조합원 찬반투표가 노동조합법 제45조가 정한 노동위원회의 조정절차를 거치지 않고 실시되었다는 사정만으로는 그 쟁의행위의 정당성이 상실된다고 보기 어렵다.

【참조조문】

노동조합 및 노동관계조정법 제41조 제1항, 제45조

【참조판례】

대법원 2001. 10. 25. 선고 99도4837 전원합의체 판결(공2001하, 2624)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,968자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 한국철도공사 (소송대리인 법무법인(유한) 세종 담당변호사 조용준 외 1인)

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고 보조참가인】 별지 피고 보조참가인 명단 기재와 같다. (소송대리인 법무법인 여는 담당변호사 우지연 외 10인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2019. 4. 10. 선고 2017누71958 판결

【주문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 보조참가로 인한 부분을 포함하여 원고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 상고이유 제1점

원심은 2013년 임금협상 등 임금안건이 2차 파업의 주된 목적의 하나임이 분명하고, 철도노조 조합원들에 대한 징계·손해배상·가압류의 철회, 순환전보와 1인 승무 반대 등과 같은 현안사항이 2차 파업의 목적에 포함된다고 볼 만한 사정은 있으나, 이를 제외하였다면 2차 파업에 이르지 않았을 것으로 인정되지 아니하므로, 2차 파업 목적의 정당성을 부정할 수 없다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 쟁의행위의 목적의 정당성에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점

가. 2차 파업이 조합원 찬반투표를 거치지 않고 실시되었는지 여부

원심은, 철도노조의 2013년 임금협약안 제안부터 조합원 찬반투표와 2차 파업을 거쳐 임금협약이 체결되는 일련의 과정을 종합하면, 조합원 찬반투표 당시 이미 2013년 임금협상에 관하여 원고와 철도노조 사이의 의견 불일치로 노동쟁의가 발생한 상태였고, 2차 파업의 주된 목적의 하나도 2013년 임금협상이었으므로, 2차 파업에 관하여 조합원 찬반투표가 있었다고 봄이 타당하다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 쟁의행위의 절차에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

나. 찬반투표 실시시기에 잘못이 있는지 여부

1) 노동조합이 쟁의행위를 할 때에 조합원의 직접·비밀·무기명투표에 의한 과반수의 찬성결정이라는 절차를 거치도록 한 노동조합 및 노동관계조정법(이하 ‘노동조합법’이라 한다) 제41조 제1항은 노동조합의 자주적이고 민주적인 운영을 도모함과 아울러 쟁의행위에 참가한 근로자들이 사후에 그 쟁의행위의 정당성 유무와 관련하여 어떠한 불이익을 당하지 않도록 그 개시에 관한 조합의사의 결정에 보다 신중을 기하기 위하여 마련된 규정이므로 위의 절차를 위반한 쟁의행위는 그 절차를 따를 수 없는 객관적인 사정이 인정되지 않는 한 정당성이 상실된다(대법원 2001. 10. 25. 선고 99도4837 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

하지만 쟁의행위에 대한 조합원 찬반투표가 노동조합법 제45조가 정한 노동위원회의 조정절차를 거치지 않고 실시되었다는 사정만으로는 그 쟁의행위의 정당성이 상실된다고 보기 어렵다. 그 이유는 다음과 같다.

가) 노동조합법은 조합원의 찬반투표를 거쳐 쟁의행위를 하도록 제한하고 있을 뿐(제41조 제1항) 쟁의행위에 대한 조합원 찬반투표의 실시시기를 제한하는 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 노동조합은 근로자들이 스스로 ‘근로조건의 유지·개선 기타 근로자의 경제적·사회적 지위 향상’을 위하여 국가와 사용자에 대항하여 자주적으로 단결한 조직이어서 국가나 사용자 등으로부터 자주성을 보장받아야 하므로[헌법재판소 2015. 5. 28. 선고 2013헌마671, 2014헌가21(병합) 전원재판부 결정 등 참조], 쟁의행위에 대한 조합원 찬반투표의 실시시기도 법률로써 제한되어 있다는 등의 사정이 없는 한 노동조합이 자주적으로 결정하는 것이 헌법상 노동3권 보장의 취지에 부합한다.

나) 쟁의행위에 대한 조정전치를 정하고 있는 노동조합법 제45조의 규정 취지는 분쟁을 사전 조정하여 쟁의행위 발생을 회피하는 기회를 주려는 데에 있는 것이지 쟁의행위 자체를 금지하려는 데에 있는 것이 아니므로, 쟁의행위가 조정전치의 규정에 따른 절차를 거치지 않았더라도 무조건 정당성을 결여한 쟁의행위가 되는 것은 아니다(대법원 2000. 10. 13. 선고 99도4812 판결 등 참조). 이러한 노동조합법 제45조의 규정 내용과 취지에 비추어 보아도, 쟁의행위에 대한 조합원 찬반투표 당시 노동쟁의 조정절차를 거쳤는지 여부를 기준으로 쟁의행위의 정당성을 판단할 것은 아니다.

2) 원심은 같은 취지에서 노동쟁의 상태에 이른 이후에 이루어진 조합원 찬반투표가 중앙노동위원회의 조정절차가 끝나기 전에 실시되었다는 사정만으로는 2차 파업의 정당성을 부정할 수 없다고 판단하였다. 이러한 원심의 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 쟁의행위의 절차적 정당성에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

원고가 이 부분 상고이유에서 들고 있는 대법원판결은 노동쟁의에 이르지 않은 상태에서 찬반투표를 실시한 경우에 관한 것이어서, 사안이 다른 이 사건에 원용하기에 적절하지 않다.

3. 상고이유 제3점

원심은 피고 보조참가인(이하 ‘참가인’이라 한다) 36의 ‘수색차량 사업소장 공동폭행’ 징계사유에 대해 사회상규에 위배되지 않아 위법하지 않거나 위 참가인에게 책임이 있다는 증거가 없다는 이유로, 참가인 4의 ‘서울본부장실 무단점거’ 징계사유에 대해 원고의 시설관리권을 침해하거나 조직질서를 문란하게 한 것으로 평가하기 어렵다는 등의 이유로 각각 정당한 징계사유가 아니라고 판단하고, 참가인 17에 대하여는 원심 판시와 같은 일부 징계사유가 인정되나 가장 중한 파면의 징계를 한 것은 징계사유로 삼은 비행의 정도에 비하여 균형을 잃은 과중한 징계로서 비례의 원칙에 반하거나 형평에 반한다고 판단하였다.

원심판결 이유를 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 징계사유 및 징계양정에 관한 법리를 오해하거나 논리와 경험의 법칙을 위반하여 자유심증주의의 한계를 벗어나는 등의 잘못이 없다.

4. 결론

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 보조참가로 인한 부분을 포함하여 패소자가 부담하도록 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

[별 지] 피고 보조참가인 명단: 생략

대법관 박상옥(재판장) 안철상 노정희(주심) 김상환

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부당해고등구제재심판정취소
#4
2006누27238 · 서울고등법원 2007-06-01
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme
#5
99두5740 · 대법원 1999-09-17
부당노동행위등구제재심판정취소

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