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대법원 2018다237442

Action to Confirm Invalidity of Pastor's Dismissal Resolution해임결의무효확인

Decided2019. 05. 16. Court대법원The plaintiff (the pastor) won.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

Church members passed a resolution at a special congregational meeting to dismiss their pastor. The Supreme Court held that under the denomination's constitution (헌법), the authority to dismiss a pastor belongs exclusively to the Presbytery (노회), and dismissal must follow formal judicial/disciplinary procedures. Since the local church had voluntarily joined the denomination and accepted its constitution as binding internal rules, the congregation's resolution violated this framework and was therefore invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: Church members passed a resolution at a special congregational meeting to dismiss their pastor.
  • OutcomeResult: The Court ruled the dismissal resolution invalid because, under the denomination's constitution, only the Presbytery (노회) has authority to dismiss a pastor, and this must be done through formal judicial procedures.
  • LessonLesson: A church affiliated with a denomination must follow the denomination's constitutional procedures and cannot dismiss a pastor through an informal congregational vote.
Issues
  • Validity of a pastor's dismissal resolution passed in violation of the denomination's constitution
  • Conflict between the religious autonomy of a local church and that of its overseeing denomination
  • Binding force of the denomination's constitutional enforcement rules on affiliated local churches
  • Whether restricting pastor dismissal to formal judicial procedures infringes on the essence of religious freedom
Key reasoning

Under the denomination's constitution, the dismissal of a pastor is a matter reserved to the Presbytery (노회) and must go through a formal disciplinary/judicial process, not a simple congregational vote. Because the local church had voluntarily affiliated with the denomination and adopted its constitution as its own governing rules (자치규범), the church remained bound by these provisions. The congregation's resolution at the special meeting bypassed the required procedure and thus exceeded the members' authority, rendering the resolution void. The Court further held that requiring dismissal to proceed only through the Presbytery's judicial process does not infringe upon the church's core religious freedom (종교적 자유의 본질), since the local church had freely chosen to be bound by the denomination's internal governance structure.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,310 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Plaintiff (Attorney: Law Firm (LLC) Dongin, Attorneys Lee Jong-chang and 1 other, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellant] The Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap) ○○○○ Church (Attorney: Attorney Jeong Chi-gyun, Counsel for the Defendant)
[Judgment Below] Daegu High Court Judgment of April 26, 2018, Case No. 2016Na26342

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary appellate brief submitted after the expiration of the period for submission of the grounds of appeal, to the extent it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.

1. As to the First Ground of Appeal

According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, it can be recognized that the members of the Defendant church held an extraordinary joint congregational meeting and adopted a resolution dismissing the Plaintiff, who was the installed pastor (委任牧師). It is recognized that Article 35, Paragraph 2 of Part 2 (Polity) of the Constitution of the denomination to which the Defendant belongs (hereinafter “the denomination in this case”) provides that a church shall propose to the presbytery (老會) a recommendation for voluntary resignation from office, and the presbytery shall recommend such resignation, and the matter shall be handled once the party concerned submits a letter of resignation; that Article 4, Paragraph 1, Article 5, Paragraph 1, Item 7, and Article 6, Paragraph 2 of Part 3 (Discipline) of the denomination’s Constitution provide that every member (officer) has the right to a trial and to defend himself, and shall not be disciplined without a trial, and that removal from office (免職), which deprives an officer of his status, is one of the types of punishment imposed through disciplinary proceedings; and that Article 26, Paragraph 7 of the Enforcement Regulations of the Constitution (憲法施行規程) provides that pastors, elders, deacons, and deaconesses may not be forced to resign by a vote of confidence.

The court below, comprehensively considering the contents of the denomination’s Constitution and its Enforcement Regulations, determined for the reasons stated in its judgment that the authority to recommend voluntary resignation to a pastor lies with the presbytery, and that if a pastor does not submit a letter of resignation to the presbytery, only disciplinary punishment such as removal from office, as prescribed by the denomination’s Constitution, may be imposed through trial procedures; therefore, the Defendant’s joint congregational meeting’s resolution to dismiss the Plaintiff as pastor, which was made without going through trial procedures, not only violates the above constitutional provisions but also constitutes resignation by a vote of confidence, which is prohibited under Article 26, Paragraph 7 of the Enforcement Regulations of the Constitution, and is therefore invalid.

There is no error in the judgment below, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in the interpretation of the denomination’s Constitution.

2. As to the Second Ground of Appeal

The court below determined, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that as the Defendant joined this denomination, it accepted the Constitution and Enforcement Regulations established by the denomination as its own autonomous rules (自治規範); that the Enforcement Regulations of the Constitution were established, pursuant to Article 4 of the Addenda to the denomination’s Constitution, within the scope of delegation in order to supplement the Constitution, and cannot be seen as violating constitutional provisions such as Article 77, Paragraph 5 of Part 2 (Polity) of the Constitution, and are therefore valid; accordingly, the Defendant is bound by the said Enforcement Regulations of the Constitution.

There is no error in the judgment below, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, in misunderstanding the effect of the Enforcement Regulations of the Constitution.

3. As to the Third Ground of Appeal

A. Where a Protestant church that has the substance of an unincorporated association (法人 아닌 社團) is incorporated as a local church (地敎會) affiliated with a specific denomination, organizes its decision-making bodies in accordance with the denomination’s Constitution, and accepts a pastor dispatched by the denomination as the representative of the local church, then, although there may be differences depending on the polity of the denomination, in principle the local church is, in principle, an unincorporated association independent of the denomination to which it belongs, and the denomination is nothing more than a superior body of the local church in terms of internal religious relations. However, where a local church has not established its own bylaws, or even where it has established bylaws, it may accept the Constitution established by the denomination as an autonomous rule equivalent to its own bylaws; in such a case, the local church is bound by the denomination’s Constitution only to the extent that doing so does not infringe upon the independence of the local church or the essential nature of religious freedom (see, e.g., Supreme Court en banc Decision 2004Da37775, decided April 20, 2006).

A specific denomination to which each local church belongs exists for the purpose of maintaining the denomination’s own distinctive characteristics, such as the content of its doctrine, and the religious order within the denomination. To achieve this purpose of existence, the denomination, as necessary, performs functions such as enacting, amending, and interpreting the denomination’s Constitution, handling various disputes within the denomination, including administrative disputes, establishing qualification requirements for pastors and other clergy, and supervising and directing its affiliated local churches. The necessity of guaranteeing the autonomy of religious organizations applies equally not only to local churches but also to the denomination, which is the superior body of the local church; therefore, the religious autonomy of both religious organizations must be guaranteed. However, in certain cases, the religious autonomy of a local church and that of the denomination may conflict with each other, and in such a case, the autonomy of the local church is inevitably subject to certain restrictions in light of the denomination’s purpose of existence (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2013Da78990, decided December 11, 2014).

B. The Defendant argues that the Constitution and Enforcement Regulations, which prohibit the dismissal of a pastor by the members of the church, infringe upon the independence of the local church or the essential nature of religious freedom, and therefore should not be recognized as binding upon the Defendant.

However, according to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, it is recognized that: Article 35, Paragraph 2 of Part 2 (Polity) of the denomination’s Constitution provides that where a church proposes to the presbytery a recommendation for voluntary resignation, the presbytery shall recommend such resignation; Part 3 of the denomination’s Constitution recognizes a certain authority of the church over whether a pastor continues to serve, by allowing disciplinary punishments such as suspension of duties, dismissal from duties, suspension from office, and removal from office to be imposed on a pastor through disciplinary proceedings initiated by complaint or accusation; under Articles 28 and 29, etc. of Part 2 (Polity) of the denomination’s Constitution, the ordination of a pastor is accomplished through a call by the church and approval of the call by the presbytery, and it appears that restricting the procedure for a pastor’s dismissal to trial in accordance with the denomination’s Constitution, rather than to a resolution of the church members, serves to guarantee the status of a pastor ordained through the aforementioned procedure of calling and approval thereof, thereby preventing disputes within the church while at the same time strengthening the autonomy and independence of the church; and in particular, the Defendant, of its own volition, joined this denomination as an affiliated local church, thereby accepting the denomination’s Constitution and Enforcement Regulations as its autonomous rules. Considering these circumstances together with the legal principles set forth above, it cannot be said that the denomination’s Constitution and Enforcement Regulations, which provide that a pastor may not be dismissed by a resolution of the church members unless trial procedures are followed, infringe upon the independence of the church or the essential nature of religious freedom.

C. Accordingly, there is no error in the judgment below, which reached its conclusion to this effect, in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the freedom of religion as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

4. Conclusion

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Ki-taek (Presiding Justice), Justice Kwon Soon-il, Justice Park Jung-hwa, Justice Kim Sun-soo (Justice in Charge)

【참조조문】

[1] 민사소송법 제250조, 민법 제31조, 제40조, 헌법 제20조

[2] 민법 제31조, 제40조, 헌법 제20조

[3] 민법 제31조, 제40조, 헌법 제20조

[4] 민법 제31조, 제40조, 헌법 제20조

【참조판례】

[2] 대법원 2006. 4. 20. 선고 2004다37775 전원합의체 판결(공2006상, 851) / [3] 대법원 2014. 12. 11. 선고 2013다78990 판결(공2015상, 108)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,006자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 법무법인(유한) 동인 담당변호사 이종창 외 1인)

【피고, 상고인】 대한예수교장로회 예장통합 ○○○○교회 (소송대리인 변호사 정치균)

【원심판결】 대구고법 2018. 4. 26. 선고 2016나26342 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 지난 후에 제출된 상고이유보충서의 기재는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 안에서)를 판단한다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 관하여

원심판결 이유와 기록에 의하면, 피고의 교인들이 임시공동의회를 개최하여 위임목사인 원고를 해임하는 결의를 한 사실을 인정할 수 있는데, 피고가 속한 교단(이하 ‘이 사건 교단’이라고 한다)의 헌법 제2편 정치 제35조 제2항은 교회는 시무사임의 권고를 노회에 건의하고 노회는 시무사임을 권고하여 당사자가 사임서를 제출하면 처리하도록 하고, 교단 헌법 제3편 권징 제4조 제1항, 제5조 제1항 제7호, 제6조 제2항은 모든 교인(직원)은 재판을 받아 자기를 방어할 권리를 가지고 재판을 받지 않고는 권징을 받지 않으며, 권징에 의한 책벌의 종류 중 하나로 직원의 신분을 박탈하는 면직을 정하고 있고, 헌법시행규정 제26조 제7항은 목사, 장로, 집사, 권사를 신임 투표로 사임시킬 수 없다고 규정하고 있음이 인정된다.

원심은 이와 같은 교단의 헌법과 헌법시행규정 내용을 종합하여 판시와 같은 이유로, 목사에게 시무사임을 권고할 수 있는 권한은 노회에게 있고, 목사가 노회에 사임서를 제출하지 않는 경우 재판절차를 거쳐 교단 헌법이 정한 면직 등의 책벌을 할 수 있을 뿐이므로, 재판절차를 거치지 않은 피고 공동의회의 원고에 대한 목사해임 결의는 위 헌법 규정에 반하는 것일 뿐 아니라, 헌법시행규정 제26조 제7항이 금지하고 있는 신임 투표에 의한 사임에 해당하므로 무효라고 판단하였다.

이와 같은 원심판결에 상고이유 주장과 같은 교단 헌법 해석에 관한 잘못이 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 관하여

원심은 판시와 같은 이유를 들어, 피고가 이 사건 교단에 가입함에 따라 교단에서 정한 헌법과 헌법시행규정을 자치규범으로 받아들였고, 헌법시행규정은 교단 헌법 부칙 제4조에 따라 헌법을 보완하기 위하여 그 위임 범위 안에서 규정된 것으로서 헌법 제2편 정치 제77조 제5항 등 헌법 규정을 위반하였다고 볼 수 없어 유효하므로, 피고는 위 헌법시행규정에 구속된다고 판단하였다.

이와 같은 원심판결에 상고이유 주장과 같은 헌법시행규정의 효력을 오해한 잘못이 없다.

3. 상고이유 제3점에 관하여

가. 법인 아닌 사단으로서의 실체를 갖춘 개신교 교회가 특정 교단 소속 지교회로 편입되어 교단의 헌법에 따라 의사결정기구를 구성하고 교단이 파송하는 목사를 지교회의 대표자로 받아들이는 경우 교단의 정체에 따라 차이는 존재하지만 원칙적으로 지교회는 소속 교단과 독립된 법인 아닌 사단이고 교단은 종교적 내부관계에서 지교회의 상급단체에 지나지 않는다. 다만 지교회가 자체적으로 규약을 갖추지 아니한 경우나 규약을 갖춘 경우에도 교단이 정한 헌법을 교회 자신의 규약에 준하는 자치규범으로 받아들일 수 있지만, 지교회의 독립성이나 종교적 자유의 본질을 침해하지 않는 범위 내에서 교단 헌법에 구속된다(대법원 2006. 4. 20. 선고 2004다37775 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

각 지교회가 소속된 특정 교단은 교리의 내용 등 해당 교단의 고유한 특성과 교단 내에서의 종교적 질서를 유지하는 것을 존립 목적으로 하게 된다. 교단은 존립 목적을 위하여 필요한 경우 교단 헌법을 제정·개정·해석하고, 행정쟁송 등 교단 내의 각종 분쟁을 처리하며, 목사 등 교역자의 자격 요건을 정하며, 소속 지교회를 지휘·감독하는 등의 기능을 수행한다. 종교단체의 자율권 보장의 필요성은 지교회뿐만 아니라 지교회의 상급단체인 교단에도 동일하게 적용되므로, 양 종교단체의 종교적 자율권은 모두 보장되어야 한다. 그런데 경우에 따라서는 지교회와 교단 사이에 종교적 자율권이 상호 충돌할 수 있는데, 이 경우 교단의 존립 목적에 비추어 지교회의 자율권은 일정한 제한을 받을 수밖에 없다(대법원 2014. 12. 11. 선고 2013다78990 판결 등 참조).

나. 피고는 교인들에 의한 목사해임을 금지하는 헌법과 헌법시행규정은 지교회의 독립성이나 종교적 자유의 본질을 침해하는 것이므로 피고에 대한 구속력이 인정되어서는 안 된다고 주장한다.

그러나 원심판결 이유와 기록에 의하면, 교단 헌법 제2편 정치 제35조 제2항은 교회가 시무사임의 권고를 노회에 건의하는 경우 노회가 시무사임을 권고하도록 정하고 있고, 교단 헌법 제3편은 고소, 고발에 따른 권징에 의하여 목사에 대해 시무정지, 시무해임, 정직, 면직 등의 책벌을 가할 수 있도록 함으로써 목사의 시무 계속 여부에 대해 교회에 일정한 권한을 인정하고 있는 점, 교단 헌법 제2편 정치 제28조, 제29조 등에 의하면 목사의 임직은 교회의 청빙과 노회의 청빙 승인으로 이루어지도록 하고 있는데, 목사의 해임 절차를 교인들의 의결이 아니라 교단 헌법에 따른 재판에 의하도록 제한하고 있는 것은 위와 같은 청빙과 그 승인 절차로 임직된 목사의 신분을 보장함으로써 교회 내 분쟁을 방지함과 동시에 교회의 자율권과 독립을 강화하려는 측면도 있다고 보이는 점, 특히 피고는 스스로의 의사에 따라 이 사건 교단 소속 지교회로 편입함에 따라 교단 헌법 및 헌법시행규정을 자치규범으로 받아들인 점이 인정된다. 앞에서 본 법리에 이와 같은 사정을 종합해 보면, 이 사건 교단의 헌법과 헌법시행규정이 재판절차에 따르지 않는 이상 교인들의 의결로 목사를 해임할 수 없도록 정하였다고 하여 교회의 독립성이나 종교적 자유의 본질을 침해하였다고 볼 수 없다.

다. 따라서 이와 같은 취지로 판단한 원심판결에 위 상고이유 주장과 같은 교회의 자유에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

4. 결론

그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하도록 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이기택(재판장) 권순일 박정화 김선수(주심)

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