Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2005두16901

Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided2007. 09. 07. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A newspaper proofreading employee had her fixed-term contract renewed three times before being notified that her contract would not be renewed due to outsourcing of her position. The Korean Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that because the contract had been repeatedly renewed, the fixed-term nature of the contract was merely a formality, meaning the worker had effectively become a permanent employee (무기계약직). Since the employer failed to make sufficient efforts to avoid dismissal (해고회피 노력), such as reassigning her to another department, the non-renewal constituted an unfair dismissal (부당해고).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA newspaper proofreading employee, after three contract renewals, was notified that her contract would not be renewed because her position was being outsourced.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that repeated renewals had effectively converted her position into a permanent one, and since the employer made no genuine effort to avoid dismissal, the non-renewal was an unfair dismissal.
  • LessonEmployers should be aware that repeatedly renewing short-term contracts can convert them into permanent employment, and before refusing renewal, they must make genuine efforts to avoid dismissal, such as considering reassignment to another department.
Issues
  • Whether repeated renewal of a fixed-term employment contract converts it into an indefinite-term (permanent) contract
  • Whether a non-renewal notice due to outsourcing constitutes a dismissal (해고)
  • The employer's duty to make dismissal-avoidance efforts (해고회피노력) when terminating employment for business/managerial reasons
Key reasoning

When a short-term employment contract is repeatedly renewed over a long period, the fixed-term provision becomes a mere formality, and the employee is legally treated as having an indefinite-term (permanent) employment contract. In such cases, an employer's refusal to renew the contract without justifiable cause is treated the same as a dismissal (해고) and is invalid unless proper grounds exist. The Court found that the employer did not exhaust reasonable measures to avoid terminating the employee, such as attempting to reassign her to another available position within the company. Because these dismissal-avoidance efforts were lacking, the termination did not meet the legal standard for a valid dismissal for managerial/business reasons, and was therefore ruled unfair dismissal.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Where a labor contract stipulating the term of employment has been drawn up, in principle, absent special circumstances, it should be held, in accordance with the language of the labor contract—which constitutes a dispositive document—that the employee and the employer entered into a fixed-term labor contract, and in such a case, upon the expiration of the labor contract term, the employment relationship naturally terminates without the need for any separate measure such as dismissal by the employer. However, even where a labor contract specifying a term has been drawn up, if, comprehensively considering matters such as the case where, for example, short-term labor contracts have been repeatedly renewed over a long period so that the stipulated term has become merely a formality, the contents of the contract and the motive and circumstances behind the conclusion of the labor contract, the purpose of setting the term and the parties' genuine intent including the intention to continue employment at the time of hiring, the length of the period of service and the number of renewals, the customary practice regarding the manner of concluding the same type of labor contract, and labor protection statutes, it is recognized that the fixing of the term is merely a formality, then, notwithstanding the language of the contract, it should be held that the parties in fact entered into a labor contract without a fixed term, and in such a case, the employer's refusal to conclude a renewal contract without justifiable grounds is null and void in the same manner as a dismissal.

[2] In a case where, with respect to a proofreading department employee who had worked under a labor contract renewed three times with a fixed term, a newspaper company notified the employee of the expiration of the term pursuant to the newspaper company's outsourcing policy under which the proofreading department was to be abolished, the court held that, in light of the circumstances up to that point, the term set forth in the labor contract was merely a formality, and therefore the notification constituted a dismissal of an employee without a fixed term, and that the dismissal lacked justifiable grounds.

Full text (English, AI translation) 6,182 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Chosun Ilbo Co., Ltd.
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairperson of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Defendant's Intervenor] Defendant's Intervenor
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2004Nu23669 rendered on November 24, 2005

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

Where a labor contract stating a fixed term has been prepared, it must be held, absent special circumstances, that the employee and the employer entered into a labor contract with a fixed term, in accordance with the wording of the labor contract, which is a disposition document. In such a case, in principle, when the contract term expires, the employment relationship terminates automatically without the need for any separate measure by the employer, such as a dismissal. However, even where a labor contract with a fixed term has been prepared, if it is recognized—upon comprehensively considering the contents of the contract, the motive and circumstances leading to the conclusion of the labor contract, the purpose of fixing the term and the parties' genuine intent, such as the intent to continue employment at the time of hiring, the length of the period of employment and the number of renewals, the practice regarding the manner of concluding the same kind of labor contracts, and labor protection statutes, among other factors—that the fixing of the term is merely a formality, such as, for example, where a short-term labor contract has been repeatedly renewed over a long period so that the stated term has become a mere formality, then, notwithstanding the wording of the contract, it must be held that the parties in fact entered into a labor contract without a fixed term. In such a case, the employer's refusal, without justifiable cause, to conclude a renewal contract is invalid in the same manner as a dismissal (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da42489 rendered on January 23, 1998; Supreme Court Decision 2005Du5673 rendered on February 24, 2006, etc.).

Examining the reasoning of the first-instance judgment as cited by the court below, based on the foregoing legal principles, the court below found and determined as follows: Since the Defendant's Intervenor and the non-party (hereinafter referred to as "Intervenor, etc.") entered into labor contracts with the Plaintiff company, they had renewed their labor contracts three times without any particular problem and had been engaged in proofreading work, until the Plaintiff company's policy was established to outsource the Plaintiff company's proofreading work to Eomun Chosun Co., Ltd. and, accordingly, to abolish the Proofreading Department; each time the contract was renewed, the Plaintiff company obtained the Intervenor, etc.'s signatures on the renewal labor contracts and renewed the contracts without any particular discussion of working conditions such as wage terms; and the Intervenor, etc., given the professional nature recognized in the characteristics of their work, held an expectation that their labor contracts would continue to be renewed. Comprehensively considering the foregoing, the court below determined that the term set forth in the labor contracts concluded between the Plaintiff company and the Intervenor, etc. was merely a formality, so that the Intervenor, etc. were, in fact, in the status of employees without a fixed term, and that the notice of expiration of the labor contract term given to the Intervenor, etc. in this case in substance constituted a dismissal. Furthermore, the court below determined that, although the abolition of the Proofreading Department was unavoidable due to the aforementioned outsourcing policy at the Plaintiff company, the Plaintiff company assigned the regular employees among the Proofreading Department staff who declined to join Eomun Chosun Co., Ltd. to the Editorial Bureau, whereas, with respect to the so-called contract employees, including the Intervenor, etc., the Plaintiff company made no effort whatsoever to explore whether it would be possible to have them work in another department by taking into account their wishes, aptitude, and abilities, etc., and instead, as soon as the Intervenor, etc. refused to work at the aforementioned company, immediately gave the Intervenor, etc. notice of the expiration of the labor contract at issue in this case. Based on these circumstances, the court below determined that it is difficult to view that the Plaintiff company made sufficient efforts to avoid dismissing the Intervenor, etc., and therefore it is difficult to view that the Plaintiff company's dismissal of the Intervenor, etc. was justified.

Even though the content and nature of proofreading work has changed due to the development of information and communications technology, it still constitutes work that is indispensable to the production of a newspaper, and given the professional nature of the work, those engaged in proofreading work hold an expectation of continued employment. In addition, considering the forms of labor contracts of those engaged in proofreading work at other newspaper companies as recognized in the record, the practice of renewing contracts for the Plaintiff company's contract employees, the working conditions such as the annual salary levels of contract employees in proofreading positions including the Intervenor, etc., and other factors, the determination of the court below—that the Intervenor, etc. should be regarded as employees without a fixed term, and that the refusal to renew the labor contract at issue in this case, which constitutes a dismissal, lacked justifiable cause—is proper, and there is no error therein, such as a violation of the rules of evidence or a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning fixed-term labor contracts and disposition documents, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and it is so decided as set forth in the Order by the unanimous consent of the Justices participating in this decision.

Justice Park Si-hwan (Presiding Justice), Kim Yong-dam, Park Il-hwan, Kim Neung-hwan (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 근로계약기간을 정한 근로계약서를 작성한 경우 처분문서인 근로계약서의 문언에 따라 특별한 사정이 없는 한 근로자와 사용자 사이에는 기간의 정함이 있는 근로계약을 맺었다고 보아야 하고, 이 경우 근로계약기간이 끝나면 그 근로관계는 사용자의 해고 등 별도의 조처를 기다릴 것 없이 당연히 종료함이 원칙이고, 다만 기간을 정한 근로계약서를 작성한 경우에도 예컨대 단기의 근로계약이 장기간에 걸쳐서 반복하여 갱신됨으로써 그 정한 기간이 단지 형식에 불과하게 된 경우 등 계약서의 내용과 근로계약이 이루어지게 된 동기 및 경위, 기간을 정한 목적과 채용 당시 계속근로의사 등 당사자의 진정한 의사, 근무기간의 장단 및 갱신 횟수, 동종의 근로계약 체결방식에 관한 관행 그리고 근로자보호법규 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 그 기간의 정함이 단지 형식에 불과하다는 사정이 인정되는 경우에는 계약서의 문언에도 불구하고 사실상 기간의 정함이 없는 근로계약을 맺었다고 볼 것이며, 이 경우 사용자가 정당한 사유 없이 갱신 계약 체결을 거절하는 것은 해고와 마찬가지로 무효이다.

[2] 3회에 걸쳐 기간을 정하여 근로계약을 갱신하면서 근무하여 온 교열직 직원에게 교열부를 폐지하기로 하는 신문사의 아웃소싱 방침에 따라 기간 만료를 통지한 사안에서, 그간의 경위에 비추어 보면 근로계약에서 정한 기간은 형식에 불과하므로 위 통지는 기간의 정함이 없는 근로자에 대한 해고에 해당하고, 그 해고에 정당한 사유가 없다고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 근로기준법(2006. 12. 21. 법률 제8074호로 전문 개정되기 전의 것) 제23조(현행 제16조 참조), 제30조 제1항(현행 제23조 제1항 참조)

[2] 구 근로기준법(2006. 12. 21. 법률 제8074호로 전문 개정되기 전의 것) 제23조(현행 제16조 참조), 제30조 제1항(현행 제23조 제1항 참조)

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1998. 1. 23. 선고 97다42489 판결(공1998상, 603), 대법원 1998. 5. 29. 선고 98두625 판결(공1998하, 1796), 대법원 2006. 2. 24. 선고 2005두5673 판결(공2006상, 527)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,096자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 주식회사 조선일보사

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고 보조참가인】 피고 보조참가인

【원심판결】 서울고법 2005. 11. 24. 선고 2004누23669 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

【이 유】상고이유를 판단한다.

근로계약기간을 정한 근로계약서를 작성한 경우 처분문서인 근로계약서의 문언에 따라 특별한 사정이 없는 한 근로자와 사용자 사이에는 기간의 정함이 있는 근로계약을 맺었다고 보아야 하고, 이 경우 근로계약기간이 끝나면 그 근로관계는 사용자의 해고 등 별도의 조처를 기다릴 것 없이 당연히 종료됨이 원칙이고, 다만 기간을 정한 근로계약서를 작성한 경우에도 예컨대 단기의 근로계약이 장기간에 걸쳐서 반복하여 갱신됨으로써 그 정한 기간이 단지 형식에 불과하게 된 경우 등 계약서의 내용과 근로계약이 이루어지게 된 동기 및 경위, 기간을 정한 목적과 채용 당시 계속근로의사 등 당사자의 진정한 의사, 근무기간의 장단 및 갱신 횟수, 동종의 근로계약 체결방식에 관한 관행 그리고 근로자보호법규 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 그 기간의 정함이 단지 형식에 불과하다는 사정이 인정되는 경우에는 계약서의 문언에도 불구하고 사실상 기간의 정함이 없는 근로계약을 맺었다고 볼 것이며, 이 경우 사용자가 정당한 사유 없이 갱신 계약 체결을 거절하는 것은 해고와 마찬가지로 무효이다(대법원 1998. 1. 23. 선고 97다42489 판결, 2006. 2. 24. 선고 2005두5673 판결 등 참조).

이러한 법리에 터잡아 원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유를 살펴보면, 원심은 피고 보조참가인과 소외인(이하 ‘참가인 등’이라 한다)이 원고 회사와 근로계약을 맺은 이래, 원고 회사가 주식회사 어문조선에게 원고 회사의 교열 업무를 도급하고(이른바 아웃소싱), 이에 따라 교열부를 폐지하기로 하는 원고 회사 방침이 정해지기 전까지는 별다른 문제 없이 3회에 걸쳐 근로계약갱신을 하면서 교열 업무에 종사하여 왔고, 원고 회사는 계약갱신을 할 때마다 임금조건 등의 근로조건에 대하여 별다른 논의 없이 참가인 등으로부터 갱신근로계약서에 서명을 받고 계약갱신을 하여 왔으며, 참가인 등은 업무의 특성상 전문성이 인정되어 자신들의 근로계약이 계속 갱신될 것으로 기대를 가지고 있었던 점 등을 종합하여, 원고 회사와 참가인 등 사이에 체결된 근로계약에서 정한 기간은 단지 형식에 불과하여 참가인 등은 사실상 기간의 정함이 없는 근로자의 지위에 있었고, 참가인 등에 대한 이 사건 근로계약기간 만료 통지는 실질적으로 해고에 해당한다고 판단하고, 나아가 원고 회사에서 위와 같은 아웃소싱 방침에 따라 교열부 폐지가 불가피하기는 하였으나, 주식회사 어문조선에 참가를 거절한 교열부 직원들 중 일반직원에 대하여는 편집국으로 발령한 반면, 참가인 등 이른바 계약직원에 대하여는 이들의 희망, 적성 및 능력 등을 고려하여 다른 부서에 근무하도록 하는 것이 가능한지 여부를 타진하는 등의 노력을 전혀 기울이지 아니한 채 참가인 등이 위 회사에 근무하는 것을 거절하자 곧바로 참가인 등에게 이 사건 근로계약 만료통지를 한 사정에 터잡아 원고 회사가 참가인 등에 대한 해고회피 노력을 다하였다고 보기 어려우므로 원고 회사의 참가인 등에 대한 해고는 그 정당성을 갖추었다고 보기 어렵다고 판단하였는바, 교열 업무가 정보통신기술의 발달로 그 내용과 성격이 변화하였더라도 여전히 신문 제작에 필요 불가결한 업무에 해당하고, 업무 특성상 전문성이 있어 교열 업무에 종사하는 자로서는 계속 고용의 기대를 가지고 있는 점에다가, 기록상 인정되는 다른 신문사들의 교열 업무 종사자의 근로계약 형태, 원고 회사 계약직 직원들의 계약갱신 관행, 참가인 등을 비롯한 교열직 계약직 직원들의 연봉 수준 등 근로조건 등을 고려하면, 참가인 등을 기간의 정함이 없는 근로자로 보고, 해고에 해당하는 이 사건 근로계약의 갱신거절이 정당한 이유가 없는 것이라고 본 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유로 주장하는 것과 같은 채증법칙 위배, 기간을 정한 근로계약과 처분문서에 관한 법리오해 등의 잘못이 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박시환(재판장) 김용담 박일환 김능환(주심)

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