Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 97누14132

Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided1998. 11. 27. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

An orchestra musician continued working for two months after his contract term expired, which resulted in an implied renewal (묵시적 갱신) of the contract. However, the court found that his participation in a movement to oust the orchestra's conductor and his act of performing while intoxicated constituted just cause (정당한 해고사유) for dismissal, making the termination valid. This case confirms the principle that a dismissal is valid if just cause exists, even without following formal dismissal procedures or advance notice (해고예고).

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn orchestra musician kept working after his contract expired, then was dismissed for joining a movement against the conductor and performing while drunk.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that although the contract had been impliedly renewed, the musician's conduct violated his duty of good faith given the orchestra's special nature, making the dismissal valid.
  • LessonContinuing to work after a contract expires can lead to implied renewal, but serious misconduct—such as undermining workplace order or performing duties negligently—can still justify a lawful dismissal.
Issues
  • Whether there was an offer to renew the employment contract
  • Whether the contract was impliedly renewed (묵시적 갱신)
  • Whether the dismissal was justified (정당성)
  • Whether formal dismissal procedures or advance notice were required
Key reasoning

When an employee continues working for two months without objection after the contract term has expired, the contract is deemed to have been impliedly renewed (묵시적 갱신). However, given the unique nature of an orchestra as a workplace requiring discipline and cooperation, the musician's involvement in a campaign to remove the conductor, his refusal to follow the conductor's direction, and his performance while intoxicated were serious breaches of his duty of good faith (성실의무) as an employee. The court held that these actions provided legitimate grounds for dismissal (정당한 해고사유), and that once just cause is established, the dismissal remains valid even without strict adherence to procedural requirements or advance notice.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] A declaration of intent to offer must be specific and definite in content to the extent that a contract could be formed immediately upon mere acceptance thereof.

[2] Case holding that the mere posting by the employer, near the expiration of the contract term, of a list of persons subject to re-contracting cannot be regarded as an offer to re-contract.

[3] Case holding that where, after the expiration of the contract term, the worker continued to provide labor and the employer raised no objection for about two months, the employment contract was impliedly renewed.

[4] Since the term “rules of employment” under Article 94 of the former Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) (abolished by Act No. 5309 on March 13, 1997) refers to any set of rules containing standards concerning working conditions such as service discipline and wages, regardless of its designation, an individual labor contract that contains the content of such standards concerning working conditions also constitutes rules of employment.

[5] Where an individual labor contract, which constitutes rules of employment, does not contain procedural provisions requiring, for example, the convening of a personnel committee or the granting of an opportunity to state one's case at the time of dismissal, there is no procedural defect even if the employer unilaterally notified the dismissal orally without going through such procedures.

[6] Even if advance notice of dismissal was not given, this does not affect the validity of the dismissal so long as there exists a justifiable reason for the dismissal.

Full text (English, AI translation) 11,350 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Jeong Deok-jang, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenor for the Defendant] MBC (Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation) Art Troupe Co., Ltd. (Attorney Seo Ye-gyo, Counsel for the Intervenor)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 96Gu35325 dated July 18, 1997

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Regarding whether a renewed contract was concluded

The court below found that the Plaintiff entered into an exclusive contract with the Intervenor for the Defendant (hereinafter "the Intervenor") for a one-year term on March 1, 1994, and worked for one year as a timpani player in the orchestra operated by the Intervenor, and then, on March 1, 1995, entered into another contract of the same content for a one-year term and continued working; that around the time the contract term was about to expire, on February 26, 1996, the Intervenor posted a notice designating the Plaintiff as a candidate for contract renewal, but around April 26 of the same year, notified the Plaintiff that renewal was not possible and did not conclude a renewed contract, and accordingly, the Plaintiff resigned on April 30 of the same year. Based on these findings, the court below determined that, since the Intervenor had posted the list of candidates for contract renewal but then immediately removed the notice due to problems in the selection, and since the Intervenor was entitled to withdraw the selection of candidates for renewal at any time before the renewed contract was actually concluded, the mere fact that the Plaintiff was posted as a candidate for renewal could not be deemed to mean that a renewed contract had been concluded between the Plaintiff and the Intervenor.

A manifestation of intent to offer must be specific and definite enough that a contract could be formed merely upon acceptance thereof (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da29696 delivered on October 13, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 93Da32507 delivered on October 22, 1993, etc.). According to the record, the content of the notice posted by the Intervenor was merely that the orchestra members, etc., whose names were listed therein had been selected as candidates for contract renewal for 1996, and did not include specific matters that would constitute the content of the contract. In fact, it can be seen that, after posting the list of candidates for renewal, the Intervenor specifically determined matters such as the contract term, basic salary, and bonus with the candidates who had been posted for renewal, prepared a written contract, and thereby concluded the renewed contract. Therefore, the posting of the list of candidates for renewal, including the Plaintiff, cannot be regarded as an offer of renewal to the Plaintiff, and accordingly, it cannot be said that the Plaintiff accepted the Intervenor's offer by continuing to work. The determination of the court below that a renewed contract was not concluded with the Plaintiff is therefore justified, and the argument in the grounds of appeal alleging errors such as misapprehension of facts or misunderstanding of the law cannot be accepted.

2. Regarding whether the contract was renewed

The court below determined that the fact that the Plaintiff continued to work while the conclusion of the renewed contract was held in abeyance for two months was due to the fact that, because of the labor union's strike and the movement demanding the resignation of the president, which had continued since early February 1996 at the non-party Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, the parent company of the Intervenor, the Intervenor was unable to determine the wage level, such as the exclusive contract fee, of the orchestra members who were contract employees, and, further compounded by a movement by some orchestra members demanding the resignation of the orchestra director, the Intervenor failed to conclude the renewed contract by the expiration date of the contract term; and that this circumstance was known to all the orchestra members, including the Plaintiff. On these grounds, the court below determined that the mere fact that the Plaintiff worked for two months after the expiration of the contract term could not be deemed to mean that the contract between the Plaintiff and the Intervenor had been impliedly renewed, and that the employment relationship between the Plaintiff and the Intervenor had terminated upon the expiration of the contract term.

However, the strike situation, etc., cited by the court below is merely an internal matter of the Intervenor, and in light of the fact that the Intervenor posted the Plaintiff as a candidate for contract renewal three days before the expiration of the contract term while such a situation was ongoing, this cannot be regarded as a reason that made it impossible to conclude a renewed contract with the Plaintiff by the time the contract term expired. Moreover, there is no evidence in the record showing that the Intervenor reserved any objection to the Plaintiff's continued work, such as by notifying the Plaintiff of a postponement of the conclusion of the renewed contract. Therefore, insofar as the Plaintiff continued to provide labor even after the expiration of the contract term and the Intervenor raised no objection to the provision of such labor for what can be regarded as a considerable period of about two months, the exclusive contract between the Plaintiff and the Intervenor must be deemed to have been impliedly renewed pursuant to Article 662(1) of the Civil Act (민법).

Nevertheless, the determination of the court below that the contract between the Plaintiff and the Intervenor could not be deemed to have been impliedly renewed is the result of a misapprehension of facts or a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the implied renewal of an employment contract. However, the court below also added, as an alternative determination, that even if the Intervenor's refusal to conclude a renewed contract with the Plaintiff were regarded as a dismissal, such dismissal was justified, and thus the employment relationship between the Plaintiff and the Intervenor had lawfully terminated. Moreover, as will be seen below, this employment contract must be regarded as having been terminated by that dismissal, and thus the conclusion of the court below is justified. Therefore, the above error of the court below cannot be said to have affected the judgment, and consequently, this part of the grounds of appeal cannot be accepted either.

3. Regarding whether there was a dismissal

In this case, the fact that the Intervenor, after the exclusive contract had been renewed, notified the Plaintiff on April 26, 1996, that a renewed contract could not be concluded and thereby terminated the employment relationship with the Plaintiff, constitutes a unilateral termination of the exclusive contract by the Intervenor, and thus constitutes a dismissal.

As to the grounds for such dismissal, the court below found that, from February 1996 until the aforementioned point in time when the employment relationship terminated, the Plaintiff, together with some other members, participated in the movement demanding the resignation of the orchestra director, refused to perform in defiance of the direction of the conductor who was the orchestra director, and participated in performances while intoxicated on several occasions in violation of the instructions of the orchestra director, etc. The court below determined that such conduct of the Plaintiff, in light of the characteristics of an orchestra which must achieve artistic excellence through harmony between the conductor and the performers, constituted a violation of the duty of good faith under the exclusive contract between the Plaintiff and the Intervenor, breaking the harmony of the orchestra as a whole, and thus constituted a case in which the cause attributable to the Plaintiff was such that, in light of social norms, the employment relationship could not be maintained, and accordingly, the dismissal of the Plaintiff was justified.

In light of the record, the above fact-finding and determination of the court below are correct.

Furthermore, the term "rules of employment" under Article 94 of the former Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) (abolished by Act No. 5309 on March 13, 1997) refers to any rules containing standards concerning matters of service discipline and working conditions such as wages, regardless of their title, and thus, if an individual employment contract contains the content of such standards concerning working conditions, it likewise constitutes rules of employment (see Supreme Court Decision 91Da30828 delivered on February 28, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 97Da24511 delivered on November 28, 1997, etc.). According to the record, in concluding the exclusive contract with the Plaintiff and other orchestra members, the Intervenor used a printed contract form providing, among other things, that a member must exclusively perform in all projects required by the Intervenor and must not cause any hindrance to the Intervenor's business (Articles 1 and 3); that a member may not perform in any capacity other than the duties assigned by the Intervenor without the Intervenor's approval (Article 8); and that the Intervenor may unilaterally terminate the contract if a member fails to faithfully perform this contract (Article 10), with blank spaces left for the contract term, basic salary, bonus, welfare benefits, and practice fees, and that the exclusive contracts had been concluded by merely filling in the blank spaces of such a form. Accordingly, the said contract form constitutes rules of employment applicable to the orchestra members. Furthermore, since the contract form does not contain any procedural provisions requiring the convening of a personnel committee or the granting of an opportunity to present an explanation at the time of dismissal, there is no procedural defect in the fact that the Intervenor orally notified the Plaintiff of the dismissal unilaterally without going through such procedures.

Meanwhile, it is the established precedent of this Court that even where advance notice of dismissal was not given, the validity of the dismissal is not affected as long as there existed justifiable grounds for the dismissal (see Supreme Court Decision 93Nu20115 delivered on June 14, 1994).

Therefore, the determination of the court below set forth above, that the employment relationship with the Plaintiff terminated either because the contract was not renewed, or, even if it was renewed, because it was terminated by dismissal, is ultimately justified, and there is no illegality therein, such as misapprehension of facts or misunderstanding of the law, that affected the judgment. Accordingly, this part of the grounds of appeal is not accepted either.

4. Conclusion

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as stated in the Order.

Justice Kim Hyung-seon (Presiding Justice), Jeong Gwi-ho, Lee Yong-hun, Cho Mu-je (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 청약의 의사표시는 이에 대한 승낙만 있으면 곧 계약이 성립될 수 있을 정도로 그 내용이 구체적이어야 하고 확정적이어야 한다.

[2] 사용자가 계약기간이 만료될 무렵 재계약 대상자 명단을 공고한 것만으로는 재계약의 청약으로 볼 수 없다고 한 사례.

[3] 계약기간 만료 후 노무자가 계속하여 노무를 제공하고 사용자가 약 2개월 동안 이의를 하지 않은 경우, 고용계약이 묵시적으로 갱신되었다고 본 사례.

[4] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 폐지) 제94조 소정의 취업규칙이란 복무규율과 임금 등 근로조건에 관한 준칙의 내용을 담고 있으면 그 명칭을 불문하는 것이므로 개별 근로계약에서 위와 같은 근로조건에 관한 준칙의 내용을 담고 있으면 이 또한 취업규칙에 해당한다.

[5] 취업규칙에 해당하는 개별 근로계약서에 해고시 인사위원회를 개최하거나 소명의 기회를 부여하도록 하는 등의 절차규정이 마련되어 있지 아니한 경우, 그러한 절차를 거침이 없이 일방적으로 해고를 구두로 통보하였다 하여 절차상의 잘못이 없다.

[6] 해고의 예고를 하지 아니하였다고 하더라도 해고의 정당한 이유를 갖추고 있는 이상 해고의 효력에는 영향이 없다.

【참조조문】

[1] 민법 제527조

[2] 민법 제527조

[3] 민법 제662조 제1항

[4] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제94조(현행 제96조 참조)

[5] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조(현행 제30조 참조)

[6] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조의2(현행 제32조 참조)

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1992. 10. 13. 선고 92다29696 판결(공1992, 3137) / [2] 대법원 1993. 10. 22. 선고 93다32507 판결(공1993하, 3157) / [4] 대법원 1992. 2. 28. 선고 91다30828 판결(공1992, 1161), 대법원 1998. 3. 24. 선고 96다24699 판결(공1998상, 1131) / [5] 대법원 1994. 9. 30. 선고 93다26496 판결(공1994하, 2820), 대법원 1995. 2. 3. 선고 94다17758 판결(공1995상, 1149), 대법원 1996. 2. 27. 선고 95누15698 판결(공1996상, 1146) / [6] 대법원 1993. 9. 24. 선고 93누4199 판결(공1993하, 2977), 대법원 1994. 6. 14. 선고 93누20115 판결(공1994하, 1974), 대법원 1994. 12. 27. 선고 94누11132 판결(공1995상, 705)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,941자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 정덕장)

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인】 주식회사 엠비씨(MBC)예술단 (소송대리인 변호사 서예교)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1997. 7. 18. 선고 96구35325 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 재계약 체결 여부에 관하여

원심은, 원고가 1994. 3. 1. 피고보조참가인(이하 '참가인'이라고 한다)과 1년간의 전속계약을 체결하고 참가인이 운영하는 관악단의 팀파니 연주자로 1년간 근무하다가 다시 1995. 3. 1. 기간을 1년으로 하는 같은 내용의 계약을 체결하고 계속 근무하였는데, 참가인은 계약기간이 만료될 무렵인 1996. 2. 26. 원고를 재계약 대상자로 공고하였으나 같은 해 4. 26.경에 이르러 원고에게 재계약이 불가함을 통보하고 재계약을 체결하지 아니하였고, 이에 따라 원고는 같은 해 4. 30. 퇴사한 사실 등을 인정하고, 참가인은 재계약 대상자 명단을 공고한 후 그 선정에 문제가 있어 공고문을 즉시 철거하였고 참가인으로서는 재계약을 체결하기 전까지는 재계약 대상자 선정을 철회할 수 있는 것이므로 원고가 재계약 대상자로 공고되었다고 하여 원고와 참가인 간에 재계약이 체결되었다고 볼 수 없다고 판단하였다.

청약의 의사표시는 이에 대한 승낙만 있으면 곧 계약이 성립될 수 있을 정도로 그 내용이 구체적이어야 하고 확정적이어야 할 것인바(대법원 1992. 10. 13. 선고 92다29696 판결, 1993. 10. 22. 선고 93다32507 판결 등 참조), 기록에 의하니 참가인이 게시한 공고문의 내용은 거기에 이름이 기재된 관현악단원 등을 1996년도 재계약 대상자로 선정하였다는 것일 뿐 계약 내용으로 될 구체적인 사항을 포함하고 있지 아니하며, 실제로 참가인은 재계약 대상자 명단의 공고 후 다시 공고된 재계약 대상자들과 계약기간과 기본급, 상여금 등을 구체적으로 확정하여 계약서를 작성하여 재계약을 체결하여 왔던 사실을 알 수 있으므로, 원고를 포함한 재계약 대상자 명단의 공고는 원고에 대한 재계약의 청약이라고 볼 수 없고, 따라서 원고가 계속 근무함으로써 참가인의 청약에 승낙하였다고 할 수 없으니, 원고와 재계약이 체결되지 아니하였다는 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 사실오인, 법리오해 등의 허물이 있다는 상고이유의 주장은 받아들일 수 없다.

2. 계약의 갱신 여부에 관하여

원심은, 원고가 재계약 체결이 2개월간 보류된 상태에서 근무를 계속한 것은 참가인의 모(母)회사인 소외 주식회사 문화방송에서 1996. 2. 초부터 시작된 노동조합의 파업 및 사장의 퇴진운동 등이 계속된 관계로 참가인은 계약직인 소속 관현악단원들의 전속금 등 임금 수준을 확정할 수 없었고 일부 관현악단원들의 단장퇴진운동까지 가세되어, 계약기간 만료일까지 재계약을 체결하지 못하게 되었기 때문이고, 그러한 사정은 원고를 비롯한 관현악단원들 모두가 알고 있었다는 점을 들어, 원고가 계약기간이 끝난 상태에서 2개월을 근무하였다는 사정만으로는 원고와 참가인 사이의 계약이 묵시적으로 갱신되었다고 볼 수 없고, 계약기간의 만료로 원고와 참가인 사이의 근로 관계는 종료되었다고 판단하였다.

그러나 원심이 드는 파업사태 등은 참가인의 내부 사정에 불과한 것으로 참가인은 그러한 상황이 진행중인 가운데 계약기간 만료 3일 전에 원고를 재계약 대상자로 공고하였던 점에 비추어 계약기간 만료시까지 원고와 재계약을 체결할 수 없는 사유라고 볼 수 없고, 한편 기록상으로도 참가인이 원고에게 재계약 체결의 연기를 통보하는 등 원고의 계속 근무에 대한 이의를 보류하였다고 볼 증거도 없는 바이므로, 원고가 계약기간 만료 후에도 노무를 계속 제공하고 참가인은 상당한 기간이라 할 수 있는 약 2개월 동안이나 그 노무제공에 대하여 이의를 하지 않았던 이상 민법 제662조 제1항에 의하여 원고와 참가인 간의 전속계약은 묵시적으로 갱신되었다고 보아야 할 것이다.

그럼에도 원심이 원고와 참가인 사이의 계약이 묵시적으로 갱신된 것으로 볼 수 없다고 한 것은 사실을 오인하였거나 고용계약의 묵시적 갱신에 관한 법리를 오해한 결과라고 할 것이나, 원심은 한편으로 참가인의 원고에 대한 재계약 체결 거부를 해고로 보더라도 그 해고는 정당하기 때문에 원고와 참가인 간의 근로관계가 적법하게 종료되었다고 가정적인 판단을 덧붙이고 있을 뿐만 아니라 아래에서 보는 바와 같이 이 사건 근로계약은 그 해고로써 종료되는 것이라 보아야 할 것이어서 그 결론은 정당하므로 원심의 위와 같은 잘못은 판결에 영향을 미쳤다고 할 수 없어 결국 이 부분 상고이유의 주장도 받아 들일 수 없게 된다.

3. 해고 여부에 관하여

이 사건에서 참가인이 전속계약이 갱신된 후인 1996. 4. 26. 원고에게 재계약을 체결할 수 없다고 하여 원고와의 근로관계를 종료한 것은 참가인에 의한 전속계약의 일방적인 해지로서 해고에 해당한다고 할 것이다.

그 해고사유에 관하여 원심은, 원고가 1996. 2. 이후 근로관계가 종료된 위의 시점까지의 사이에 일부 단원들과 함께 관현악단장의 퇴진운동에 가담하고, 지휘자인 관현악단장의 지휘에 불응하여 연주를 거부하였으며, 관현악단장 등의 지시를 어기고 여러 차례 음주한 상태에서 연주에 참가하였다는 사실을 인정하고, 원고의 위와 같은 행위는 지휘자와 연주자 사이의 조화를 이루어 예술성을 발휘하여야 하는 관현악단의 특성에 비추어 원고와 피참가인 사이의 전속계약상의 성실의무 이행을 위반하여 악단 전체의 조화를 깨는 것으로 사회통념상 근로관계를 유지할 수 없을 정도로 원고에게 귀책사유가 있는 경우에 해당하므로 원고에 대한 해고는 정당하다고 판단하였다.

기록에 비추어 보니 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정과 판단은 옳다.

그리고 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 폐지) 제94조 소정의 취업규칙이란 복무규율과 임금 등 근로조건에 관한 준칙의 내용을 담고 있으면 그 명칭을 불문하는 것이므로 개별 근로계약에서 위와 같은 근로조건에 관한 준칙의 내용을 담고 있으면 이 또한 취업규칙에 해당한다고 할 것인바(대법원 1992. 2. 28. 선고 91다30828 판결, 1997. 11. 28. 선고 97다24511 판결 등 참조), 기록에 의하니 참가인은 원고 등 관현악단원들과 전속계약을 체결함에 있어 단원은 참가인이 필요로 하는 모든 사업에 전속출연하여야 하고 참가인의 사업에 지장을 초래하여서는 아니되며(제1조, 제3조), 참가인이 명하는 업무 이외에는 참가인의 승인 없이 출연할 수 없고(제8조), 참가인은 단원이 본 계약을 성실히 이행하지 않을 때에는 일방적으로 해약할 수 있다(제10조)는 내용 등으로 인쇄되어 있으며 계약기간, 기본급, 상여금, 복지후생비, 연습비란은 공란으로 된 계약서를 제시하여 공란으로 된 부분만을 보충하여 전속계약을 체결하여 왔음을 알 수 있으므로, 위 계약서는 관현악단원에게 적용되는 취업규칙이라고 할 것이며, 나아가 그 계약서에 해고시 인사위원회를 개최하거나 소명의 기회를 부여하도록 하는 등의 절차규정이 마련되어 있지 아니하므로 그러한 절차를 거침이 없이 원고에게 일방적으로 해고를 구두통보하였다고 하여 절차상의 잘못은 없는 것이다.

한편, 해고의 예고를 하지 아니하였다고 하더라도 해고의 정당한 이유를 갖추고 있는 이상 해고의 효력에는 영향이 없다함이 이 법원의 판례이다(대법원 1994. 6. 14. 선고 93누20115 판결 참조).

따라서 원고와의 근로관계가 계약 갱신이 되지 않은 채 종료되었거나 그렇지 않더라도 해고로써 종료되었다고 한 앞서 본 원심의 판단은 결과적으로 정당하고 거기에 판결에 영향을 끼친 사실오인, 법리오해 등의 위법이 없기에 이 부분 상고이유의 주장도 받아들이지 않는다.

4. 결 론

그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자가 부담케 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문에 쓴 바와 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김형선(재판장) 정귀호 이용훈 조무제(주심)

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