Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2002다57362

Claim for Damages (Case No. 2002Da57362)손해배상(기)

Decided2004. 07. 22. Court대법원Partially dismissed, partially remanded to the lower court
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

Employees of an Agricultural Land Improvement Cooperative (농지개량조합) sought to have their honorary retirement (명예퇴직) treated as void and claimed damages. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that once employees passed the mandatory retirement age, they no longer had a legal interest in seeking confirmation of their employment status, and also addressed the validity of a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) and the standards for determining whether unfavorable changes to workplace rules (취업규칙) were reasonable.

Key takeaways
  • CaseEmployees of an agricultural cooperative challenged their honorary retirement and sought damages, arguing the retirement decision and related workplace rule changes were invalid.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court dismissed part of the claim due to lack of legal interest after retirement age was reached, and remanded the rest for further review of the agreement's validity and the reasonableness of the rule changes.
  • LessonWorkers should raise employment status disputes before reaching mandatory retirement age, and employers must follow proper legal procedures when altering compensation terms or workplace rules to ensure enforceability.
Issues
  • Whether there is a legal interest in seeking confirmation of invalid dismissal after the employee has already reached mandatory retirement age
  • Whether a collective bargaining agreement increasing compensation entered into by an Agricultural Land Improvement Cooperative is valid
  • Whether unfavorable changes to workplace rules made without employee consent can still be legally effective
Key reasoning

The Court held that a worker who has already passed the mandatory retirement age cannot have their prior employment status restored, meaning there is no remaining legal interest in a lawsuit to confirm the invalidity of dismissal. It further found that the cooperative's agreement to raise compensation, made through a collective bargaining agreement, was invalid because it was not processed through the legally required procedures applicable to such public-interest cooperatives. Finally, the Court clarified that even if workplace rules are changed unfavorably to employees without their consent, such changes can still be valid if they are found to be reasonable according to generally accepted social standards (사회통념상 합리성).

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Where an employee seeks confirmation that a disposition of honorary retirement is null and void on the ground that it in substance constitutes a dismissal, and simultaneously claims wages for the period during which he could have provided labor, the lawsuit for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal is clearly aimed at the recovery of the status under the employment contract with the defendant. Therefore, if, at the time of the conclusion of the fact-finding hearing, the retirement age, which is a cause for automatic dismissal under the defendant's personnel regulations, has already passed, it has become impossible to recover the status as an employee, and thus there is no benefit of confirmation in the lawsuit for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal. The same applies where the retirement age prescribed by the personnel regulations has already passed during the pendency of the appeal to the court of final appeal, since even if the disposition of honorary retirement is confirmed to be invalid, it remains impossible to recover the status as an employee.

[2] Under Articles 40 and 54 of the former Farmland Improvement Association Act (Nongjigaeryangjohobeop) (abolished by Act No. 5759 of February 5, 1999), the remuneration of the executives and employees of a farmland improvement association is to be determined by the chairman of the association in accordance with the standards set by the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, and the farmland improvement association must prepare a business plan and a budget of revenues and expenditures for each fiscal year, obtain resolution of the general meeting thereon, and obtain approval from the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry; the same procedure must be followed when it intends to amend such budget of revenues and expenditures. Therefore, where a farmland improvement association concludes a collective agreement with a labor union to raise the remuneration of its executives and employees above the previous level without a resolution of the general meeting and approval of the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, such agreement to raise remuneration has no effect.

[3] In principle, it is not permissible for an employer to unilaterally deprive employees of vested rights or interests and impose disadvantageous working conditions through the preparation or amendment of new rules of employment. However, where the preparation or amendment of the rules of employment in question is recognized as having reasonableness under social norms, in terms of both the necessity therefor and the content thereof, to a degree sufficient to acknowledge the legal normative character of the relevant provision even taking into account the degree of disadvantage to be suffered by employees as a result thereof, the application of such amended rules of employment cannot be denied merely on the ground that there was no consent by the collective decision-making method of the employees who had been subject to the previous working conditions or rules of employment. Meanwhile, the existence of such reasonableness under social norms is to be determined by comprehensively considering the degree of disadvantage to be suffered by employees due to the amendment of the rules of employment, the content and degree of the necessity for amendment on the part of the employer, the appropriateness of the content of the amended rules of employment, the state of improvement of other working conditions including compensatory measures, the course of negotiation with the labor union, etc., and the response of the labor union or other employees, and the general domestic situation regarding similar matters, and the existence of reasonableness under social norms sufficient to substitute for the consent of the group of employees must be determined based on the circumstances existing at the time of the amendment.

Full text (English, AI translation) 15,123 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants] Plaintiff 1 and 6 others (Counsel for the plaintiffs: Attorney Lee Yong-hoon)
[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Agricultural and Rural Infrastructure Corporation (Counsel for the defendant: Lee International Law Offices, Attorney Cho Yoon and 10 others)
[Judgment Below] Gwangju High Court Decision 2001Na10846 decided September 6, 2002

[Order]

The part of the judgment below concerning Plaintiff 2's and Plaintiff 3's claims for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal is reversed, and that part of the lawsuit is dismissed. The part of the judgment below concerning Plaintiff 2's and Plaintiff 3's claims for payment of money and the part concerning the remaining plaintiffs are reversed, and that part of the case is remanded to the Gwangju High Court.

[Reasoning]

1. As to the part of Plaintiff 2's and Plaintiff 3's claims for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal, the Court examines this ex officio.
Where a worker seeks confirmation that a so-called honorary retirement (voluntary early retirement) disposition is in substance a dismissal and is therefore invalid, while simultaneously claiming wages for the period during which he could have provided labor, it is clear that the lawsuit for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal is aimed at the restoration of the worker's status under the employment contract with the defendant. Accordingly, if by the time of the conclusion of oral argument at the fact-finding trial the mandatory retirement age under the defendant's personnel regulations—which constitutes a cause for automatic separation from employment—has already passed, it becomes impossible to restore the worker's status as an employee, and thus the lawsuit for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal lacks the interest required for confirmation (see Supreme Court Decision 96Da10027 decided October 11, 1996). The same applies where the retirement age prescribed by the personnel regulations has already passed during the pendency of the appeal to the Supreme Court, since even if the honorary retirement disposition is confirmed to be invalid, it remains impossible to restore the worker's status as an employee (see Supreme Court Decision 91Nu5747 decided January 15, 1993).
According to the materials in the record, Article 64, Paragraph 2 of the defendant's pre-amendment personnel regulations provided that an employee whose retirement age under those regulations falls between January and June shall retire on June 30, and an employee whose retirement age falls between July and December shall retire on December 31. Even if the amended personnel regulations at issue in this case do not apply to the above plaintiffs and the original pre-amendment personnel regulations apply instead, it is clear that in the case of Plaintiff 2, the retirement age had already arrived before the conclusion of oral argument in the judgment below, and in the case of Plaintiff 3, the retirement age had already arrived during the pendency of this appeal to the Supreme Court. Accordingly, it has become impossible for these plaintiffs to restore their status as employees, and therefore the part of their lawsuits seeking confirmation of invalidity of dismissal lacks the interest required for confirmation.
Accordingly, the part of Plaintiff 2's lawsuit concerning this claim should have been dismissed on the ground that it lacks the interest required for confirmation; however, the judgment below, having instead proceeded to decide the merits, contains an error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the interest required for a confirmation action. As for Plaintiff 3, the part of his lawsuit concerning this claim is unlawful for lack of such interest. Therefore, the part of the judgment below concerning these plaintiffs cannot be upheld.

2. As to the first and second grounds of appeal
Pursuant to Articles 40 and 54 of the former Farmland Improvement Association Act (Nongji Gaeryang Johap Beop) (abolished by Act No. 5759 of February 5, 1999), the remuneration of the executives and employees of a farmland improvement association is determined by the association's chairman according to standards set by the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, and the farmland improvement association must prepare a business plan and budget of revenue and expenditure for each fiscal year, obtain approval through resolution of the general meeting, and secure the approval of the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry; the same procedure must be followed when the association intends to amend that budget. Accordingly, where a farmland improvement association enters into a collective agreement with a labor union providing for an increase in the remuneration of executives and employees beyond the previous level, without a resolution of the general meeting and approval of the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, such an agreement to increase remuneration has no effect (see Supreme Court Decision 2002Da24935 decided November 13, 2002).
The court below, in the same vein, determined that although the ○○ Farmland Improvement Association entered into the collective agreement at issue in this case with its labor union, providing for retirement allowance payment standards higher than those set forth in the Farmland Improvement Association Remuneration Regulations Guidelines established by the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, since the budget for payment of the increased retirement allowances was not subjected to a resolution of the general meeting and approval of the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, the collective agreement at issue is without effect; therefore, the defendant, which comprehensively succeeded to the obligations of the ○○ Farmland Improvement Association, has no obligation to pay the plaintiffs, who were its employees, the increased retirement allowances pursuant to the collective agreement at issue. This determination is correct, and there is no error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning Articles 24 and 54 of the former Farmland Improvement Association Act or the legal principles concerning the right to collective action under the Labor Standards Act (Geunro Gijun Beop).
The arguments raised on this point in the appellate brief and the supplementary appellate brief are not accepted.

3. As to the third ground of appeal
A. The determination of the court below
The court below, having considered the evidence it adopted and having found the facts as stated in its reasoning, determined as follows: at the time, the three institutions—the Agricultural Development Corporation, the various farmland improvement associations, and the Federation of Farmland Improvement Associations—required consolidation due to the inefficiency arising from overlapping duties and organizations and the extreme deterioration of their finances; to that end, prior workforce reduction through restructuring at each institution was unavoidable, and it was also necessary to unify the retirement ages across the three institutions; considering the harm employees would suffer from a single drastic reduction in retirement age, the reduction in retirement age was implemented in two stages, and the retirement age as finally reduced became identical to the retirement age of employees of the Agricultural Development Corporation and the Federation of Farmland Improvement Associations, which were to be consolidated in the future; at the time, the ○○ Farmland Improvement Association was experiencing extreme financial difficulties, including a failure to secure the funds needed to pay retirement allowances to its employees, yet through the restructuring accomplished by the aforementioned reduction of retirement age and honorary retirement for the purpose of consolidating the three institutions, the plaintiffs were able to receive retirement allowances corresponding to the reduced retirement age; the labor unions of other farmland improvement associations, recognizing that the reduction of retirement age was unavoidable, consented to the amended Personnel Regulations Guidelines, and ultimately the National Federation of Farmland Improvement Association Labor Unions also entered into a collective agreement providing for the reduced retirement age. In light of these circumstances, the court below determined that the amended personnel regulations of the ○○ Farmland Improvement Association, viewed both from the standpoint of necessity and content, possess reasonableness under generally accepted social norms to a degree sufficient to acknowledge the legal normative force of the provision, even taking into account the degree of disadvantage the workers would suffer as a result; therefore, even absent the consent of the labor union of the ○○ Farmland Improvement Association, the amended personnel regulations are effective as against the plaintiffs.

B. The determination of this Court
In principle, it is not permissible for an employer to unilaterally deprive workers of vested rights or interests through the unilateral drafting or amendment of new rules of employment, thereby imposing disadvantageous working conditions. However, where the drafting or amendment of the rules of employment at issue, viewed both from the standpoint of necessity and content, is found to possess reasonableness under generally accepted social norms to a degree sufficient to acknowledge the legal normative force of the provision, even taking into account the degree of disadvantage the workers would suffer as a result, the application of the amended rules cannot be denied solely on the ground that the workers who had been subject to the previous working conditions or rules of employment did not give consent through a collective decision-making method. Meanwhile, whether such reasonableness under generally accepted social norms exists must be determined by comprehensively considering the degree of disadvantage suffered by workers as a result of the amendment of the rules of employment, the content and degree of the necessity for amendment on the part of the employer, the appropriateness of the content of the amended rules of employment, the state of improvement of other working conditions including compensatory measures, the course of negotiations with the labor union and the response of the labor union or other workers, and the general domestic situation regarding similar matters (see Supreme Court Decision 99Da70846 decided January 5, 2001); and in determining whether there exists such reasonableness under generally accepted social norms as would substitute for the consent of the collective body of workers, the determination must be based on the circumstances existing at the time of the amendment (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da45490 decided September 14, 1993).
According to the facts as found by the court below, the plaintiffs retired between December 31, 1998 and September 30, 1999, and the defendant Corporation's labor union entered into a collective agreement on June 15, 2000, agreeing to the retirement age under the amended personnel regulations, thereby recognizing the effect of the amended personnel regulations. However, the fact that the labor union's recognition was obtained on June 15, 2000, after the plaintiffs had already retired, is not a circumstance that may be taken into account in determining the effect of the amendment of the retirement allowance regulations as against the plaintiffs.
Furthermore, according to the materials in the record, while it can be seen that, at the time, as consolidation of the three institutions was required, prior workforce reduction through restructuring at each institution was unavoidable, and it was also necessary to unify the retirement ages of the three institutions, such that amendment of the personnel regulations was called for, it can also be seen that, as a result of the amendment, no compensatory measures or transitional measures whatsoever were provided for plaintiffs who, having had their retirement age uniformly reduced by two years, would reach retirement age and retire not long thereafter, and that the disadvantage suffered by the plaintiffs as a result was substantial. Considering the motive for the amendment as revealed in this case, and the necessity and content of the drafting or amendment of the rules of employment, it is difficult to find that there exists reasonableness under generally accepted social norms sufficient to acknowledge the legal normative force of the provision at issue. Accordingly, the determination of the court below, that there exists reasonableness under generally accepted social norms sufficient to substitute for the consent of the collective body of workers with respect to the amendment of the personnel regulations at issue in this case, contains an error in that the court below either failed to conduct the necessary examination or misunderstood the legal principles concerning the amendment of rules of employment.
The argument in the grounds of appeal pointing out this error is well-founded, and this Court accepts that argument.

4. As to the fourth ground of appeal
Plaintiff 3 argues that although Personnel Regulations Guidelines under Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Directive No. 983 of May 29, 1999 were never resolved by the board of directors of the association to be the personnel regulations of the ○○ Farmland Improvement Association, the court below erred in finding that the Guidelines became the rules of employment of the ○○ Farmland Improvement Association through resolution of the board of directors, and in recognizing that the retirement processing of Plaintiff 3 was carried out on the basis of those Guidelines; Plaintiff 3 contends that this was unlawful, in violation of the rules of evidence concerning the procedure for establishing rules of employment, or as a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the procedure for establishing personnel regulations.
However, this argument is raised for the first time at the appellate stage before the Supreme Court and thus cannot constitute a lawful ground of appeal; moreover, according to the record, it can be seen that the honorary retirement of that plaintiff was not carried out on the basis of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Directive No. 983. Therefore, the plaintiffs' argument on this ground of appeal cannot be accepted.

5. Conclusion
Therefore, the part of the judgment below concerning Plaintiff 2's and Plaintiff 3's claims for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal is reversed, and this Court, rendering judgment directly on that part, dismisses that part of the lawsuit; the part of the judgment below concerning Plaintiff 2's and Plaintiff 3's claims for payment of money and the part concerning the remaining plaintiffs are reversed, and that part of the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination, the Justices participating in this decision being unanimous in their opinion, in accordance with the Order set forth above.

Justices Lee Gyu-hong (Presiding Justice), Cho Mu-je (Justice in charge), Lee Yong-woo, Park Jae-yoon

【판결요지】

[1] 근로자에 대한 명예퇴직처분이 실질상 해고에 해당한다고 하여 그 무효임의 확인을 구함과 아울러 근로를 제공할 수 있었던 기간 동안의 임금을 청구하는 경우, 해고무효확인의 소는 피고와의 사이에 이루어진 근로계약상의 지위 회복을 목적으로 하는 것임이 명백하므로, 사실심 변론종결 당시 이미 피고의 인사규정에 의한 당연해직사유인 정년을 지났다면 근로자로서의 지위를 회복하는 것은 불가능하게 되었으므로 해고무효확인의 소는 확인의 이익이 없으며, 상고심 계속중에 이미 인사규정 소정의 정년이 지난 경우에도 명예퇴직처분이 무효로 확인된다 하더라도 근로자로서의 지위를 회복하는 것은 불가능하므로 마찬가지라 할 것이다.

[2] 구 농지개량조합법(1999. 2. 5. 법률 제5759호로 폐지) 제40조, 제54조에 따라 농지개량조합의 임직원의 보수는 농림부장관이 정하는 기준에 따라 조합장이 정하고, 농지개량조합은 회계연도마다 사업계획과 수지예산을 작성하여 총회의 의결을 거쳐 농림부장관의 승인을 얻어야 하며 그 수지예산을 변경하고자 할 때에도 같은 절차를 거쳐야 하므로, 농지개량조합이 총회의 의결 및 농림부장관의 승인 없이 노동조합과 사이에 임직원의 보수를 종전보다 인상하기로 하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우 그 보수 인상 약정은 효력이 없다.

[3] 사용자가 일방적으로 새로운 취업규칙의 작성·변경을 통하여 근로자가 가지고 있는 기득의 권리나 이익을 박탈하여 불이익한 근로조건을 부과하는 것은 원칙적으로 허용되지 아니한다고 할 것이지만, 당해 취업규칙의 작성 또는 변경이 그 필요성 및 내용의 양면에서 보아 그에 의하여 근로자가 입게 될 불이익의 정도를 고려하더라도 여전히 당해 조항의 법적 규범성을 시인할 수 있을 정도로 사회통념상 합리성이 있다고 인정되는 경우에는 종전 근로조건 또는 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의가 없다는 이유만으로 그의 적용을 부정할 수는 없다고 할 것이고, 한편 여기에서 말하는 사회통념상 합리성의 유무는 취업규칙의 변경에 의하여 근로자가 입게 되는 불이익의 정도, 사용자측의 변경 필요성의 내용과 정도, 변경 후의 취업규칙 내용의 상당성, 대상조치 등을 포함한 다른 근로조건의 개선상황, 노동조합 등과의 교섭 경위 및 노동조합이나 다른 근로자의 대응, 동종 사항에 관한 국내의 일반적인 상황 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하며, 근로자집단의 동의를 대신할 만한 사회통념상의 합리성이 있는지를 판단함에 있어서는 개정 당시의 상황을 근거로 하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

[1] 민사소송법 제250조, 근로기준법 제30조

[2] 구 농지개량조합법(1999. 2. 5. 법률 제5759호 농업기반공사및농지관리기금법 부칙 제2조로 폐지) 제40조, 제54조

[3] 근로기준법 제97조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1993. 1. 15. 선고 91누5747 판결(공1993상, 735), 대법원 1996. 10. 11. 선고 96다10027 판결(공1996하, 3313) / [2] 대법원 2002. 11. 13. 선고 2002다24935 판결(공2003상, 62) / [3] 대법원 1993. 9. 14. 선고 92다45490 판결(공1993하, 2752), 대법원 2001. 1. 5. 선고 99다70846 판결(공2001상, 419), 대법원 2002. 6. 11. 선고 2001다16722 판결(공2002하, 1610), 대법원 2004. 5. 14. 선고 2002다23185, 23192 판결(공2004상, 976)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,962자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 1 외 6인 (소송대리인 변호사 이용훈)

【피고, 피상고인】 농업기반공사 (소송대리인 리인터내셔널 법률사무소 담당변호사 조윤 외 10인)

【원심판결】 광주고법 2002. 9. 6. 선고 2001나10846 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 원고 2, 원고 3의 해고무효확인청구 부분을 파기하고, 그 부분 소를 각하한다. 원심판결 중 원고 2, 원고 3의 금전지급청구 부분 및 나머지 원고들에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 그 부분 사건을 광주고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 1. 원고 2, 원고 3의 해고무효확인청구 부분에 관하여 직권으로 본다.

근로자에 대한 명예퇴직처분이 실질상 해고에 해당한다고 하여 그 무효임의 확인을 구함과 아울러 근로를 제공할 수 있었던 기간 동안의 임금을 청구하는 경우, 해고무효확인의 소는 피고와의 사이에 이루어진 근로계약상의 지위 회복을 목적으로 하는 것임이 명백하므로, 사실심 변론종결 당시 이미 피고의 인사규정에 의한 당연해직사유인 정년을 지났다면 근로자로서의 지위를 회복하는 것은 불가능하게 되었으므로 해고무효확인의 소는 확인의 이익이 없으며(대법원 1996. 10. 11. 선고 96다10027 판결), 상고심 계속중에 이미 인사규정 소정의 정년이 지난 경우에도 명예퇴직처분이 무효로 확인된다 하더라도 근로자로서의 지위를 회복하는 것은 불가능하므로 마찬가지라 할 것이다(대법원 1993. 1. 15. 선고 91누5747 판결 참조).

기록 중의 자료에 따른 즉, 피고의 개정 전 인사규정의 제64조 제2항은 직원이 그 규정에 의한 정년에 도달할 날이 1월에서 6월 사이에 있는 경우에는 6월 30일에, 7월에서 12월 사이에 있는 경우에는 12월 31일에 각각 정년퇴직하도록 규정하였음을 알 수 있으니, 위의 원고들에 대하여 이 사건 개정 인사규정이 적용되지 아니하고 원래 개정 전의 인사규정이 적용되더라도, 원고 2의 경우에는 이 사건 원심판결 변론종결일 이전에 이미 정년이 도래하였음이 명백하고, 원고 3의 경우에는 이 사건 상고심 계속중에 이미 정년이 도래하였음이 명백하여 그 원고들이 근로자로서의 지위를 회복하는 것은 불가능하게 되었으므로 그 원고들의 해고무효확인청구 부분의 소는 확인의 이익이 없다고 할 것이다.

따라서 원고 2의 그 부분 소는 확인의 이익이 없다는 이유로 각하하였어야 함에도 불구하고, 이와 달리 본안에 나아가 판단한 원심판결에는 확인의 소의 이익에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있고, 원고 3의 그 부분 소는 그 이익이 없어 부적법하므로 그 원고들에 대한 그 부분 원심판결은 유지될 수 없다.

2. 상고이유 제1, 2주장에 관하여

구 농지개량조합법(1999. 2. 5. 법률 제5759호로 폐지) 제40조, 제54조에 따라 농지개량조합의 임직원의 보수는 농림부장관이 정하는 기준에 따라 조합장이 정하고, 농지개량조합은 회계연도마다 사업계획과 수지예산을 작성하여 총회의 의결을 거쳐 농림부장관의 승인을 얻어야 하며 그 수지예산을 변경하고자 할 때에도 같은 절차를 거쳐야 하므로, 농지개량조합이 총회의 의결 및 농림부장관의 승인 없이 노동조합과 사이에 임직원의 보수를 종전보다 인상하기로 하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우 그 보수 인상 약정은 효력이 없다(대법원 2002. 11. 13. 선고 2002다24935 판결 참조).

원심이 같은 취지에서, ○○농지개량조합이 그의 노동조합과 사이에 퇴직금 지급기준을 농림부장관이 정한 농지개량조합보수규정준칙이 정한 것보다 인상하는 내용의 이 사건 단체협약을 체결하였으나, 인상된 퇴직금 지급을 위한 예산에 대하여 총회의 의결을 거쳐 농림부장관의 승인을 얻지 아니한 이상 이 사건 단체협약은 효력이 없으므로, ○○농지개량조합의 채무를 포괄적으로 승계한 피고가 그 직원이었던 원고들에게 이 사건 단체협약에 따라 인상된 퇴직금을 지급할 의무가 없다고 판단한 것은 정당하고, 거기에 구 농지개량조합법 제24조, 제54조에 관한 법리 및 근로기준법상 단체행동권에 관한 법리 등을 오해하였다는 위법사유가 없다.

상고이유서 및 상고이유보충서 중 이 부분 주장들을 받아들이지 아니한다.

3. 상고이유 제3주장에 관하여

가. 원심의 판단

원심은 그의 채용 증거들을 종합하여, 그의 판시와 같은 사실들을 인정한 다음, 당시 농업진흥공사, 각 농지개량조합, 농지개량조합연합회 등 3개 기관은 업무 및 조직의 중복에 따른 비효율성 및 재정의 극심한 악화로 기관의 통합이 요구되었고, 이를 위해서는 사전에 각 기관별 구조조정에 따른 인력감축이 불가피하였을 뿐만 아니라, 3개 기관의 정년을 일치시킬 필요가 있었던 점, 정년이 1회에 대폭 인하될 경우 직원들이 입는 피해를 고려하여 2회에 걸쳐 정년의 단축이 이루어졌고, 최종적으로 단축된 정년은 향후 통합될 농업진흥공사, 농지개량조합연합회 직원의 정년과 동일하게 된 점, 당시 ○○농조는 직원들에게 퇴직금을 지급할 수 있는 재원이 확보되지 못하는 등 극심한 재정적 어려움을 겪고 있었음에도, 3개 기관 통합을 위한 위와 같은 정년단축과 명예퇴직을 통한 구조조정을 함으로써 원고들은 단축된 정년에 해당하는 퇴직금을 지급받을 수 있었던 점, 다른 농지개량조합의 노동조합에서는 정년단축이 불가피하다고 보고 위의 개정 인사규정준칙에 동의하였을 뿐만 아니라 전국농지개량조합 노동조합도 결국 단축된 정년을 내용으로 한 단체협약을 체결한 점 등에 비추어, ○○농지개량조합의 개정된 인사규정은 그 필요성 및 내용의 양면에서 보아 그에 의하여 근로자들이 입게 될 불이익의 정도를 고려하더라도 여전히 법적 규범성을 시인할 수 있을 정도로 사회통념상 합리성이 있다고 보아야 함이 상당하므로, 비록 ○○농지개량조합 노동조합의 동의가 없었다고 하더라도 개정된 그 인사규정은 원고들에게 효력이 미친다고 판단하였다.

나. 이 법원의 판단

사용자가 일방적으로 새로운 취업규칙의 작성·변경을 통하여 근로자가 가지고 있는 기득의 권리나 이익을 박탈하여 불이익한 근로조건을 부과하는 것은 원칙적으로 허용되지 아니한다고 할 것이지만, 당해 취업규칙의 작성 또는 변경이 그 필요성 및 내용의 양면에서 보아 그에 의하여 근로자가 입게 될 불이익의 정도를 고려하더라도 여전히 당해 조항의 법적 규범성을 시인할 수 있을 정도로 사회통념상 합리성이 있다고 인정되는 경우에는 종전 근로조건 또는 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의가 없다는 이유만으로 그의 적용을 부정할 수는 없다고 할 것이고, 한편 여기에서 말하는 사회통념상 합리성의 유무는 취업규칙의 변경에 의하여 근로자가 입게 되는 불이익의 정도, 사용자측의 변경 필요성의 내용과 정도, 변경 후의 취업규칙 내용의 상당성, 대상조치 등을 포함한 다른 근로조건의 개선상황, 노동조합 등과의 교섭 경위 및 노동조합이나 다른 근로자의 대응, 동종 사항에 관한 국내의 일반적인 상황 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하며(대법원 2001. 1. 5. 선고 99다70846 판결 참조), 근로자집단의 동의를 대신할 만한 사회통념상의 합리성이 있는지를 판단함에 있어서는 개정 당시의 상황을 근거로 하여야 할 것이다(대법원 1993. 9. 14. 선고 92다45490 판결 참조).

원심이 확정한 사실에 의하니, 원고들은 1998. 12. 31.에서 1999. 9. 30. 사이에 퇴직하였고, 피고 공사의 노동조합은 2000. 6. 15. 단체협약을 체결하여 개정된 인사규정에 따른 정년에 합의함으로써 그 개정된 인사규정의 효력을 인정하였다는 것인바, 원고들이 퇴직한 후인 2000. 6. 15.에 이르러 노동조합의 인정을 받았다는 것은 원고들에 대한 관계에 있어서의 그 퇴직금규정 개정의 효력을 판단함에 있어서는 고려할 사정이 못된다고 할 것이다.

또한, 기록 중의 자료에 의하여, 당시 3개 기관의 통합이 요구되면서 사전에 각 기관별 구조조정에 따른 인력감축이 불가피하였을 뿐만 아니라, 3개 기관의 정년을 일치시킬 필요가 있었기에 인사규정의 변경이 요망되었던 점은 알 수 있지만, 그 변경의 결과 정년을 2년씩 일률적으로 단축한 때로부터 얼마 지나지 않아 정년에 도달하여 퇴직하게 될 원고들에 대한 관계에서는 아무런 대상조치나 경과조치를 두지 않음으로써 원고들이 입게 되는 불이익이 다대하였던 사정 또한 알 수 있으니, 이 사건에서 드러난 그 개정의 동기, 그 취업규칙의 작성 또는 변경의 필요성 및 내용 등을 고려하더라도 여전히 당해 조항의 법적 규범성을 시인할 수 있을 정도로 사회통념상 합리성이 있다고 보기는 어려우므로, 이 사건 인사규정의 개정에 근로자집단의 동의를 대신할 만한 사회통념상의 합리성이 있다고 한 원심의 판단에는 필요한 심리를 다하지 아니하였거나 취업규칙의 변경에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 것이다.

이 점을 지적하는 상고이유 주장은 정당하기에 이 법원은 그 주장을 받아들인다.

4. 상고이유 제4주장에 관하여

원고 3은, 1999. 5. 29. 자 농림부 훈령 제983호 인사규정준칙은 조합 이사회에서 ○○농지개량조합의 인사규정으로 결의한 사실이 없음에도 불구하고, 그 준칙이 이사회의 결의를 거쳐 ○○농지개량조합의 취업규칙으로 되었다고 본 원심이 그 준칙을 근거로 원고 3에 대한 퇴직처리를 한 것을 인정한 것은 취업규칙 제정절차에 관한 증거법칙을 위반하였다거나 인사규정 제정절차에 관한 법리를 오해한 것으로서 위법하다고 주장한다.

그러나 그 주장은 상고심에서 비로소 제기된 것으로서 적법한 상고사유가 될 수 없을 뿐만 아니라, 기록에 의하니 그 원고의 명예퇴직이 농림부훈령 제983호에 근거하여 이루어진 것이 아니었음을 알 수 있으므로 원고들의 이 부분 상고이유 주장을 받아들일 수 없다.

5. 결 론

그러므로 원심판결 중 원고 2, 원고 3의 해고무효확인청구 부분을 파기하되, 이 법원이 직접 판결하기로 하여 그 부분 소를 각하하고, 원고 2, 원고 3의 금전지급청구 부분과 나머지 원고들에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 그 부분 사건을 더욱 심리한 후 판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 대법관들의 의견이 일치되어 주문에 쓴 바와 같이 판결한다.

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