Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다61703

Damages for Industrial Accident (손해배상(산))손해배상(산)

Decided1995. 04. 25. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A fixed-term employee (기간제 근로자) suffered a lower back injury while working, and the case concerned how to calculate his industrial accident compensation. The Supreme Court held that even after the worker's contract expired, his lost future income (일실수입) should be calculated on the assumption that he could continue working in a similar occupation at a comparable income level. The Court also ruled that leave benefits (휴업급여) already paid should be deducted only from damages corresponding to the same leave period, not from the entire lost income calculation.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA fixed-term worker suffered a back injury on the job and sought damages, including lost income extending beyond his contract's expiration date.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that the worker's lost income should be calculated as if he could continue working in a similar job until retirement age, and limited the deduction of leave benefits to only the corresponding leave period.
  • LessonEmployers and insurers should not assume that fixed-term contract status caps a worker's compensable future earnings, and any benefit offsets must be matched precisely to the period and type of loss they cover.
Issues
  • How to calculate lost future income (일실수입) after the expiration of a fixed-term employment contract
  • The proper scope of set-off (손익상계) between leave benefits (휴업급여) and damages awarded
Key reasoning

The Court reasoned that, absent special circumstances, a fixed-term worker can be presumed capable of continuing to earn income in a similar occupation until the general retirement age for physical labor (가동연한), even after his specific contract term ends. Limiting lost income calculations strictly to the remaining contract period would unfairly understate the worker's actual economic loss. Furthermore, the Court clarified that leave benefits (휴업급여) received under industrial accident insurance are compensation for income lost during a specific leave period, and therefore should only be offset against damages of the same nature and same time period—not against the worker's total lost income over his expected working life.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Even if the workplace where the victim was employed at the time of the accident was based on a fixed-term contract with another person such that the victim could not have continued to work at that workplace after the expiration of the contract term, it cannot be concluded that the victim would thereafter be able to earn only the income obtainable from engaging in daily labor. Absent special circumstances, it is reasonable to view that the victim could have continued to engage, until the retirement age for that occupation, in a similar occupation yielding income of the same level as that at the previous workplace.

b. Since the purpose of damages is to compensate for loss, in cases where the victim has already been paid temporary layoff compensation (휴업급여) or disability compensation (장해급여) pursuant to the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법), the deduction of such benefit amounts from the amount of compensation for lost income can be made only between items of the same nature that are in a mutually complementary relationship. Accordingly, even if the temporary layoff compensation or disability compensation received by the victim exceeds the amount of passive damages recognized by the court, the excess portion is not to be deducted in calculating the amount of compensation for damages of a different nature. In the same vein, since temporary layoff compensation corresponds to the lost income during the period of temporary layoff, the temporary layoff compensation payment should be deducted only from the amount of damages corresponding to the lost income during the period of temporary layoff for which it was paid.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,985 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 4 others, Plaintiffs' Attorney Kim Seon-myeong
[Defendant, Appellant] Defendant, Defendant's Attorneys Kim Hyeong-su and 1 other
[Judgment Below] Daegu High Court Decision 93Na1344 rendered on November 12, 1993

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal are borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found the following facts: Plaintiff 1 joined "Sangsin Textile," a tent-manufacturing company operated by the Defendant, on December 12, 1989, and worked in the winder department, then voluntarily resigned on June 24, 1991; he rejoined the company on September 2 of the same year and, together with a non-party, formed a team in the drawing department, being in charge of feeding raw material into the drawing machine that extrudes yarn for tent manufacturing; on October 6 of the same year, although the said non-party was absent from work, the Defendant failed to supplement the workforce, causing the Plaintiff to perform the raw material feeding work alone; because the raw material mixing work had to proceed without disruption in order not to hinder a series of other operations, the Plaintiff, feeling psychological pressure, hurriedly performed the raw material mixing work alone, and at around 08:15 sustained excessive impact to his lower back due to the excessive workload and improper working posture, resulting in a herniated intervertebral disc between the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae and between the 5th lumbar vertebra and the 1st sacral vertebra. The court below then determined that this accident occurred due to the Defendant's negligence in supervising the work, that the said Plaintiff's own negligence was also a cause of the occurrence of this accident, and that it was reasonable to set the comparative negligence ratio at 50%.

Upon comparing and examining the evidentiary relationships set forth in the judgment below against the record, the fact-finding and determination of the court below are found to be justified and acceptable, and there is no illegality of misapprehending the facts in violation of the rules of evidence; nor can it be said that the comparative negligence ratio recognized by the court below is so remarkably unjust as to be contrary to justice and equity. This ground of appeal is without merit in its entirety.

2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found the following facts: Plaintiff 1 rejoined Sangsin Textile, operated by the Defendant, on September 2, 1991, entering into an employment contract with a term running until October 2, 1992, and retired on June 12, 1992 due to this accident; at the time of this accident, the said Plaintiff was receiving a monthly salary of 630,000 won, and had entered into an employment contract under which he was to be paid a bonus equivalent to 60% of the total salary received if his period of service was 6 months or longer, 100% if 12 months or longer, and 200% if 24 months or longer. The court below then determined that even after the expiration of the said employment contract term on October 2, 1992, until July 11, 2021, the date on which the said Plaintiff would reach the mandatory retirement age of 55 as prescribed by the work rules of Sangsin Textile, he lost income corresponding to his degree of loss of labor capacity, including the said bonus and salary, as well as retirement pay equivalent to the average wage for 30 days per year of continuous service up until the said retirement age.

The lost income of a victim due to a tortious act must be calculated on a standard that properly reflects the property value inherent in the victim's labor capacity, and for a person who was engaged in a certain occupation and earning income at the time of the accident, that income shall, absent special circumstances, serve as the basis for calculation.

Moreover, the reason that the income at the time of the accident is used as the basis for calculating lost income is that such income can serve as the most objective material for evaluating the victim's labor capacity, and it is not based on the premise that the victim would specifically continue to earn the same amount of income in the future. Therefore, even if the workplace at which the victim was working at the time of the accident was based on a fixed-term contract with another party such that the victim could not continue working at that workplace after the expiration of the contract term, it cannot be concluded that the victim could earn only the income obtainable from engaging in day labor thereafter; rather, absent special circumstances, it is reasonable to view that the victim could continue to engage, until the retirement age, in a similar occupation earning an income of the same level as at the former workplace (see Supreme Court Decision 87Daka2169 rendered on December 22, 1987).

In light of the record, the fact-finding and determination of the court below are found to be justified and acceptable, and there is no illegality of misapprehending the legal principles concerning the calculation of lost income as argued in the ground of appeal. This ground of appeal is without merit.

3. As to Ground of Appeal No. 3

Since damages are intended to compensate for losses, where the victim has already received temporary disability benefits or disability benefits under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법), the deduction of the amount of such benefits from the amount of damages for lost income can only be made between items of the same nature that are in a mutually complementary relationship. Accordingly, even if the temporary disability benefits or disability benefits received by the victim exceed the amount of passive damages recognized by the court, the excess portion is not to be deducted in calculating the amount of damages for losses of a different nature; and by the same reasoning, since temporary disability benefits correspond to lost income during the period of temporary disability, the temporary disability benefits should be deducted only from the amount of damages equivalent to the lost income during the period of temporary disability for which they were paid (see Supreme Court Decision 90Da11776 rendered on July 23, 1991).

In the same vein, the determination of the court below, holding that the Defendant's argument for deduction of the temporary disability benefits of 3,765,670 won was justified only within the scope of 608,528 won, the amount of damages equivalent to lost income during the period of temporary disability from October 7, 1991 to June 12, 1992, is found to be justified and acceptable, and there is no illegality of misapprehending the legal principles concerning set-off of profit and loss. This ground of appeal is without merit.

4. As to Ground of Appeal No. 4

Upon examination of the record, the amount of consolation money calculated by the court below is also deemed appropriate, and thus the argument that the court below made a fact-finding in violation of the rules of experience or misapprehended the legal principles in calculating consolation money cannot be accepted.

5. The Defendant appealed against the entire portion of the judgment below that was decided against him, but has not raised any grounds of appeal with respect to the portions concerning future medical expenses, expenses for purchasing assistive devices, and future nursing care expenses, and thus the appeal as to these portions is without merit.

6. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This Judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Im-su (Presiding Justice), Kim Seok-su, Jeong Gwi-ho (Justice in charge), Lee Don-hee

【판결요지】

가. 피해자가 사고 당시 근무하고 있던 직장이 기간을 정한 타인과의 계약에 기한 것이어서 그 계약기간이 만료된 후에는 그 직장에 계속 근무할 수 없는 사정이 있다 하더라도 피해자가 그 이후에는 일용노동에 종사하여 벌 수 있는 수익밖에 올릴 수 없다고 단정할 수는 없고, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 가동연한까지 종전 직장에서와 같은 정도의 수익이 있는 유사한 직종에 계속 종사할 수 있는 것으로 봄이 타당하다.

나. 손해배상은 손해의 전보를 목적으로 하는 것이므로 피해자가 근로기준법이나 산업재해보상보험법에 따라 휴업급여나 장해급여 등을 이미 지급받은 경우에 그 급여액을 일실수익의 배상액에서 공제하는 것은 그 손해의 성질이 동일하여 상호보완적 관계에 있는 것 사이에서만 이루어질 수 있고, 따라서 피해자가 수령한 휴업급여금이나 장해급여금이 법원에서 인정된 소극적 손해액을 초과하더라도 그 초과부분을 그 성질을 달리하는 손해의 배상액을 산정함에 있어서 공제할 것은 아니고, 같은 이치에서 휴업급여는 휴업기간 중의 일실수익에 대응하는 것이므로 휴업급여금은 그것이 지급된 휴업기간 중의 일실수익 상당의 손해액에서만 공제되어야 한다.

【참조조문】

가.나. 민법 제763조(제393조) / 나. 구 산업재해보상보험법 (1994.12.22 법률 제4826호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제9조의4, 제9조의5, 제11조 제2항

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1987. 12. 22. 선고 87다카2169 판결(공1988,342) / 나. 대법원 1991. 7. 23. 선고 90다11776 판결(공1991,2218)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,997자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 4인 원고들 소송대리인 변호사 김선명

【피고, 상고인】 피고 소송대리인 변호사 김형수 외 1인

【원심판결】 대구고법 1993. 11. 12. 선고 93나1344 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 대하여,

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 원고 1은 1989.12.12. 피고 경영의 천막생산업체인 ‘상신직물’에 입사하여 와인더(winder)부에 근무하다가 1991.6.24. 임의퇴직한 뒤 같은 해 9.2. 재입사하여 연신부에서 소외인과 함께 한 조를 이루어 천막제조용 실을 발출하는 연신기계에 실원료를 투입하는 작업을 담당하여 왔는데, 같은 해 10.6. 위 소외인이 결근하였음에도 피고가 작업인원을 보충하지 아니하여 원고가 혼자서 원료투입작업을 하게 되었는바, 일련의 다른 작업에 지장을 초래하지 않게 하기 위하여는 원료배합작업이 차질 없이 이루어져야 하는 사정 때문에 심리적인 압박감을 느낀 상태에서 혼자서 서둘러 원료배합작업을 하던 중 08:15경 과중한 작업량과 부적당한 작업자세로 인하여 허리에 과도한 충격을 당함으로써 제4, 5요추간, 제5요추 및 제1천추 간 요추간판 탈출증을 입게 된 사실을 인정한 다음, 이 사고는 피고의 작업감독상의 과실로 인하여 발생하였고, 한편 위 원고의 과실도 이 사건 사고 발생의 한 원인이 되었다고 할 것이며, 그 과실비율은 50%로 봄이 상당하다고 판단하였다.

원심이 설시한 증거관계를 기록과 대조하여 검토하면 원심의 위 사실인정과 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 채증법칙에 위배하여 사실을 오인한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없고, 또한 원심이 인정한 과실상계비율이 현저하게 부당하여 정의와 형평에 어긋난다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 모두 이유가 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 대하여,

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 원고 1이 1991.9.2. 피고가 운영하는 상신직물에 근로계약기간을 1992.10.2.까지로 하는 내용의 근로계약을 체결하고 재입사하였다가 이 사건 사고로 1992.6.12. 퇴직한 사실, 위 원고는 이 사건 사고 당시 월 금 630,000원의 급료를 받고 있었고, 상여금으로 급료의 총수령액 중 근무기간이 6개월 이상일 경우에 60%, 12개월 이상일 경우에 100%, 24개월 이상일 경우에 200%에 해당하는 금원을 지급받기로 하는 근로계약을 체결한 사실을 인정한 다음, 위 근로계약기간이 만료되는 1992.10.2. 이후에도 위 상신직물의 취업규칙이 정한 정년인 55세가 되는 날인 2021.7.11.까지 위 상여금을 포함한 급료와 위 정년이 될 때까지 계속근속연수 1년에 대하여 30일분의 평균임금에 상당하는 퇴직금 중 각 그 노동능력상실 정도에 상응한 수익을 상실한 것으로 판단하였다.

불법행위로 인한 피해자의 일실수익은 피해자의 노동능력이 가지는 재산적 가치를 정당하게 반영하는 기준에 의하여 산정하여야 하며 사고 당시 일정한 직업에 종사하여 수익을 얻고 있던 자는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 수익이 산정기준이 된다 할 것이다.

그리고 위와 같이 사고 당시의 수익을 일실수익산정의 기초로 삼는 것은 사고 당시의 수익이 피해자의 노동능력을 가장 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 자료가 될 수 있기 때문이고, 그 피해자가 장래 구체적으로도 같은 액수의 수익을 계속 얻게됨을 근거로 하는 것은 아니라 할 것이므로, 피해자가 사고 당시 근무하고 있던 직장이 기간을 정한 타인과의 계약에 기한 것이어서 그 계약기간이 만료된 후에는 그 직장에 계속 근무할 수 없는 사정이 있다 하더라도 피해자가 그 이후에는 일용노동에 종사하여 벌 수 있는 수익밖에 올릴 수 없다고 단정할 수는 없고, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 가동연한까지 종전 직장에서와 같은 정도의 수익이 있는 유사한 직종에 계속 종사할 수 있는 것으로 봄이 타당하다(대법원 1987.12.22. 선고 87다카2169 판결 참조).

기록에 비추어 볼 때, 원심의 위 사실인정과 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고 거기에 소론이 주장하는 바와 같은 일실수입산정에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법 등이 있다 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

3. 상고이유 제3점에 대하여,

손해배상은 손해의 전보를 목적으로 하는 것이므로 피해자로 하여금 근로기준법이나 산업재해보상보험법에 따라 휴업급여나 장해급여 등을 이미 지급받은 경우에 그 급여액을 일실수익의 배상액에서 공제하는 것은 그 손해의 성질이 동일하여 상호보완적 관계에 있는 것 사이에서만 이루어질 수 있다고 할 것이고, 따라서 피해자가 수령한 휴업급여금이나 장해급여금이 법원에서 인정된 소극적 손해액을 초과하더라도 그 초과부분을 그 성질을 달리하는 손해의 배상액을 산정함에 있어서 공제할 것은 아니고, 같은 이치에서 휴업급여는 휴업기간 중의 일실수익에 대응하는 것이므로 휴업급여금은 그것이 지급된 휴업기간 중의 일실수익 상당의 손해액에서만 공제되어야 할 것이다(대법원 1991.7.23. 선고 90다11776 판결 참조).

같은 취지에서 피고의 휴업급여금 3,765,670원의 공제 주장은 휴업기간인 1991.10.7.부터 1992.6.12.까지의 일실수익상당의 손해액인 금 608,528원의 범위 내에서만 이유 있다고 판시한 원심의 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 손익상계에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 없다. 논지는 이유가 없다.

4. 상고이유 제4점에 대하여,

기록에 의하여 살펴보면, 원심이 산정한 위자료 액수도 적절하다고 보여지므로 원심이 위자료 산정에 있어 경험칙에 위배한 사실인정을 하였거나 법리를 오해하였다는 취지의 논지는 받아들일 수 없다.

5. 피고는 원심판결 패소부분 전부에 대하여 상고하였으나 향후치료비, 보조구 구입비, 향후개호비 부분 등에 대하여는 아무런 상고이유를 개진하지 않고 있으므로 이 부분 상고는 이유 없다.

6. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

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2017다269374 · 대법원 2018-06-28
Damages (Industrial Accident)

Cases citing this decision

2020다216240 · 대법원 2020-06-25
Damages (Industrial Accident)
2017다269374 · 대법원 2018-06-28
Damages (Industrial Accident)
2010다77293 · 대법원 2012-06-14
Damages (Motor Vehicle)
2010두18505 · 대법원 2012-05-24
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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)