Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 94도3250

Violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act (직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반)직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반

Decided1995. 06. 13. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the Supreme Court overturned the lower court's acquittal, ruling that the licensing requirement applies to businesses placing foreign workers as well.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case concerned whether a for-profit job placement business that arranged foreign workers for domestic companies required a license (허가) from the Minister of Labor under the former Employment Security Act (구 직업안정법). The lower court acquitted the defendant, reasoning that the Act applied only to Korean nationals. The Supreme Court (대법원) reversed and remanded, holding that foreign workers were also protected under the Act.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA job placement agency arranged foreign workers for Korean companies without obtaining the required license from the Minister of Labor.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that foreign workers are protected under the Employment Security Act, so the licensing requirement applies equally to agencies placing foreign workers.
  • LessonEmployment agencies must obtain proper licensing regardless of whether they place Korean or foreign workers, as worker protection laws apply without discrimination based on nationality.
Issues
  • Whether the licensing requirement for for-profit job placement businesses under the former Employment Security Act applies to businesses arranging placements for foreign workers
  • In a case involving both an imaginary concurrence (상상적 경합) and a substantive concurrence (실체적 경합) of offenses, what is the scope of the Supreme Court's review when only part of the judgment is appealed
Key reasoning

The former Employment Security Act was enacted to protect workers generally, not just Korean nationals. Under Article 5 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), workers are entitled to non-discriminatory treatment regardless of nationality. The Supreme Court held that the list of grounds in the equal treatment clause was merely illustrative (예시적), not exhaustive, and there was no basis to exclude foreign workers from the Act's protection. Accordingly, the licensing requirement for for-profit job placement businesses also applied to those placing foreign workers.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

가. In a case where an appellate judgment convicted the defendant on some of the charges, acquitted him on other charges that were in a relationship of substantive concurrence (實體的 競合) with the convicted part, and further held that another part of the charges, which was in a relationship of imaginary concurrence (想像的 競合) with the convicted part, was not guilty, but did not render a separate pronouncement thereon in the judgment's disposition (주문); and where only the prosecutor appealed to the Supreme Court, limited to the acquittal portion that was in a relationship of imaginary concurrence with the convicted portion — the acquittal portion that was in a relationship of substantive concurrence with the convicted portion has become final and conclusive, since neither the prosecutor nor the defendant appealed against it, and thus cannot become an object of review in the appellate (final) proceedings. However, although it may formally appear that neither the prosecutor nor the defendant appealed against the convicted portion, since the prosecutor appealed against the acquittal portion that is in a relationship of imaginary concurrence with the convicted portion, and the determination of guilt or innocence on that acquittal portion will affect the offense to be punished and the sentencing of the convicted portion, the convicted portion likewise becomes an object of review in the appellate (final) proceedings.

나. The former Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act (Jigeobanjeong mit Goyongchokjine gwanhan Beobyul; wholly amended by Act No. 4733 on January 7, 1994 into the Employment Security Act (Jigeobanjeongbeop)) is clearly a statute intended to promote the employment security and employment promotion of workers. The status of workers is such that, as expressly provided in Article 5 of the Labor Standards Act (Geunrogijunbeop), they shall not be subject to discriminatory treatment regardless of nationality. Likewise, the legislative purpose of Article 10 of the former Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act, which requires permission from the Minister of Labor for fee-charging job placement business, is for the government to supervise placement agencies in order to prevent harm that workers might suffer from indiscriminate job placement; this provision's primary purpose is to protect workers. Even though the equal treatment provision in Article 1-2 of the same Act states only that a person shall not be discriminated against on the grounds of sex, religion, social status, marital status, etc., without expressly mentioning nationality, the enumerated grounds are merely illustrative, and there is no reason to construe the provision as intending to exclude foreigners. The mere fact that, at the time the Act was enacted, the issue of foreign workers' employment in Korea had not become a legal or social issue does not necessarily mean that foreign workers were excluded from its scope. Moreover, there is no basis for concluding that interpreting the provision to include foreign workers would violate the principle of legality in criminal law (罪刑法定主義). Therefore, the permission requirement for fee-charging job placement business under Article 10 of the same Act must be construed as applying also to placement businesses that place foreign workers with domestic enterprises.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,119 chars

[Defendant] Defendant
[Appellant] Public Prosecutor
[Original Judgment] Busan High Court Decision 94No101, decided November 17, 1994

[Order]

The part of the original judgment concerning the violation of the Immigration Control Act (출입국관리법) and the part concerning the violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act (직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률) are reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Busan High Court.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. Before addressing the Public Prosecutor's grounds of appeal, we first examine ex officio the scope of matters subject to review in this appeal.

The court of first instance in this case found the defendant guilty of all the charges against him and sentenced him to one year of imprisonment with a two-year suspension of execution. In the appellate court, to which only the defendant appealed, the court found the defendant guilty only with respect to the violation of the Immigration Control Act, and acquitted him of the charges of forgery of official documents and uttering thereof on the ground of lack of evidence, and also acquitted him of the charge of violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act on the ground that it did not constitute a crime. However, since the part concerning the violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act was found to be in an imaginary concurrence relationship (상상적 경합) with the aforementioned guilty part, the appellate court did not separately pronounce a not-guilty verdict in the order for that part, and rendered a judgment pronouncing not guilty in the order only with respect to the forgery of official documents and uttering thereof, which were in a substantive concurrence relationship (실체적 경합). Only the Public Prosecutor appealed against this appellate judgment, and in the notice of appeal, the Public Prosecutor limited the scope of the appeal to the violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act.

In such a case, since neither the Public Prosecutor nor the defendant appealed with respect to the forgery of official documents and uttering thereof, which were prosecuted in substantive concurrence with the guilty part and for which not guilty was pronounced, that part shall be deemed to have become final and conclusive as it stands (see this Court's en banc Decision 91Do1402, decided January 21, 1992), and therefore this part cannot be the subject of review in this appeal. However, although it does not formally appear that either the Public Prosecutor or the defendant appealed with respect to the part concerning the violation of the Immigration Control Act, for which the appellate court suspended the pronouncement of sentence, since the Public Prosecutor appealed with respect to the violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act, which is in an imaginary concurrence relationship with the aforementioned guilty part, the crime to be punished and the sentencing for the said part will ultimately depend on whether the violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act is found guilty or not guilty. Therefore, it must be said that the aforementioned guilty part is also subject to review in this appeal (see this Court's en banc Decision 80Do384, decided December 9, 1980).

2. We now examine the Public Prosecutor's grounds of appeal.

With respect to the part of the charges alleging that the defendant, without obtaining a license for a fee-charging job placement business from the Minister of Labor, arranged, from around June 3, 1993, for five Indonesian nationals, including non-indicted person 1, who had entered the country without a visa, to be employed at the aforementioned non-indicted company 2 for six-month terms, and received from the said non-indicted company 2, per employed person, USD 25 per month in the name of agency fees, USD 32 in the name of insurance premiums, USD 250 in the name of severance pay after one year, and USD 50 in the name of local handling fees, and, in the same manner as set forth in the attached list 2, arranged from around April 22, 1993 to around September 23, 1993 for 50 Indonesian nationals, including the aforementioned non-indicted person 1, who had entered without a visa, to be employed at 10 companies, including the aforementioned non-indicted company 2, and received placement fees, thereby operating a fee-charging job placement business and simultaneously arranging for the employment of foreigners who did not possess the qualification to engage in employment activities, the appellate court held as follows: Article 10, Paragraph 1 of the former Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act (구 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률) (before its full amendment by Act No. 4733 on January 17, 1994, into the Employment Security Act (직업안정법)) provides that "a person who intends to operate a fee-charging job placement business shall obtain a license from the Minister of Labor," and Article 30 of the same Act provides for criminal penalties against those who violate the said provision. However, examining the provisions of the said Act and its Enforcement Decree, it is reasonable to interpret that the job seekers or workers referred to in the said Act refer only to Korean nationals, and do not include foreign job seekers or workers who wish to be employed in Korea (whereas, unlike our country, Article 3 of Japan's Employment Security Act, which corresponds to the equal treatment clause of Article 2 of our Employment Security Act, provides that "no one shall be subject to discriminatory treatment with respect to job placement, vocational guidance, etc. on the grounds of race, nationality, etc.," thereby expressly stating that foreign workers are also subject to its application). Therefore, in the case of a job placement business that arranges for the formation of employment contracts between foreign job seekers or workers and Korean employers, regardless of whether there is a need for regulation (although the domestic employment of foreign workers is in fact prevalent today, the lack of adequate legal and institutional support therefor is causing many social problems), it cannot be considered subject to the regulations set forth in the said provision, and such an interpretation also accords with the spirit of the principle of legality in criminal law (죄형법정주의).

Therefore, the appellate court reversed the judgment of the first instance court, which had found the defendant guilty, holding that the part of the charges concerning the violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act does not constitute a crime under the current laws, and rendered a judgment of not guilty.

However, even if the equal treatment clause of Article 1-2 of the former Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act (hereinafter referred to as "the Act") is worded differently from Japan's Employment Security Act, as noted by the appellate court, the mere form of such a provision does not mean that foreign workers are not subject to the application of the Act.

It is clear that this Act is a statute designed to promote the employment security and employment promotion of workers, and the status of workers, as explicitly stated in Article 5 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), is such that they shall not be subjected to discriminatory treatment regardless of nationality. Furthermore, the legislative purpose of requiring a license from the Minister of Labor for the fee-charging job placement business under Article 10 of the Act is likewise to have the government supervise placement agencies in order to prevent harm to workers arising from indiscriminate job placement, and this provision must be regarded as primarily intended to protect workers. Even though the equal treatment clause of Article 1-2 of the Act states only that a person shall not be subjected to discriminatory treatment on the grounds of sex, religion, social status, marital status, etc., without mentioning nationality, the enumerated grounds are merely illustrative, and there is no reason to conclude that the omission of nationality from the list signifies an intent to exclude foreigners. Nor can it be concluded that, because the domestic employment of foreign workers was not a legal or social issue at the time the Act was enacted, it must necessarily have been excluded. Moreover, there is no basis for concluding that interpreting the Act to include foreign workers would violate the principle of legality in criminal law.

Therefore, the licensing provision concerning the fee-charging job placement business under Article 10 of the Act must be construed as also applying to placement businesses that arrange for foreign workers to be employed by domestic enterprises, and the appellate court's determination, based on a contrary view, that foreign workers are not subject to the Act, is an error of law based on a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the scope of application of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act, and this error had an effect on the outcome of the judgment.

Such an error, in the event that the aforementioned charge, which is in an imaginary concurrence relationship with the part found guilty by the appellate court, is found guilty, would require sentencing within the range of the statutory penalty under Article 30 of this Act, which carries a heavier statutory penalty, and therefore, such an error must be deemed to have an effect on the order of the appellate court's judgment.

Therefore, since the judgment on the part of the original judgment concerning the violation of the Immigration Control Act and the part concerning the violation of the Employment Security and Employment Promotion Act, which constitute the guilty portions, cannot be sustained as they stand, the participating Justices unanimously agreed to reverse these parts and remand the case to the court below for further hearing and determination, and hereby render judgment as stated in the Order.

Justice Kim Seok-su (Presiding Justice), Jeong Gwi-ho, Lee Don-hee (Justice in charge), Lee Im-su

【판결요지】

가. 공소사실 중 일부에 대하여는 유죄를, 실체적 경합 관계에 있는 일부에 대하여는 무죄를 각 선고하고, 그 유죄 부분과 상상적 경합 관계에 있는 다른 일부에 대하여는 무죄임을 판시하면서 주문에 별도의 선고를 하지 않은 항소심판결에 대하여, 유죄 부분과 상상적 경합 관계에 있는 무죄 부분에 한정하여 검사만이 상고를 한 경우, 그 유죄 부분과 실체적 경합 관계에 있는 무죄 선고 부분은 검사와 피고인 모두 상고하지 않았으므로 그대로 확정되어 상고심의 판단대상이 될 수 없고, 다만 그 유죄 부분은 형식상 검사 및 피고인 어느 쪽도 상고한 것 같아 보이지 않지만 그 부분과 상상적 경합 관계에 있는 무죄 부분에 대하여 검사가 상고함으로써 그 유죄 부분은 그 무죄 부분의 유·무죄 여하에 따라서 처단될 죄목과 양형을 좌우하게 되므로, 결국 그유죄 부분도 함께 상고심의 판단대상이 된다.

나. 구 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률(1994.1.7. 법률 제4733호 직업안정법으로 전문 개정되기 전의 법률)은 근로자의 직업안정 및 고용촉진을 도모하기 위한 법률임이 명백하고, 근로자의 지위는 근로기준법 제5조에서 명시하고 있듯이 국적을 불문하고 차별적 대우를 받지 않게 되어 있으며, 구 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률 제10조의 유료직업소개사업에 대해 노동부장관의 허가를 받도록 하고 있는 입법취지 역시 무분별한 직업알선으로 인해서 근로자가입게 될 피해 등을 막기 위하여 정부가 알선기관을 감독하고자 하는 것으로서, 그 주된 목적이 근로자를 보호하기 위한 법조항이며, 같은 법 제1조의2 균등처우 조항에서 성별, 종교, 사회적 신분, 혼인 여부 등을 이유로 차별대우를 받지 아니한다라고만 했을 뿐 국적을 표시하지 않았다 하더라도 위와 같은 열거 사유들은 예시적인 것일 뿐이고 외국인을 배제한다는 취지라고 보아야 할 이유는 없고, 법 제정 당시에 외국인 근로자의 국내 취업 문제가 법률적으로나 사회적으로 쟁점사항이 된 일이 없다 해서 반드시 그것은 제외된 것이라고 단정할 수도 없으며, 또 외국인 근로자를 포함한다고 해석하는 것이 죄형법정주의에 위배되는 법해석이라고 할 근거도 없으므로, 같은 법 제10조가 규정하고 있는 유료직업소개사업에 관한 허가규정은 외국인 근로자를 국내기업에 알선하여 주는 소개업에도 적용이 된다고 보아야 한다.

【참조조문】

형법 제37조, 제40조, 형사소송법 제342조, 구 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률(1994.1.7. 법률 제4733호 직업안정법으로 전문 개정되기 전의 법률) 제1조의2, 제10조 제1항, 제30조, 근로기준법 제5조

【참조판례】

대법원 1980.12.9.선고 80도384 전원합의체 판결(공1981,13473), 1992.1.21.선고 91도1402 전원합의체 판결(공1992,951)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,502자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인

【상 고 인】 검사

【원심판결】 부산고등법원 1994.11.17. 선고 94노101 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 출입국관리법위반 부분과 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 검사의 상고이유를 판단하기에 앞서 먼저 직권으로 이 사건 상고심의 판단대상 범위를 살펴본다.

이 사건 제1심법원은 피고인에 대한 공소사실 전부를 유죄로 하여 징역1년에 2년간 집행유예를 선고하였고, 피고인만이 항소한 원심에서는 출입국관리법위반 부분만 유죄로 인정하고 공문서위조 및 동행사 부분은 증거가 없다는 이유로, 또 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반 부분은 죄가 되지 않는다는 이유로 각 무죄임을 판시하면서 다만 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반 부분은 위 유죄부분과 상상적 경합관계에 있으므로, 주문에 별도로 무죄선고를 하지 아니하고, 실체적 경합 관계에 있는 공문서위조, 동행사 부분만 주문에 무죄를 선고한다는 판결을 하였는바 위 항소심판결에 대하여 검사만이 상고를 하면서 검사는 상고장에 상고의 범위를 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반으로 한정하고 있다.

이와 같은 경우 상고심의 심판대상은 위 유죄부분과 실체적 경합관계로 공소되었다가 무죄가 선고된 공문서위조, 동행사 부분은 검사와 피고인 모두 상고하지 않았으므로, 그대로 확정되었다 할 것이므로(당원 1992.1.21. 선고 91도1402 전원합의부판결 참조), 이 부분은 상고심의 판단대상이 될 수 없고 다만 원심이 선고유예한 출입국관리법위반 부분은 형식상 검사 및 피고인 어느 쪽도 상고한 것 같아 보이지 않지만 위 유죄 부분과 상상적 경합 관계에 있는 직업안정및고용촉진에법률위반 부분에 대하여 검사가 상고함으로써 결국 위 부분은 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반 부분의 유·무죄 여하에 따라서 처단될 죄목과 양형을 좌우하게 되는 것이므로, 결국 위 유죄 부분도 함께 상고심의 판단대상이 된다고 하지 않을 수 없다 (당원 1980.12.9. 선고 80도384 전원합의체 판결 참조).

2. 이제 검사의 상고이유를 살펴본다.

원심은 이 사건 공소사실중 피고인이 노동부장관의 유료직업소개사업 허가 없이 1993. 6. 3.경 공소외 1 등 무사증으로 입국한 인도네시아인 5명을 6개월 단위로 위 공소외 2 회사에 취업시켜 주고, 위 공소외 2 회사로 부터 취업자 1인당 대리점비 명목으로 월 미화 25달러, 보험료 명목으로 위 미화 32달러, 1년후의 퇴직금 명목으로 미화 250달러, 현지 핸드링비 명목으로 미화 50달러를 교부받은 것을 비롯하여 1993.4.22.경 부터 1993.9.23.경까지 사이에 별지 2 기재와 같이 같은 방법으로 위 공소외 1 등 무사증 입국 인도네시아인 50명을 위 공소외 2 회사 등 10개업체에 취업시켜 주고 소개비를 수수하는 등으로 유료직업소개업을 함과 동시에 취업활동을 할 수 있는 자격을 가지지 않은 외국인의 고용을 알선하였다는 요지의 공소사실에 대하여 구 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률(1994.1.17. 법률 제4733호 직업안정법으로 전문 개정되기 전의 법률) 제10조 제1항은 “유료직업소개업을 하고자 하는 자는 노동부장관의 허가를 받아야 한다”라고 규정하고 있고, 나아가 같은법 제30조는 위 규정을 위반한 자에 대하여 형벌을 가하도록 규정하고 있는바, 같은법 및 같은법시행령의 제 규정을 살펴보면 위 법률에서 말하는 구직자 내지 근로자는 내국인만을 가리키는 것이고, 국내에 취업하려는 외국인 구직자 내지 근로자는 거기에 해당되지 않는다고 해석함이 상당할 것이므로(우리나라의 직업안정법 제2조의 균등처우 조항에 대응하는 일본국의 직업안정법 제3조 균등대우 조항에 의하면 우리와는 달리 “누구도 인종, 국적...등을 이유로 직업소개, 직업지도 등에 관하여 차별적 취급을 받지 아니한다...”라고 규정함으로써 외국인 근로자 역시 그 적용대상이 됨을 명시하고 있다), 외국인 구직자 또는 근로자와 내국인 사용자간에 고용계약의 성립을 알선하는 직업소개업의 경우에는 그 규제의 필요성 여부는 별론으로 하고(오늘날 외국인 근로자의 국내취업이 사실상 성행하고 있으나, 그 법적, 제도적 뒷받침이 미흡하여 많은 사회적 문제를 일으키고 있다) 위 법조 소정의 규제 대상이 될 수 없다고 볼 것이고, 그렇게 보는 것이 죄형법정주의의 정신에도 부합된다.

따라서 이 사건 공소사실중 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반의 점은 현행 법령하에서는 죄가 되지 아니한다 할 것이다라고 판시하여 유죄를 선고한 제1심판결을 파기하고, 무죄임을 판시하였다.

그러나 구 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률(이하 법이라고만 칭한다) 제1조의 2 균등처우 조항이 원심판시와 같이 일본의 직업안정법과는 달리 규정되어 있다 할지라도 그와 같은 규정의 형식만으로 외국인 근로자는 법의 적용대상이 되지 않는다고 말할 수 없다.

이 법은 근로자의 직업안정및고용촉진을 도모하기 위한 법률임이 명백하고, 근로자의 지위는 근로기준법 제5조에서 명시하고 있듯이 국적에 불문하고 차별적 대우를 받지 않게 되어 있으며, 법 제10조의 유료직업소개사업에 대해 노동부장관의 허가를 받도록 하고 있는 입법취지 역시 무분별한 직업알선으로 인해서 근로자가 입게 될 피해등을 막기 위하여 정부가 알선기관을 감독하고자 하는 것으로서, 그 주된 목적이 근로자를 보호하기 위한 법조항이라고 보아야 하며, 법 제1조의 2 균등처우 조항에서 성별, 종교, 사회적신분, 혼인여부등을 이유로 차별대우를 받지 아니한다 라고만 했을 뿐 국적을 표시하지 않았다 하더라도 위와 같은 열거사유들은 예시적인 것일 뿐이고, 거기에 국적이란 사유가 열거되지 않았다 해서 외국인을 배제한다는 취지라고 보아야 할 이유는 없고, 위 법이 제정될 당시에 외국인 근로자의 국내취업문제가 법률적으로나 사회적 쟁점사항이 된 일이 없다 해서 반드시 그것은 제외된 것이라고 단정할 수도 없으며, 또 외국인 근로자를 포함한다고 해석하는 것이 죄형법정주의에 위배되는 법해석이라고 할 근거도 없다.

따라서 법 제10조가 규정하고 있는 유료직업소개사업에 관한 허가규정은 외국인 근로자를 국내기업에 알선하여 주는 소개업에도 적용이 된다고 보아야 할 것이며, 이와 다른 견해에서 외국인 근로자는 적용대상이 되지 않는다고 설시한 원심의 조치는 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률의 적용범위에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있고, 그로 인해 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 것이라 할 것이다.

위와 같은 위법은 원심에서 유죄로 선고한 부분과 상상적 경합관계에 있는 위 공소 부분이 유죄로 되는 경우, 법정형이 더욱 무거운 이 법 제30조 소정의 법정형기 범위 내에서 처단되어야 하는 것이므로, 결국 위와 같은 위법은 원심판결 주문에 영향을 미치는 것이라 할 것이다.

그러므로 원심판결 중 유죄부분에 해당되는 출입국관리법위반 부분과 직업안정및고용촉진에관한법률위반 부분에 대한 판결은 그대로 유지될 수 없으므로, 이를 파기하여 원심으로 하여금 다시 심리 판단케 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되었으므로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김석수(재판장) 정귀호 이돈희(주심) 이임수

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