Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 97누5732

Revocation of Retrial Decision on Damages for Violation of Working Conditions (근로조건위반손해배상재심판정취소)근로조건위반손해배상재심판정취소

Decided1997. 10. 10. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

Workers sought damages after the company unfavorably amended its severance pay (퇴직금) rules under the employment rules (취업규칙). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the employer, holding that because the unfavorable amendment was made without the workers' consent, it was invalid, meaning the previous (more favorable) rules still applied. As a result, there was no actual violation of the promised working conditions, and the workers' claim failed.

Key takeaways
  • CaseThe company changed its severance pay rules in a way that disadvantaged employees, prompting a damages claim.
  • OutcomeThe court found the unfavorable amendment invalid due to lack of employee consent, meaning the original rules still applied and no real violation occurred.
  • LessonEmployers must obtain employee consent before making unfavorable changes to employment rules, or such changes will be legally ineffective.
Issues
  • The meaning and scope of the right to claim damages for violation of working conditions under Article 23 of the Labor Standards Act
  • The exercise period for contract rescission rights and the statute of limitations for damage claims arising from violation of working conditions
  • Whether the previous employment rules remain applicable when a disadvantageous amendment is made without employee consent
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, when an employer unilaterally amends the employment rules (취업규칙) to the disadvantage of employees without obtaining their consent, such amendment is null and void, and the previous version of the rules continues to govern the employment relationship. Since the previous, more favorable severance pay rules remained legally effective, the actual conditions applied to the workers did not differ from what had been promised at the time of contracting. Therefore, this situation did not fall under the scenario described in Article 23 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법 제23조)—i.e., a case where the working conditions specified in the employment contract differ from the actual facts. Consequently, the workers had no valid basis to claim damages for a violation of working conditions.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The claim for damages provided under Article 23(1) of the former Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) (before amendment by Act No. 5245 of December 31, 1996) has the meaning of confirming a claim for damages arising from a breach of the labor contract, and a claim for damages arising from breach of contractual obligations is one whose content alone has been changed while maintaining identity with the original claim.

[2] The purpose of Articles 22 and 23 of the former Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) (before amendment by Act No. 5245 of December 31, 1996) is to prevent the evil of forcing an employee to perform undesired labor in the early stage of employment, and to swiftly provide relief to the employee, in consideration of the employee's position of finding it difficult to escape the constraints of the employment relationship even after discovering, following the conclusion of the labor contract, that the working conditions specified by the employer at the time of concluding the labor contract differ from the facts. Accordingly, the right of immediate rescission of contract prescribed in Article 23 of the same Act is to be construed as unable to be exercised once a considerable period of time has passed after commencement of employment, and, in light of the purpose and content of the aforementioned statutory provisions, the extinctive prescription period for the same claim for damages must be deemed to be three years, in accordance with the wage claim prescribed in Article 41 of the same Act, regardless of the content of the working conditions involved.

[3] Where the rules of employment (취업규칙) are changed to the disadvantage of employees without their consent, the previous rules of employment shall apply to those employees whose vested interests are infringed by the changed rules of employment.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,532 chars

[Plaintiffs (Selected Party), Appellants]

[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission (중앙노동위원회 위원장)

[Defendant Intervenor] Pohang Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. (포항종합제철 주식회사) (Litigation Representatives: Attorney Oh Seong-hwan and 11 others)

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Judgment 96Gu23247, rendered March 21, 1997

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed in its entirety. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiffs (Selected Party).

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: the Plaintiffs and the deceased predecessors of Selectors Nos. 1 through 248 and Selectors Nos. 249 through 263 listed in the annexed list to the judgment below (hereinafter referred to as "the workers in this case") joined the Defendant Intervenor company (hereinafter referred to as "the Intervenor") before 1980 and worked there, retiring between 1985 and 1992. The Intervenor had, from the time the workers in this case joined the company, established and enforced separate retirement allowance regulations, but on January 1, 1981, amended and enforced these regulations in a manner disadvantageous to the workers without their consent. The Intervenor paid the workers in this case, who retired after that date, retirement allowances calculated under the amended retirement allowance regulations of January 1, 1981, which were less than the amounts that would have been calculated under the retirement allowance regulations in effect at the time they joined the company. The Plaintiffs argued that this constituted a case falling under Article 23(1) of the former Labor Standards Act (구 근로기준법) (before amendment by Act No. 5245 of December 31, 1996; hereinafter referred to as "the Act"), where the working conditions under the rules of employment (취업규칙) as specified at the time of the employment contract differed from the actual facts, and that the Intervenor was therefore liable to compensate the workers in this case for damages in the amount equal to the difference between the total retirement allowances calculated under the retirement allowance regulations before amendment and the total retirement allowances actually received.

As to this argument, the court below held that the right to claim damages under Article 23(1) of the Act has the meaning of confirming the right to claim damages arising from a breach of obligation under the labor contract, and that a claim for damages arising from breach of a contractual obligation maintains its identity with the original claim while only its content changes, so that the statute of limitations applicable thereto should follow that applicable to the original claim; since the retirement allowance claim asserted by the Plaintiffs has the nature of a wage claim, the three-year statute of limitations prescribed in Article 41 of the Act applies thereto, and accordingly, the statute of limitations for the claim for damages arising from the failure to pay retirement allowances is also three years, the same as the statute of limitations for retirement allowances. The court below then determined that, even assuming that the Intervenor's payment of retirement allowances under the amended retirement allowance regulations in this case constituted a case where "the specified working conditions differ from the facts" as provided in Article 23(1) of the Act, the Plaintiffs' rights to claim damages had all been extinguished by the statute of limitations.

Article 22 of the Act provides that "an employer shall specify wages, working hours, and other working conditions to a worker at the time of concluding a labor contract." Article 23(1) provides that "where the working conditions specified pursuant to Article 22 differ from the facts, a worker may claim damages for breach of working conditions or may immediately terminate the labor contract," and Article 23(2) provides that "where a worker claims damages pursuant to paragraph (1), the worker may file an application with a Labor Relations Commission, and where the labor contract is terminated, the employer shall pay traveling expenses for returning home to a worker who changed residence for the purpose of employment."

The purport of the provisions of Articles 22 and 23 of the Act as above is to prevent the abuse whereby a worker, upon discovering after concluding the labor contract that the working conditions specified by the employer at the time of concluding the labor contract differ from the facts, is nevertheless compelled to perform work against his or her will in the early stage of employment because it is difficult for the worker to escape the bindingness of the labor contract relationship, and to swiftly provide relief to the worker. Accordingly, it is to be construed that the right of immediate termination of the contract under Article 23 of the Act cannot be exercised once a considerable period of time has passed after commencement of employment, and that, in light of the purport and content of the aforementioned statutory provisions, the statute of limitations for the said right to claim damages should be deemed to be three years, in accordance with the wage claim provisions under Article 41 of the Act, regardless of the content of the working conditions involved.

However, according to the Plaintiffs' allegations, all of the workers in this case joined the company before 1980, and the Intervenor amended the retirement allowance regulations, effective January 1, 1981, in a manner disadvantageous to the workers without their consent. If this case constitutes a case in which the rules of employment were changed to the disadvantage of workers without their consent, then, as to workers whose vested interests are infringed by the amended rules of employment, the former rules of employment shall apply (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 91Da45165, delivered December 22, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 95Da32631, delivered December 23, 1996, etc.). Therefore, the workers in this case shall be deemed to be governed by the rules of employment in effect at the time of concluding their labor contracts, prior to the amendment, notwithstanding the Intervenor's amendment of the rules of employment effective January 1, 1981. Accordingly, this case cannot be deemed to fall under "a case where the working conditions specified at the time of concluding the labor contract differ from the facts."

Ultimately, this case is one in which a claim for damages cannot be made on the ground of a breach of the duty to specify working conditions, and therefore the court below did not need to proceed to determine the issue of the statute of limitations. Furthermore, the court below's reasoning regarding the statute of limitations, which appears to suggest that the limitation period could vary depending on the content of the working conditions, is inappropriate. However, since the conclusion of the court below rejecting the Plaintiffs' claim is justified, it cannot be said that the judgment below contains an error of law that affected the outcome of the judgment as argued in the grounds of appeal. The argument is without merit.

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Song Jin-hoon, Justice Cheon Gyeong-song, Justice Ji Chang-gwon (Justice in Charge), Justice Shin Seong-taek

【판결요지】

[1] 구 근로기준법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5245호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제23조 제1항이 규정하는 손해배상청구권은 근로계약상의 채무불이행으로 인한 손해배상청구권을 확인하는 의미를 가지는 것이고 계약상 채무불이행으로 인한 손해배상채권은 원래의 채권과 그 동일성을 유지하면서 그 내용만 변경된 것이다.

[2] 구 근로기준법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5245호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제22조, 제23조의 규정 취지는 근로계약 체결시에 사용자가 명시한 근로조건이 근로계약 체결 후에 사실과 다른 것을 알게 되었음에도 근로계약관계의 구속에서 벗어나기 어려운 근로자의 입장을 고려하여 취업 초기에 근로자가 원하지 않는 근로를 강제당하는 폐단을 방지하고 근로자를 신속히 구제하려는 데에 있는 것이라 할 것이므로 같은 법 제23조에 정한 계약의 즉시해제권은 취업 후 상당한 기간이 지나면 행사할 수 없다고 해석되며, 같은 손해배상청구권의 소멸시효 기간은 위와 같은 법 규정의 취지와 규정 내용 등에 비추어 근로조건의 내용 여부를 묻지 않고 같은 법 제41조에 정한 임금채권에 준하여 3년이라고 보아야 한다.

[3] 근로자들의 동의 없이 취업규칙이 근로자들에게 불리하게 변경된 경우, 변경된 취업규칙에 의하여 기득의 이익을 침해받는 근로자들에게는 종전의 취업규칙이 적용된다.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 근로기준법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5245호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제23조 제1항(현행 제26조 제1항 참조)

[2] 구 근로기준법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5245호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제22조(현행 제24조 참조), 제23조(현행 제26조 참조), 제41조(현행 제48조 참조), 민법 제162조

[3] 구 근로기준법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5245호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제95조 제1항(현행 제97조 제1항 참조)

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1983. 4. 12. 선고 82누507 판결(공1983, 836), 대법원 1984. 9. 11. 선고 84누448 판결(공1984, 1669), 대법원 1985. 11. 12. 선고 84누576 판결(공1986, 43), 대법원 1986. 1. 21. 선고 83누667 판결(공1986, 381), 대법원 1989. 2. 28. 선고 87누496 판결(공1989, 539) /[3] 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결(공1993상, 546), 대법원 1996. 12. 23. 선고 95다32631 판결(공1997상, 482)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,821자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고(선정당사자),상고인】

【피고,피상고인】 중앙노동위원회 위원장

【피고보조참가인】 포항종합제철 주식회사 (소송대리인 변호사 오성환 외 11인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1997. 3. 21. 선고 96구23247 판결

【주문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고(선정당사자)들의 부담으로 한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 원고들과 원심판결 별지 목록 기재 1 내지 248의 선정자들 및 249 내지 263 선정자들의 각 피상속인들(이하 이 사건 근로자들이라 한다)은 1980년 이전에 피고보조참가인 회사(이하 참가인이라고만 한다)에 입사하여 근무하다가 1985년 내지 1992년 사이에 퇴직하였는데, 참가인은 이 사건 근로자들의 입사 당시부터 퇴직금규정을 별도로 마련하여 시행하여 오던 중 1981. 1. 1. 이를 근로자들의 동의 없이 근로자들에게 불리하게 개정·시행하였고, 그 이후에 퇴직한 이 사건 근로자들에게 1981. 1. 1.자 개정 퇴직금 규정에 따라 입사 당시의 퇴직금 규정에 의한 금액보다 적은 퇴직금을 지급하였는바, 이는 구 근로기준법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5245호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 법이라고만 한다.) 제23조 제1항에서 정한 근로계약시에 명시하였던 취업규칙상의 근로조건이 사실과 상위가 있는 경우에 해당하므로, 참가인은 개정 전 퇴직금규정에 의하여 산정한 이 사건 근로자들의 퇴직금 합계액에서 실제로 수령한 퇴직금 합계액을 공제한 나머지 금액상당의 손해를 배상할 의무가 있다는 원고들의 주장에 대하여, 법 제23조 제1항이 규정하는 손해배상청구권은 근로계약상의 채무불이행으로 인한 손해배상청구권을 확인하는 의미를 가지는 것이고 계약상 채무불이행으로 인한 손해배상채권은 원래의 채권과 그 동일성을 유지하면서 그 내용만 변경된 것 이어서 그에 대한 소멸시효기간도 원래 채권의 그것에 따라야 할 것인데 원고들이 주장하는 퇴직금채권은 임금채권의 성질을 가진 것이므로 이에 대하여는 법 제41조에서 정하는 3년의 소멸시효기간이 적용되고, 따라서 퇴직금채무의 불이행으로 인하여 발생한 손해배상채권의 소멸시효기간도 퇴직금의 소멸시효기간인 3년이라고 한 후, 이 사건에서는 참가인이 개정된 퇴직금 규정에 의하여 퇴직금을 지급한 것이 법 제23조 제1항에서 정하는 '명시된 근로조건이 사실과 상위가 있을 경우'에 해당된다고 하더라도 원고들의 손해배상청구권은 모두 시효로 소멸하였다고 판단하였다.

법 제22조는 "사용자는 근로계약체결시에 근로자에 대하여 임금, 근로시간 기타 근로조건을 명시하여야 한다."고 규정하고, 제23조는 제1항에서 "제22조의 규정에 의하여 명시된 근로조건이 사실과 상위가 있을 경우에는 근로자는 근로조건 위반에 인한 손해의 배상을 청구할 수 있으며 또는 즉시 근로계약을 해제할 수 있다.", 제2항에서 "제1항의 규정에 의하여 근로자가 손해배상을 청구할 경우에는 노동위원회에 신청할 수 있으며 근로계약이 해제되었을 경우에는 사용자는 취업을 목적으로 거주를 변경하는 근로자에게 귀향여비를 지급하여야 한다."고 규정하고 있다.

위와 같은 법 제22조, 제23조의 규정 취지는 근로계약 체결시에 사용자가 명시한 근로조건이 근로계약 체결 후에 사실과 다른 것을 알게 되었음에도 근로계약관계의 구속에서 벗어나기 어려운 근로자의 입장을 고려하여 취업 초기에 근로자가 원하지 않는 근로를 강제당하는 폐단을 방지하고 근로자를 신속히 구제하려는 데에 있는 것이라 할 것이므로 법 제23조에 정한 계약의 즉시해제권은 취업 후 상당한 기간이 지나면 행사할 수 없다고 해석되며, 같은 손해배상청구권의 소멸시효 기간은 위와 같은 법 규정의 취지와 규정 내용 등에 비추어 근로조건의 내용 여부를 묻지 않고 법 제41조에 정한 임금채권에 준하여 3년이라고 보아야 할 것이다 .

그런데 원고들의 주장에 의하면, 이 사건 근로자들은 모두 1980년 이전에 입사하였는데 참가인이 1981. 1. 1.자로 퇴직금 규정을 근로자들의 동의 없이 근로자들에게 불리하게 개정하였다는 것인바, 이 사건이 근로자들의 동의 없이 취업규칙이 근로자들에게 불리하게 변경된 경우에 해당한다면 변경된 취업규칙에 의하여 기득의 이익을 침해받는 근로자들에게는 종전의 취업규칙이 적용되는 것이므로( 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결, 1996. 12. 23. 선고 95다32631 판결 등 참조), 이 사건 근로자들은 참가인의 1981. 1. 1.자 취업규칙의 변경에도 불구하고 변경 전인 근로계약 체결시의 취업규칙의 적용을 받는다고 할 것이어서 이 사건에 있어서는 '근로계약 체결시에 명시된 근로조건이 사실과 상위가 있는 경우'에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다고 할 것이다.

결국 이 사건은 근로조건의 명시의무 위반을 이유로 한 손해배상청구를 할 수 없는 사건이므로 원심으로서는 시효문제에 나아가 판단할 필요가 없었다고 할 것이고, 시효에 관하여도 근로조건의 내용 여하에 따라 시효기간이 달라질 수 있는 듯한 판시를 한 것은 적절하지 못하다고 할 것이나 원고들의 청구를 배척한 그 결론은 정당하므로 원심판결에는 상고이유에서 논하는 바와 같은 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 송진훈(재판장) 천경송 지창권(주심) 신성택

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2018다255488 · 대법원 2022-03-11
근무형태변경시행무효확인
#2
2022다311859 · 대법원 2024-07-25
근로자지위확인등
#3
2019두39314 · 대법원 2021-04-29
요양급여및휴업급여불승인처분취소
#4
2020노2050 · 서울북부지방법원 2021-08-13
근로자퇴직급여보장법위반
#5
2021다229588 · 대법원 2023-04-27
근로에관한소송

Cases citing this decision

98두6647 · 대법원 1999-06-22
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)