Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다30938

Objection to Distribution of Auction Proceeds (배당이의)배당이의

Decided1994. 01. 11. Court대법원The mortgage holder (근저당권자) prevailed over the worker's wage claims
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court decision established the principle that when an employer's property is transferred to a third party, workers cannot assert their statutory priority right to unpaid wages (임금채권 우선변제권) against that specific property in the hands of the new owner. The Court held that this wage priority right does not have a 'following effect' (추급효) that attaches to the property itself as it changes hands, and does not take precedence over a security interest (담보권), such as a mortgage (근저당권), that was already established on the property before the current employer even acquired it. As a result, the mortgage holder (근저당권자) was ruled to have priority over the worker's wage claims in the distribution of proceeds from the property's auction.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker sought priority payment of unpaid wages from property that had already been mortgaged before the employer acquired it and was later sold in auction.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that the wage priority right does not follow the property once transferred and cannot override a pre-existing mortgage, so the mortgage holder was paid first.
  • LessonWorkers should be aware that their wage priority protects claims only against the employer's current assets—it does not extend to property that has already changed hands or was already encumbered by a prior lien before the employer owned it.
Issues
  • Whether the wage priority right retains a 'following effect' (추급효) that attaches to property even after the employer transfers it to a third party
  • Whether the wage priority right can take precedence over a security interest that was established on the property before the employer acquired ownership of it
Key reasoning

Under Article 30-2(2) of the former Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the wage priority right only applies when workers are competing with other creditors for repayment from the same pool of property currently owned by the employer. This priority is not an absolute right of exclusive control over specific property, nor does it carry a 'following effect' that would allow it to attach to the property even after ownership changes hands. Therefore, once the employer's property is transferred to a third party, the worker's priority right tied to that property is extinguished. Furthermore, even while the property remained with the original employer, the wage priority could not have outranked a security interest that was already validly established on the property before the employer acquired it.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) provides for the priority right of repayment of wage claims by partially limiting the effect of general security interests, in light of the public interest requirement to guarantee workers' minimum livelihood. The purport of this provision is merely to clarify that claims for wages, etc. for the last three months have priority in repayment, regardless of the order of their creation or whether a pledge or mortgage has been established, in cases where such claims compete with other claims to be satisfied simultaneously out of the same property of the employer; it does not go so far as to recognize a right of pursuit (追及效) whose essence lies in exclusive control over specific property of the employer. Therefore, where the employer's property has been transferred to a third party, the priority of the wage claims, etc. against the employer as transferor can no longer be pursued with respect to that property, and priority cannot be recognized as extending to the property acquired by the transferee.

b. Nor can the priority right of repayment for wage claims set forth in item "a" above be recognized as against a security interest that was established before the employer acquired the property.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,650 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Daehan Mutual Savings & Finance Co., Ltd., Attorneys Shim Hun-jong and 4 others, Counsel for the Plaintiff

[Defendant, Appellant]

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 92Na63469 rendered on May 20, 1993

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed.
The costs of appeal shall be borne by the Defendants.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. The gist of the reasoning of the judgment below is as follows.

A. The Plaintiff completed registration of a mortgage (root mortgage, 근저당권) on the real estate at issue in this case, owned by non-party 1, with non-party 1 as the obligor, and lent money to him. Thereafter, non-party 1 sold the real estate at issue to non-party 2, and registration of transfer of ownership was completed. While the Plaintiff filed an application for a voluntary auction with respect to the real estate at issue and the auction was in progress, the Defendants asserted that they had the right to be paid in preference for their wage claims for the last three months against non-party 2 pursuant to Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and filed an application for a compulsory auction with respect to the real estate at issue based on a notarial deed against non-party 2, resulting in a duplicate auction application. In the distribution procedure, the auction court prepared a distribution schedule allocating, out of the successful bid price of 418,000,000 won for the real estate at issue, after deducting execution costs, the actual distributable amount of 407,691,420 won, the full amount of 52,563,790 won of wage claims to the Defendants, and the remaining 355,127,630 won to the Plaintiff.

B. Since the provisions of Article 30-2 of the Labor Standards Act should be applied based on the relationship between the person who establishes the root mortgage and the root mortgagee, with reference to the wage obligations of the person establishing the mortgage, even if the Defendants, as employees of non-party 2, who acquired the real estate at issue after the establishment of the said root mortgage, hold the wage claims at issue against non-party 2, this cannot take precedence over the Plaintiff's claim under the root mortgage of this case secured against non-party 1.

C. It is recognized that non-party 1, who had been operating ○○ Company where the Defendants worked, filed a nominal report of business closure when it went bankrupt, newly registered a business under the name of his younger brother, non-party 3, changing the trade name to △△ Industry, and then again changed the name of the business registration to that of non-party 2, who was then the sales manager, but that non-party 1 continued to actually operate the said business. However, there is no evidence to recognize that the registration of transfer of ownership under the name of non-party 2 with respect to the real estate at issue was made in order to guarantee the employees' wage claims, etc. Moreover, since the Defendants' application for the compulsory auction at issue was originally based on a notarial deed against non-party 2, premised on the real estate at issue being owned by non-party 2, if the Defendants' wage claims are against non-party 1, they cannot receive distribution of such wage claims from the proceeds of the auction of the real estate at issue owned by non-party 2.

D. Therefore, it was erroneous in the distribution procedure of this case to recognize the Defendants' priority right to repayment over the Plaintiff's root mortgage claim with respect to the Defendants' wage claims and to distribute to the Defendants in preference, and the amount of 52,563,790 won recorded in the distribution schedule as to be distributed to the Defendants should all be distributed to the Plaintiff. Accordingly, the Plaintiff's claim in this case seeking to correct the distribution schedule so that the amount to be distributed to the Plaintiff, recorded as 355,127,630 won, be corrected to 407,691,420 won (355,127,630 won + 52,563,790 won), and to delete the amount to be distributed to the Defendants recorded as 52,563,790 won, is well-founded.

2. Pursuant to the provisions of Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act, "Wages for the last three months, retirement allowances, and accident compensation of a worker shall be paid in preference to claims secured by a pledge or mortgage on the total property of the employer, taxes, public charges, and other claims." This provision, in light of the public interest requirement of guaranteeing the minimum living of workers, partially restricts the effect of general security rights and provides for the priority repayment right of wage claims. The purport of this provision is merely to clarify that claims relating to wages, etc. for the last three months have the right to be paid in preference, regardless of the order of establishment or whether a pledge or mortgage has been created, when such claims compete with other claims to be paid from the same property of the employer at the same time; it does not go so far as to recognize a right of pursuit (추급효), the essence of which is exclusive control over specific property of the employer. Therefore, in a case where the employer's property has been transferred to a third party, the priority of the claim for wages, etc. against the transferor employer can no longer be pursued with respect to that property, and priority cannot be recognized with respect to the property acquired by the transferee. Furthermore, priority cannot be recognized with respect to security rights established before the employer acquired the property.

Accordingly, although the judgment below's determination as stated above is somewhat insufficient in its expression, its conclusion that the Defendants' wage claims cannot take precedence over the Plaintiff's root mortgage on the real estate at issue is justified, and therefore it cannot be said that there is an error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the priority effect of workers' wage claims, etc., as argued in the grounds of appeal.

3. Furthermore, according to the record, the measure of the court below in not recognizing the Defendants' assertion that the registration of transfer of ownership under the name of non-party 2 with respect to the real estate at issue was made in order to guarantee the employees' wage claims can be affirmed, and it cannot be said that there is an error in violation of the rules of evidence. Even assuming, as argued in the grounds of appeal, that the transfer registration under the name of non-party 2 was made as a means of guaranteeing the Defendants' wage claims, since the auction procedure proceeded on the premise that the real estate at issue is owned by non-party 2 and that the Defendants are creditors of non-party 2, the Defendants cannot, in the distribution objection lawsuit procedure, the purpose of which is to resolve the dispute over the distribution amount between the opposing creditors, the Plaintiff and the Defendants, deny the registration of transfer of ownership under the name of non-party 2 and assert priority for their wage claims, etc. on the premise that the real estate at issue is substantially owned by non-party 1 and that the Defendants are creditors of non-party 1.

Therefore, all the grounds of appeal are without merit.

Accordingly, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal are to be borne by the losing parties. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Kim Seok-su (Presiding Justice), Bae Man-woon (Justice in charge), Kim Ju-han, Jeong Gwi-ho

【판결요지】

가.근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항은 근로자의 최저생활을 보장하고자 하는 공익적 요청에서 일반 담보물권의 효력을 일부 제한하고 임금채권의 우선변제권을 규정한 것으로서 그 규정의 취지는 최종 3월분의 임금 등에 관한 채권은 다른 채권과 동시에 사용자의 동일재산으로부터 경합하여 변제받는 경우에 그 성립의 선후나 질권이나 저당권의 설정 여부에 관계없이 우선적으로 변제받을 수 있는 권리가 있음을 밝힌 것일 뿐, 나아가 사용자의 특정재산에 대한 배타적 지배권을 본질로 하는 추급효까지 인정한 것은 아니므로, 사용자의 재산이 제3자에게 양도된 경우에 있어서는 양도인인 사용자에 대한 임금 등 채권의 우선권은 이 재산에 대하여는 더 이상 추구될 수 없고, 양수인의 양수재산에 대하여까지 우선권을 인정할 수는 없다.

나. 사용자가 재산을 취득하기 전에 설정된 담보권에 대하여까지 위“가”항의 임금채권의 우선변제권을 인정할 수도 없다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항

【참조판례】

대법원 1988.6.14. 선고 87다카3222 판결(공1988,1029)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,965자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 주식회사 대한상호신용금고 소송대리인 변호사 심훈종 외 4인

【피고, 상고인】

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1993.5.20. 선고 92나63469 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고들의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심판결이유의 요지는 다음과 같다.

가. 원고는 소외 1 소유의 이 사건 부동산에 대하여 위 소외 1을 채무자로 한 근저당권설정등기를 마치고 그에게 돈을 대여하였고, 그 후 위 소외 1은 이 사건 부동산을 소외 2에게 매도하여 소유권이전등기를 마치었으며, 원고가 이 사건 부동산에 대하여 임의경매신청을 하여 경매가 진행중이었는데, 피고들이 위 소외 2에 대한 최종 3개월분의 임금채권을 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항에 의하여 우선 변제받을 권리가 있다고 주장하면서 위 소외 2에 대한 공정증서에 터잡아 이 사건 부동산에 대하여 강제경매신청을 하여 2중경매신청이 되자, 경매법원은 배당절차에서 이 사건 부동산의 경락대금 418,000,000원 중 집행비용을 공제하고 실제 배당할 금액 금 407,691,420원에서 피고들에게 임금채권 금 52,563,790원 전액을, 원고에게 나머지 금 355,127,630원을 각 배당액으로 한 배당표를 작성하였다.

나. 근로기준법 제30조의2의 규정은 근저당권설정자와 근저당권자의 관계를 기본으로 하고 그 설정자의 임금채무를 기준으로 하여 적용되어야 할 것이므로, 위 근저당권의 설정 후 이 사건 부동산을 양수한 위 소외 2에 대하여 그의 피용자인 피고들이 이 사건 임금채권을 가지고 있다고 하더라도 이로써 위 근저당권에 의하여 담보된 원고의 위 소외 1에 대한 이 사건 근저당권채권에 우선할 수는 없다.

다. 위 소외 1은 피고들이 근무하던 ○○사를 경영하다가 부도가 나자 형식상 폐업신고를 하고 그의 동생인 소외 3 명의로 새로 사업자등록을 하면서 상호를 △△산업으로 변경하고, 다시 그 사업자등록명의를 당시 영업부장이던 위 소외 2 명의로 변경하였으나 위 업체를 사실상 위 소외 1이 계속 경영하여 왔던 사실은 인정되나, 이 사건 부동산에 관하여 위 소외 2 명의로 소유권이전등기가 된 것이 직원들의 임금채권 등을 보장하기 위한 것이라고 인정할 증거가 없을 뿐 아니라, 원래 피고들의 이 사건 강제경매신청은 위 소외 2에 대한 공정증서에 터잡은 것으로서 이 사건 부동산이 위 소외 2의 소유임을 전제로 한 것이니, 피고들의 위 임금채권이 위 소외 1에 대한 것이라면 그 임금채권을 소외 2 소유인 이 사건 부동산의 경매대금에서 배당받을 수는 없다.

라. 그렇다면 이 사건 배당절차에서 피고들의 위 임금채권에 대하여 원고의 이 사건 근저당권채권에 대한 우선변제권을 인정하여 피고들에서 우선 배당한 것은 잘못이고 그 배당표에 피고들에게 배당할 것으로 기재된 금 52,563,790원은 모두 원고에게 배당하여야 할 것이니, 이 사건 배당표중 원고에 대한 배당액이 금 355,127,630원으로 되어 있는 것을 금 407,691,420원(355,127,630+52,563,790원)으로, 피고들에 대한 배당액이 금 52,563,790원으로 되어 있는 것은 삭제하는 것으로 각 경정할 것을 구하는 원고의 이 사건 청구는 이유 있다.

2. 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항의 규정에 의하면 "근로자의 최종 3월분의 임금과 퇴직금 및 재해보상금은 사용자의 총재산에 대하여 질권 또는 저당권에 의하여 담보된 채권, 조세, 공과금 및 다른 채권에 우선하여 변제되어야 한다"고 규정되어 있는바, 이는 근로자의 최저생활을 보장하고자 하는 공익적 요청에서 일반 담보물권의 효력을 일부 제한하고 임금채권의 우선 변제권을 규정한 것으로서 그 규정의 취지는 최종 3월분의 임금등에 관한 채권은 다른 채권과 동시에 사용자의 동일재산으로부터 경합하여 변제받는 경우에 그 성립의 선후나 질권이나 저당권의 설정 여부에 관계없이 우선적으로 변제받을 수 있는 권리가 있음을 밝힌 것일 뿐, 나아가 사용자의 특정재산에 대한 배타적 지배권을 본질로 하는 추급효까지 인정한 것은 아니라고 할 것이므로, 사용자의 재산이 제3자에게 양도된 경우에 있어서는 양도인인 사용자에 대한 임금 등 채권의 우선권은 이 재산에 대하여는 더 이상 추구될 수 없고, 양수인의 양수재산에 대하여까지 우선권을 인정할 수는 없다고 할 것이고, 또 사용자가 취득하기 전에 설정된 담보권에 대하여까지 우선권을 인정할 수도 없다고 할 것이다.

따라서 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 그 표현에 있어 다소 미흡한 점이 있으나 피고들의 임금채권이 이 사건 부동산에 대한 원고의 근저당권에 우선할 수 없다고 본 결론에 있어서는 정당하므로 거기에 소론과 같이 근로자의 임금 등 채권의 우선적 효력에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

3. 또 기록에 의하면 이 사건 부동산에 관하여 위 소외 2 명의로 소유권이전등기가 마쳐진 것이 직원들의 임금채권을 보장하기 위한 것이라는 피고들의 주장을 인정하지 아니한 원심의 조처를 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 채증법칙을 어긴 위법이 있다고 할 수 없고, 설사 소론과 같이 위 소외 2 명의의 이전등기가 피고들의 임금채권을 보장하기 위한 방편으로 이루어진 것이라 하더라도 이 사건 부동산이 위 소외 2의 소유이고 피고들이 위 소외 2의 채권자임을 전제로 하여 경매절차가 진행된 이상, 대립하는 채권자인 원고와 피고들 사이의 배당액을 둘러싼 분쟁을 해결함을 목적으로 한 배당이의소송절차에서 소외 2 명의의 소유권이전등기를 부인하고 이 사건 부동산이 실질적으로 위 소외 1의 소유이고 피고들이 소외 1의 채권자임을 전제로 하여 그에 대한 임금등 채권의 우선권을 주장할 수는 없다고 할 것이다.

따라서 논지는 모두 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자들의 부담으로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김석수(재판장) 배만운(주심) 김주한 정귀호

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