[Defendant]
[Appellant] Defendant and Prosecutor
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Shin Cheol-gyu and one other
[Judgment Below] Daejeon High Court Judgment 2017No477, decided May 4, 2018
[Order]
The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daejeon High Court.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal are examined.
1. As to the Defendant's grounds of appeal
Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the lawfully adopted evidence, the court below's determination that, for the reasons stated therein, the portions of the charges concerning each count of intimidation, bodily injury, aggravated intimidation, aggravated bodily injury, and assault against victim Non-indicted 1 are all found guilty is justified. There is no error therein, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, of failing to conduct the necessary examination, thereby exceeding the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence in violation of the rules of logic and experience, or of misapprehending the legal principles regarding amendment of the indictment or the crime of intimidation.
2. As to the Prosecutor's grounds of appeal
A. Summary of the charge concerning the rape of Non-indicted 1
Between approximately 23:43 on April 14, 2017 and approximately 01:06 the following day, at Room △△△ of the ○○ Unmanned Motel located at (address omitted), the Defendant intimidated the victim Non-indicted 1 (female, age 32) by threatening to harm the victim's husband and children if she did not comply with his demands, and, having decided to rape the frightened victim, forcibly laid the victim down on the bed, pressed the victim's clavicle area with his left hand to suppress her resistance, removed the victim's pants and underwear with his right hand, and raped the victim by sexually penetrating her once.
B. Judgment of the court below
The court below, comprehensively considering the following circumstances, upheld the first-instance judgment which had found this portion of the charge not guilty on the ground that the victim's statements to the investigative agency and at the first-instance trial, which correspond to this portion of the charge, alone could not prove this portion of the charge to a degree excluding reasonable doubt, and there was no other evidence to prove this portion of the charge.
(1) The text message records between the victim and the Defendant were deleted and their content could not be confirmed; the victim had a meal with the Defendant the day after being assaulted by the Defendant, and met the Defendant about four more times thereafter, talking about her daily life. The motel CCTV footage does not show the victim appearing frightened while entering the motel; rather, just before going to the motel, she merely sent her husband Non-indicted 2 a KakaoTalk message stating "I'm sleepy so I'll go to sleep first," and did not report the Defendant's intimidation to the investigative agency or her husband. In light of these circumstances, doubt arises as to whether the Defendant continuously intimidated the victim and whether the victim was in a state of fear until entering the motel as a result.
(2) The fact that, after having sexual intercourse with the Defendant at the motel, the victim talked with the Defendant about sanitary pads under the brand name "Tempo," came out of the bathroom after showering, smoked cigarettes with the Defendant, had about ten minutes of conversation about family matters including her husband, and then left the motel, is more consistent with the Defendant's assertion that he did not intimidate the victim to have sexual intercourse and that the intercourse was consensual. Moreover, in light of the fact that the motel CCTV footage does not confirm that the victim was in a state of having been raped or in fear when she left the motel and got into the car to go home, doubt arises as to whether the Defendant actually assaulted or intimidated the victim, and whether this rendered the victim unable to resist or significantly impeded her resistance, leading to the sexual intercourse.
(3) The victim did not immediately disclose the rape when Non-indicted 2 returned from Vietnam and stopped by home, but only told him about it that evening. Given that Non-indicted 2 and the Defendant had been friends since childhood and held similar or, in Non-indicted 2's case, higher standing within the organized crime group, it would appear that Non-indicted 2 could have taken some action against the Defendant had the victim told him of the harm immediately; the fact that she did not immediately tell him is inconsistent with the victim's statement that she was in such a state of fear from the Defendant's continued intimidation that she had no choice but to be raped.
C. Judgment of the Supreme Court
(1) While the probative value of evidence is left to the free evaluation of the judge, such evaluation must conform to logic and the rules of experience. In criminal trials, the degree of conviction required to find guilt must be such as to leave no room for reasonable doubt, but this does not require excluding all conceivable doubt; rejecting evidence recognized as having probative value by raising doubt without reasonable grounds exceeds the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence and is impermissible (see Supreme Court Decision 94Do1335, decided September 13, 1994; Supreme Court Decision 2004Do2221, decided June 25, 2004, etc.). As long as the main content of a victim's statement is consistent, is not unreasonable in light of the rules of experience, contains no internal contradictions, and no motive or reason for making a false statement unfavorable to the defendant is clearly apparent, the credibility of such statement should not be readily rejected without special reason (see Supreme Court Decision 2006Do5407, decided November 23, 2006).
Furthermore, when courts examine cases of sexual assault or sexual harassment, they must take care not to lose "gender sensitivity" so as to understand the issue of gender discrimination in the context in which the incident occurred and to realize gender equality (see Article 5(1) of the Framework Act on Gender Equality (양성평등기본법)). In light of the fact that, due to the perpetrator-centered culture, perceptions, and structures in our society, victims of sexual assault or sexual harassment have often suffered negative public opinion, disadvantageous treatment, exposure of their identity, and other harms in the process of reporting the harm and raising the issue, the manner in which victims of sexual assault respond inevitably varies depending on the victim's disposition, relationship with the perpetrator, and specific circumstances. Therefore, in individual and specific cases, lightly rejecting the probative value of a victim's statement without fully considering the special circumstances the victim of sexual assault, etc. was placed in cannot be regarded as an evaluation of evidence based on logic and the rules of experience in accordance with the ideals of justice and equity (see Supreme Court Decision 2017Du74702, decided April 12, 2018).
Moreover, whether the perpetrator's assault or intimidation required to establish the crime of rape existed must be judged based on the specific situation the victim was placed in at the time of the sexual intercourse, comprehensively considering all circumstances, including not only the content and degree of the assault or intimidation, but also the circumstances leading to the exercise of physical force, the relationship with the victim, and the circumstances at the time of and after the sexual intercourse; it should not be hastily concluded, merely because, viewed retrospectively, the victim could have escaped the scene of the crime before the intercourse or did not resist with all her might, that the perpetrator's assault or intimidation did not reach the degree of significantly impeding the victim's resistance (see Supreme Court Decision 2005Do3071, decided July 28, 2005, etc.).
(2) According to the lawfully adopted evidence, the following facts may be found.
① The Defendant and Non-indicted 2 have known each other as hometown friends since kindergarten, have been friends for over 30 years, and had both been active as members of "◇◇-pa," an organized crime group in the □□ area.
② Both the victim and Non-indicted 2 had previously been divorced and remarried each other around May 2014, at which time they lived together with daughters born to their respective former spouses.
③ After remarrying, the victim and Non-indicted 2 lived in the same neighborhood as the Defendant and his wife in □□ City, and the two couples occasionally met together; the victim maintained a close relationship with the Defendant's wife.
④ Around December 2016, the victim and Non-indicted 2 moved to ☆☆ City. Before the move, Non-indicted 2 and the Defendant had a falling out over business matters, and after the move they neither met nor contacted each other; the victim also naturally grew distant from the Defendant's wife and neither contacted nor met her.
⑤ On April 10, 2017, Non-indicted 2 departed for Vietnam on business for a 5-night, 6-day trip (scheduled to return on the morning of April 15, 2017).
⑥ Knowing of Non-indicted 2's overseas travel schedule, the Defendant, on the afternoon of April 10, 2017, the day Non-indicted 2 departed, sent the victim a KakaoTalk message asking to meet, saying he had something urgent to discuss, and met the victim that night. In his car, the Defendant told the victim that "Non-indicted 2 has an illegitimate child," and when the victim reacted with disbelief, using the speakerphone function of his mobile phone so that the victim could hear, he called his juniors and said things such as "It's true that Non-indicted 2 has a son, right?" and "You know what I mean when I tell you to 'take care of' Non-indicted 2, right?"; he also called an active-duty police officer and said, "Brother, I'm holding a sickle right now, what should I do if the person in front of me doesn't listen to me?"; and he called his wife and spoke incoherently while cursing at her, calling her a "fucking bitch" and other insults. As soon as he hung up, he shouted at the victim, who was shocked and bewildered by the Defendant's conduct, "This is the truth, wake up!" and, without warning, struck the victim's cheek once with his palm and struck the victim's head 3-4 times, thereby assaulting the victim (hereinafter "the instant assault").
⑦ For the following three days, from April 11 to April 13, 2017, the Defendant contacted the victim every day and met her about three times: once, the day after the instant assault, he followed her to the vicinity of her parents' home and had lunch together at a snack bar; another time, in the evening, when the victim was going to a pharmacy in Daejeon to buy medicine for her daughter, the Defendant contacted her and accompanied her; and the remaining time, the Defendant came to the vicinity of the victim's home and they talked briefly inside the Defendant's car.
⑧ On April 14, 2017, the day before Non-indicted 2's return, at approximately 23:05, the victim sent Non-indicted 2 a KakaoTalk message stating, "I'm sleepy, I don't think I can wait until you get on the plane. Call me when you land. I'll go to sleep first, so travel safely."
⑨ At approximately 23:43 on April 14, 2017, the Defendant, with the victim in the passenger seat, entered the parking lot of the ○○ Unmanned Motel located at (address omitted), very close to the victim's home (▽▽ Apartment, ☆☆ City).
⑩ Prior to the instant assault, the Defendant and the victim had never met alone together.
(3) First, the Court examines the credibility of the victim's statement.
(A) The content of the victim's statement is as follows. That is, at the time of the instant assault, the Defendant, while meeting the victim, made statements over the speakerphone in conversations with others that instilled fear in the victim by suggesting he could harm the victim or her husband with a weapon, thereby frightening the victim and ultimately committing the instant assault. For the following three days until the rape, the Defendant continued to call the victim demanding to meet her, and upon meeting her, continuously told stories of having subdued others through violence in the past and present, frightening her by implying he would harm the victim, her husband, or her two daughters if she did not obey him. On the day of the instant rape, the Defendant came to her home at night and suggested going to a motel to rest briefly, which the victim refused; the Defendant again made threatening remarks while saying he would only drink beer and leave without doing anything else, and believing this, the victim went to the motel. While the victim was sitting at the table in the motel room drinking beer, the Defendant, who had been lying alone on the bed, suddenly said, "I can't hold back any longer," and approached the victim; when she refused, saying she was menstruating, the Defendant struck the victim's left cheek and head, grabbed her arm and pulled her, forcibly laid her down on the bed, mounted her, pressed her clavicle area with his left hand, and with his other hand removed her pants and underwear together, and then raped her.
Upon examination against the record, the victim's above statement is found to be consistent from the investigative stage through the first-instance trial, and moreover, to be very specific. It is also difficult to find any part of this statement that is unreasonable in light of the rules of experience or that is internally contradictory.
(B) The Defendant also partially admits that, at the time of the instant assault, he made the phone calls to his acquaintances in the car as described in the victim's above statement. Furthermore, regarding the number of times the Defendant and victim met after the instant assault, what they did when meeting, and the circumstances of taking the victim, who refused to go to the motel, to the motel by telling her they would only drink beer, the Defendant's account is largely consistent with the victim's statement.
(C) The circumstances relied upon by the court below in rejecting the credibility of the victim's statement, in light of the specific situation the victim was placed in and the relationship between the Defendant and the victim, are difficult to regard as necessarily contradicting or being incompatible with the victim's statement. Nevertheless, the court below's rejection of the credibility of the victim's statement based on such circumstances raises the suspicion that it lacked the "gender sensitivity" required in examining sexual assault cases by failing to sufficiently consider the special circumstances in which the victim of sexual assault was placed.
① Even according to the statements of both the Defendant and the victim, the victim went to the motel on the understanding that she and the Defendant would only drink beer and talk before leaving, and even according to the motel CCTV footage, the victim and the Defendant merely walked one behind the other without physical contact at the time. Nevertheless, it is difficult to understand the court below's determination that, based on these circumstances, the victim did not appear frightened, and further, that doubt arises as to whether assault or intimidation occurred in the motel room.
② The victim's home and the instant motel, the site of the crime, were located very close to each other. Considering the time required for travel, the time the victim sent the KakaoTalk message to Non-indicted 2 that day, and the time of arrival at the motel parking lot, it cannot be concluded that the victim sent the aforementioned message to Non-indicted 2 while it had already been arranged that she and the Defendant would go to the motel. Moreover, the Defendant himself stated that, when they met in front of the victim's home that day, it had not yet been decided that they would go to the motel. Of course, there is a possibility that, having already agreed to meet the Defendant in front of her home after receiving his call at the time she sent the above message, the victim fabricated a reason in advance to inform Non-indicted 2 that she would be unable to answer his calls. However, from the victim's perspective, since she could hardly have deliberately informed her husband of the fact that she was meeting the Defendant alone late at night, this can rather be seen as natural. Although the victim exchanged KakaoTalk messages and video calls with Non-indicted 2 throughout his entire stay in Vietnam, she made no mention whatsoever of the Defendant to Non-indicted 2, including the fact that she had been assaulted by the Defendant in the instant assault or that she had heard about Non-indicted 2's alleged illegitimate child.
③ It is true that the victim deleted all mobile phone messages exchanged with the Defendant from the date of the instant assault until April 14, 2017. Regarding this, the victim consistently stated to the police that the Defendant told her to delete all texts he sent her every time they met, and that she deleted them all in the Defendant's presence; she even voluntarily submitted her mobile phone after being told during the police investigation that the messages could be restored.
④ The Defendant and the victim were, respectively, the husband's friend and the friend's wife, and until the victim and Non-indicted 2 moved away around December 2016, they lived in the same neighborhood and occasionally met as couples, with the Defendant's wife and the victim frequently socializing and being close. Therefore, it is rather natural for the victim to converse with the Defendant about her family or daily life, and the fact that the victim responded to the Defendant's conversation without attaching particular significance to it cannot be regarded as a circumstance sufficient to reject the credibility of the victim's statement.
⑤ The fact that, after having sexual intercourse with the Defendant at the motel, the victim talked with the Defendant about sanitary pads, or that after showering she smoked cigarettes with the Defendant and had about ten minutes of conversation about her family, including her husband, before leaving the motel, is also insufficient to be regarded as a circumstance negating the credibility of the victim's statement. The manner in which a rape victim responds inevitably differs depending on the victim's disposition and specific circumstances. According to the victim, having already been placed in a state of fear due to the Defendant's ongoing intimidation, she was unable to properly resist and was forcibly sexually assaulted by the Defendant; out of shame and fear she was unable to resist, and, not knowing how the Defendant's mood might change, she placated him. Thus, it appears that the victim engaged in the above conversation solely with the intent of not upsetting the Defendant, and it is difficult to regard this circumstance as incompatible with the victim's statement that she was sexually assaulted.
⑥ Since Non-indicted 2, upon returning from Vietnam, merely stopped by home briefly to change clothes before leaving again for a funeral in Gwangju, the fact that the victim did not tell Non-indicted 2 of the instant rape immediately upon his arrival home, but only told him that evening after he returned from the funeral hall, cannot be regarded as a circumstance sufficient to reject the credibility of the victim's statement.
Even accepting, as stated by the court below, that Non-indicted 2 held similar or higher standing than the Defendant within the organized crime group in the past, considering that Non-indicted 2 and the Defendant were friends and that Non-indicted 2 had already left the organized crime group about seven years earlier, it cannot be concluded that Non-indicted 2 could have taken some action against the Defendant; and even assuming Non-indicted 2 could have taken some action, it is difficult to understand treating the fact that the victim did not immediately tell her husband, Non-indicted 2, of the rape as a ground for rejecting the credibility of the victim's statement.
(4) Next, the Court examines the credibility of the Defendant's statement.
In a rape case where the victim's statement is, in effect, the only evidence to prove the charge, the fact that the defendant's statement is unreasonable in light of the rules of experience and internally contradictory such that it cannot be believed does not thereby become direct evidence proving the charge; however, such circumstances may, according to the judge's free evaluation, serve to support the credibility of the victim's statement or, combined with the victim's statement as direct evidence, serve as indirect circumstantial evidence supporting the charge.
(A) The gist of the Defendant's statement is as follows. That is, the victim had ordinarily harbored thoughts of divorcing her husband, Non-indicted 2, and after the instant assault, as they met every day, they developed into a romantic relationship. It is true that on the night of April 14, 2017, he persuaded the victim, who refused to go to the motel, to go with him; however, inside the motel, he simply lay still on the bed, and it was rather the victim who first approached him and initiated physical contact, and despite being on her period, the victim said it was fine, removed her Tempo tampon, and they had consensual sexual intercourse; after the intercourse, the victim told him her schedule and they agreed to continue meeting periodically in secret from her husband.
(B) First, regarding the circumstances of going to the motel with the victim and whether he had sexual intercourse with the victim, the Defendant initially denied to the investigative agency, stating that the victim first suggested going to the motel and that they did not have sexual intercourse. The Defendant subsequently changed his statement, saying that the victim refused to go to the motel and that he persuaded her to go by saying they would only drink beer and leave, and that he went with the intention of having sexual intercourse at the time; yet he stated that inside the motel he merely lay on the bed, while it was rather the victim, who was menstruating, who actively wanted it, and they had consensual sexual intercourse. Such statements by the Defendant are not only inconsistent but are also internally contradictory or difficult to accept in light of the rules of experience.
(C) The Defendant and the victim had never met alone together before the instant assault and were not even in contact with each other. Yet, on the very day Non-indicted 2 departed abroad, the Defendant called out the victim, and at their first meeting told her that Non-indicted 2 had an illegitimate child, and, using the speakerphone, made calls to acquaintances suggesting he could harm the victim or Non-indicted 2 with a weapon, thereby threatening the victim, and further committed the instant assault. It is true that they subsequently met about three times over three days, but this consisted only of having lunch together at a snack bar or talking briefly in the car at the Defendant's request, and even according to the instant motel's CCTV footage, the Defendant and the victim do not appear to show the affectionate demeanor of lovers. In light of these circumstances, the Defendant's assertion that, within a mere four days of the instant assault, they developed into a romantic relationship and had consensual sexual intercourse with the victim, is utterly difficult to accept.
(D) If, as the Defendant asserts, the victim had consensual sexual intercourse and then told him her schedule and even agreed to continue meeting periodically in secret from her husband, there would appear to be no reason for the victim to immediately disclose the rape that very evening when Non-indicted 2 returned. In a situation where there were no circumstances that would have led to the discovery of the sexual relations with the Defendant, it would be extraordinary, in light of the rules of experience, for the victim to become frightened in advance and voluntarily lie to Non-indicted 2 that she had been raped. Also, given that there is no trace of the victim and Defendant having called or otherwise contacted each other after the instant offense, the Defendant's above statement is difficult to believe as it stands. Furthermore, the assertion that the victim had long wanted to divorce her husband is merely the Defendant's one-sided claim, and there are no circumstances to confirm this. Even if the victim had heard from the Defendant about the illegitimate child, there is no indication that the victim decided to divorce Non-indicted 2 without confirming the truth of this with Non-indicted 2.
Nevertheless, as noted above, the court below doubted the credibility of the victim's statement and rejected its probative value, thereby finding this portion of the charge not guilty, based solely on circumstances that are insufficient to reject the credibility of the victim's statement or that are compatible with it. Such determination by the court below contains an error affecting the judgment by misapprehending the legal principles concerning the principle of free evaluation of evidence, in that it made a determination contrary to the rules of experience and logic in evaluating the probative value of evidence, or by mistaking the facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence. The ground of appeal pointing this out has merit.
3. Scope of Reversal
Since the portion of the judgment below finding the rape charge not guilty must be reversed, and this offense and the remaining offenses found guilty by the court below are in a concurrent relationship under the first clause of Article 37 of the Criminal Act (형법), requiring the imposition of a single sentence, the judgment below must be reversed in its entirety.
4. Conclusion
Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for retrial and further determination. This judgment is rendered by the unanimous consent of the participating Justices, as stated in the Order.
Justice Kwon Sun-il (Presiding Justice), Lee Ki-taek, Park Jeong-hwa (Justice in Charge), Kim Seon-su