Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2017두62587

Confirmation of Status as Retired Serviceman, etc. [Case Concerning the Validity of the Plaintiff's Appointment as a Non-Commissioned Officer]퇴역대상자지위확인등[원고에 대한 하사관 임용의 유효성에 관한 사건]

Decided2019. 02. 14. Court대법원The plaintiff (the soldier) prevailed; the Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision and remanded the case for further proceedings consistent with its ruling.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A soldier who had received a suspended sentence (집행유예) for a crime committed while he was a juvenile was later appointed as a non-commissioned officer (하사관). The lower court found the appointment invalid due to a disqualification ground, but the Supreme Court held that under the special provision of the Juvenile Act (소년법), his suspended sentence should not count as a disqualifying criminal record, making the appointment valid. The Court also ruled that juvenile status must be determined based on the person's actual date of birth, even where the family relation registry (가족관계등록부) was later corrected. The Supreme Court reversed and remanded the case.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA soldier who had received a suspended sentence for an offense committed as a juvenile was appointed as a non-commissioned officer, and the validity of that appointment was later challenged based on disqualification rules and a birth date discrepancy in the family registry.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled the appointment valid, holding that the Juvenile Act's special provision exempted him from disqualification and that juvenile status must be judged by his actual birth date, not the corrected registry entry.
  • LessonWhen assessing eligibility or disqualification under laws referencing juvenile status, authorities must rely on a person's true, factual date of birth rather than administrative registry corrections, and should account for the protective effect of suspended sentences received during juvenile years.
Issues
  • Whether the appointment of a person who received a suspended sentence for a crime committed during his juvenile years as a non-commissioned officer was valid
  • What standard should be used to determine juvenile status under the Juvenile Act when the family relation registry's birth date was later corrected
  • Whether there is a legal interest in seeking confirmation of the validity of an honorable discharge order (명예전역명령)
  • Whether a lawsuit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of an administrative disposition requires exhausting other legal remedies first (the subsidiarity requirement)
Key reasoning

Under Article 67 of the Juvenile Act, if a person received a suspended sentence for an offense committed while still a juvenile, that sentence is treated as if it were never imposed for purposes of applying laws concerning qualifications or eligibility. Therefore, the disqualification grounds under the Military Personnel Management Act did not apply to the plaintiff, and his appointment as a non-commissioned officer was valid. The Court further clarified that whether a person was a 'juvenile' at the time of the offense must be judged based on their actual, factual date of birth—not merely the date recorded in the family relation registry, even if that registry was later corrected. This ensures that individuals are not unfairly disadvantaged or advantaged by clerical registry errors when applying juvenile-related legal protections.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Where there is a direct and specific interest protected by the statute underlying an administrative disposition, such interest should be deemed a “legal interest in seeking confirmation of invalidity, etc.” as provided in Article 35 of the Administrative Litigation Act (행정소송법). There is no additional requirement of subsidiarity for an action seeking confirmation of invalidity, etc., and therefore it is unnecessary to examine whether there exists a direct remedy, such as a performance action premised on the validity or invalidity of the administrative disposition.

[2] Article 10(2)5 of the former Military Personnel Management Act (1989. 3. 22., before amendment by Act No. 4085) (이하 ‘구 군인사법’이라 한다) provided that a person who has been sentenced to imprisonment or a heavier punishment and is under suspension of execution of the sentence, or for whom two years have not passed since the expiration of the suspension period, may not be appointed as an officer, warrant officer, or non-commissioned officer. If a person had grounds for disqualification from appointment under Article 10(2)5 of the former Military Personnel Management Act at the time of appointment, but was nevertheless appointed as an officer, warrant officer, or non-commissioned officer, such an act of appointment is void as a matter of course.

[3] The former Juvenile Act (1988. 12. 31., before its full amendment by Act No. 4057) applied to persons under 20 years of age (Article 2), and provided that where a person sentenced to punishment for a crime committed as a juvenile has completed execution of the sentence or has been exempted from execution, the person shall be deemed, for purposes of applying statutes and regulations concerning qualifications, not to have been sentenced, with prospective effect (Article 60). However, when the former Juvenile Act was fully amended by Act No. 4057 on December 31, 1988, Article 60 was relocated to Article 67 while retaining its content unchanged, and on January 25, 2018, the Constitutional Court rendered a decision of unconstitutionality-in-nonconformity with respect to Article 67 of the former Juvenile Act (fully amended by Act No. 4057 on December 31, 1988, before amendment by Act No. 15757 on September 18, 2018), on the ground that the failure to provide such a special provision for cases where a suspended sentence was rendered violated the principle of equality.

The Juvenile Act as amended by Act No. 15757 on September 18, 2018 (이하 ‘소년법’이라 한다) newly established Article 67(1)2, providing that “where a person has been sentenced to a suspended sentence or a suspension of the pronouncement of sentence for a crime committed while a juvenile, the person shall be deemed, for purposes of applying statutes and regulations concerning qualifications, not to have been sentenced, with prospective effect.” In addition, Article 2 of the Addenda to the Juvenile Act (September 18, 2018) provides that “the amended provisions of Article 67 shall also apply to a person who received a suspended sentence or a suspension of the pronouncement of sentence for a crime committed while a juvenile before this Act enters into force,” thereby providing for the retroactive application of the amended Article 67(1)2 of the Juvenile Act.

Accordingly, where a person who committed a crime while a juvenile in the past and was sentenced to a suspended sentence was appointed as an officer, warrant officer, or non-commissioned officer, such appointment becomes valid pursuant to Article 67(1)2 of the Juvenile Act and Article 2 of its Addenda, notwithstanding Article 10(2)5 of the former Military Personnel Management Act.

[4] The family relationship registration system is a system whereby matters concerning the occurrence and change of a citizen’s family relationships, such as birth, marriage, and death, are registered in the family relationship register in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Act on Registration, etc. of Family Relationships (이하 ‘가족관계등록법’이라 한다), thereby publicly disclosing and certifying such matters (Articles 1 and 9). Accordingly, the family relationship register is presumed to have been lawfully recorded and to have entries that conform to the truth.

However, where it is recognized that the date of birth recorded in the family relationship register has been erroneously recorded due to a mistake or other reason, an interested party may, upon obtaining permission from the family court having jurisdiction over the case subject’s place of registration, apply for correction of the family relationship register to rectify the erroneously recorded date of birth (Article 104 of the Act on Registration, etc. of Family Relationships). Where the date of birth in the family relationship register has been corrected through the correction procedure prescribed by the Act on Registration, etc. of Family Relationships, the meaning of such correction is that the error in the date of birth has been rectified, and this fact must be taken into account when applying statutes and regulations in which the case subject’s date of birth is at issue.

The purpose of the provision in the Juvenile Act that deems a person, for purposes of applying statutes concerning qualifications, not to have been sentenced, with prospective effect, where the person received a suspended sentence for a crime committed while a juvenile, is to prevent a person from giving up on the future or losing the opportunity for rehabilitation on account of a crime committed during the period of juvenility, when the person is still in the process of forming his or her personality, has abundant potential for improvement, and is in a state of particular psychological instability accompanying physical and mental development. Accordingly, whether a crime constitutes “a crime committed while a juvenile” as provided in Article 67 of the Juvenile Act must be determined based on the person’s actual date of birth, and where the date of birth in the family relationship register has been corrected to reflect the actual date of birth after the suspended sentence, etc. was rendered, whether the crime was committed while the person was a juvenile must be determined based on the corrected date of birth.

Full text (English, AI translation) 17,097 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney: Justice Law Firm, in charge of attorney Ji Yeong-jun)
[Defendants, Appellees] Chief of Staff of the Army and 2 others
[Judgment Below] Daejeon High Court Decision 2017Nu11914 decided September 14, 2017

[Order]

The part of the judgment below concerning Defendant Chief of Staff of the Army and Defendant Republic of Korea is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Daejeon High Court. The Plaintiff's appeal against Defendant Superintendent of the Army General Logistics School is dismissed. The costs of appeal incurred between the Plaintiff and Defendant Superintendent of the Army General Logistics School shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary brief submitted after the deadline for submission of the grounds of appeal, to the extent that it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.

1. Course of the Case
According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, the following facts may be found.

(1) The Plaintiff enlisted in the Army on January 7, 1983, was appointed as a non-commissioned officer candidate on March 28, 1983, was appointed as a short-term service non-commissioned officer on June 18, 1983, and was appointed as a long-term service non-commissioned officer on June 1, 1986.

(2) Thereafter, while the Plaintiff was serving in the Army after being promoted to Sergeant Major, the Plaintiff applied for honorable discharge pursuant to Article 53-2 of the Military Personnel Management Act (군인사법), and on September 23, 2015, Defendant Chief of Staff of the Army ordered the Plaintiff to be honorably discharged effective December 31, 2015 (hereinafter "the instant honorable discharge order").

(3) Defendant Chief of Staff of the Army confirmed the fact that on December 30, 1982, the Daegu District Court had sentenced the Plaintiff to one year of imprisonment with three years of suspended execution for facts constituting a crime, including violation of the Act on the Punishment of Violences, etc. (폭력행위 등 처벌에 관한 법률) committed from around July to September 1982 (hereinafter "the prior offense"), and that this judgment had become final and conclusive, and instructed follow-up measures accordingly. Pursuant thereto, on January 29, 2016, Defendant Superintendent of the Army General Logistics School issued a personnel order nullifying the Plaintiff's appointment as a short-term service non-commissioned officer.

(4) The Plaintiff had been receiving an honorable discharge allowance and retirement benefits (lump-sum retirement pension), but on August 19, 2016, received a disposition from the Director of the Armed Forces Finance Management Corps recovering the said discharge allowance and retirement benefits on the ground of the nullity of the above "appointment as short-term service non-commissioned officer."

(5) The Plaintiff filed a lawsuit seeking revocation of the above recovery disposition, and on April 6, 2017, obtained a favorable judgment (Seoul Administrative Court Decision 2016Guhap80243, hereinafter "the related judgment") on the ground that "pursuant to Article 10(3) of the former Military Personnel Management Act (before amendment by Act No. 4085 of March 22, 1989; hereinafter "the former Military Personnel Management Act"), the Plaintiff's period of military service does not lose its effect, and therefore the Plaintiff falls under the category of a person who has "served 20 years or more as a soldier," thereby satisfying the requirements for receiving a lump-sum retirement pension under the Military Pension Act (군인연금법) and an honorable discharge allowance under the Military Personnel Management Act." This judgment became final and conclusive as it stood.

(6) After the related judgment became final and conclusive, the Plaintiff applied to the Armed Forces Finance Management Corps for a retirement pension on June 21, 2017, but the Armed Forces Finance Management Corps has refused to pay the retirement pension on the ground that the personnel order nullifying the Plaintiff's appointment as a short-term service non-commissioned officer remains validly in effect.

2. Grounds of Appeal Against Defendant Chief of Staff of the Army

A. Where there exists a direct and specific interest protected by the statute underlying an administrative disposition, it must be held that there exists "legal interest in seeking confirmation of nullity, etc." as provided in Article 35 of the Administrative Litigation Act (행정소송법). Separately from this, subsidiarity is not required for an action for confirmation of nullity, etc., and thus there is no need to examine whether there exists a direct remedy such as a performance action premised on the validity or invalidity of the administrative disposition (see, e.g., Supreme Court en banc Decision 2007Du6342 decided March 20, 2008).

B. Examining the facts found above in light of the foregoing legal principles, the Plaintiff has not actually had the validity of the honorable discharge recognized and is at risk of not receiving the benefits accorded to a soldier who has been lawfully and validly discharged, and therefore the Plaintiff has a legal interest in seeking confirmation of the validity of the instant honorable discharge order. Article 10(3) of the former Military Personnel Management Act is not a provision that lawfully validates an appointment act that is void ab initio with respect to a non-commissioned officer, etc. who was disqualified from appointment. Accordingly, the instant honorable discharge order does not automatically become valid as a result of the related judgment, and thus the Plaintiff still has an interest in seeking confirmation of the validity of the honorable discharge order. Inasmuch as subsidiarity is not required for an action for confirmation of validity, the fact that the Plaintiff is seeking, against Defendant Republic of Korea, confirmation that the Plaintiff is a person subject to retirement at the age limit and retirement pension does not warrant a different conclusion.

C. Nevertheless, the court below denied the interest in confirmation on the ground that the related judgment concerning the Plaintiff's honorable discharge allowance and lump-sum retirement pension had become final and conclusive. The judgment below erred by misapprehending the legal principles concerning "legal interest in seeking confirmation of nullity, etc." under Article 35 of the Administrative Litigation Act, thereby affecting the conclusion of the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

3. Grounds of Appeal Against Defendant Republic of Korea

A. Relationship Between Article 10(2)(v) of the Former Military Personnel Management Act and the Relevant Provisions of the Juvenile Act

(1) Article 10(2)(v) of the former Military Personnel Management Act provides that a person who has received a sentence of imprisonment or heavier punishment and is under suspension of execution, or for whom two years have not passed since the expiration of the period of suspension of execution, may not be appointed as an officer, warrant officer, or non-commissioned officer. Where a person is appointed as an officer, warrant officer, or non-commissioned officer despite the existence, at the time of appointment, of a ground for disqualification from appointment under Article 10(2)(v) of the former Military Personnel Management Act, such an act of appointment is void ab initio (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2001Da61012 decided May 16, 2003).

(2) The former Juvenile Act (소년법) (before its full amendment by Act No. 4057 of December 31, 1988; hereinafter "the former Juvenile Act") applied to persons under 20 years of age (Article 2), and provided that where a person who was sentenced to punishment for a crime committed while a juvenile completes execution of the sentence or is granted exemption from execution, such person shall, for purposes of application of statutes concerning qualifications, be deemed for the future not to have been sentenced to such punishment (Article 60). However, when the former Juvenile Act was fully amended by Act No. 4057 of December 31, 1988, Article 60 was relocated to Article 67 while retaining its content, and on January 25, 2018, the Constitutional Court rendered a decision of nonconformity with the Constitution with respect to Article 67 of the former Juvenile Act (as fully amended by Act No. 4057 of December 31, 1988, before amendment by Act No. 15757 of September 18, 2018), on the ground that the failure to provide a similar special provision for cases where suspension of execution was imposed violates the principle of equality (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2017Hunga7, 12, 13 decided January 25, 2018).

The Juvenile Act as amended by Act No. 15757 of September 18, 2018 (hereinafter "the Juvenile Act") newly established Article 67(1)(ii), providing that "where a person is sentenced to a suspended imposition of sentence or a suspended execution of sentence for a crime committed while a juvenile, such person shall, for purposes of application of statutes concerning qualifications, be deemed for the future not to have been sentenced to such punishment." Furthermore, Article 2 of the Addenda to the Juvenile Act (September 18, 2018) provides that "the amended provisions of Article 67 shall also apply to a person who received a suspended execution or suspended imposition of sentence for a crime committed while a juvenile prior to the enforcement of this Act," thereby providing for the retroactive application of the amended Article 67(1)(ii) of the Juvenile Act.

Accordingly, where a person who committed a crime while a juvenile in the past and was sentenced to a suspended execution of sentence has been appointed as an officer, warrant officer, or non-commissioned officer, such appointment becomes valid pursuant to Article 67(1)(ii) of the Juvenile Act and Article 2 of its Addenda, notwithstanding Article 10(2)(v) of the former Military Personnel Management Act.

B. Whether the Date of Birth as Corrected in the Family Relationship Register Should Be the Standard When Applying Article 67(1)(ii) of the Juvenile Act

(1) The family relationship registration system is a system whereby matters concerning the occurrence and change of family relationships of citizens, such as birth, marriage, and death, are registered in the family relationship register in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Act on Registration, etc. of Family Relationship (가족관계의 등록 등에 관한 법률, hereinafter "the Family Relationship Registration Act"), for purposes of public notice and certification (see Articles 1 and 9). Accordingly, the family relationship register is presumed to have been lawfully entered and to conform with the truth as to the matters entered therein (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 86Meu119 decided February 24, 1987).

However, where it is found that the date of birth entered in the family relationship register was erroneously entered due to a mistake or other cause, an interested party may, upon obtaining permission from the family court having jurisdiction over the registration base address of the person concerned, apply for correction of the family relationship register to rectify the erroneously entered date of birth (see Article 104 of the Family Relationship Registration Act). Where the date of birth in the family relationship register has been corrected through the correction procedure prescribed by the Family Relationship Registration Act, this signifies a rectification of an error in the date of birth, and this fact must be taken into account when applying statutes for which the date of birth of the person concerned is at issue.

(2) The purpose of the provision of the Juvenile Act, whereby a person who is sentenced to a suspended execution of sentence for a crime committed while a juvenile is deemed, for the future, not to have been sentenced to such punishment for purposes of application of statutes concerning qualifications, is to prevent a juvenile—who is still in the process of forming his or her character, possesses abundant potential for reform, and is in a state of particular mental instability due to physical and mental development—from abandoning hope for the future or losing the opportunity for rehabilitation on account of a crime committed during such juvenile period. Accordingly, whether a crime constitutes "a crime committed while a juvenile" as provided in Article 67 of the Juvenile Act must be determined based on the actual date of birth, and where the date of birth in the family relationship register has been corrected, subsequent to the sentencing of the suspended execution, etc., in accordance with the actual date of birth, whether the crime was committed while a juvenile must be determined based on such corrected date of birth.

C. Judgment on This Case

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, it may be seen that on May 24, 2016, the Plaintiff obtained the instant permission decision (Daegu Family Court Decision 2016Hogi30010) from the Daegu Family Court permitting the correction of the date of birth in the family relationship register from "(date of birth 1 omitted)" to "(date of birth 2 omitted)."

Examining these facts in light of the foregoing legal principles, the Plaintiff's age at the time of committing the prior offense was 19, which is subject to the application of the former Juvenile Act. The Plaintiff was sentenced to one year of imprisonment with three years of suspended execution for the prior offense, and this judgment became final and conclusive; this constitutes a case where the Plaintiff was sentenced to a suspended execution of sentence for a crime committed while a juvenile. Accordingly, when applying statutes concerning qualifications to the Plaintiff, the Plaintiff must be deemed, for the future, not to have been sentenced to such punishment.

Ultimately, notwithstanding Article 10(2)(v) of the former Military Personnel Management Act, both the Plaintiff's appointment as a short-term service non-commissioned officer and appointment as a long-term service non-commissioned officer are valid pursuant to Article 67(1)(ii) of the Juvenile Act and Article 2 of its Addenda.

D. Sub-conclusion

Nevertheless, the court below held that both the Plaintiff's appointment as a short-term service non-commissioned officer and appointment as a long-term service non-commissioned officer were void, and accordingly dismissed the Plaintiff's claim against Defendant Republic of Korea, which was premised on the validity of such appointments. As grounds therefor, the court below noted that the aforementioned criminal judgment had become final and conclusive on the premise, based on the public records existing at the time of that judgment, that the Plaintiff's date of birth was presumed to be (date of birth 1 omitted) and that the Plaintiff was not a juvenile at the time of the prior offense, and that the effect of the criminal judgment thus finalized could not be deemed to change on account of a subsequent correction of the family relationship register occurring thereafter. This judgment below erred by misapprehending the legal principles concerning correction of the family relationship register and application of the Juvenile Act, thereby affecting the conclusion of the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

4. Appeal Against Defendant Superintendent of the Army General Logistics School

Since the appellate court may examine and determine only within the scope of the objection raised in the grounds of appeal, the brief of grounds of appeal must specify the grounds of appeal and set forth concrete and explicit reasons as to what point of the judgment below violated which statute and in what manner. Where the brief of grounds of appeal submitted by the appellant fails to set forth such concrete and explicit reasons, it must be treated as if no brief of grounds of appeal had been submitted (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2013Da50466 decided August 29, 2016).

The Plaintiff also appealed against Defendant Superintendent of the Army General Logistics School, but did not state the grounds for objection in the petition of appeal or the brief of grounds of appeal.

5. Conclusion

Without examining the remaining grounds of appeal, the part of the judgment below concerning Defendant Chief of Staff of the Army and Defendant Republic of Korea is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination; the Plaintiff's appeal against Defendant Superintendent of the Army General Logistics School is dismissed, and the costs of appeal incurred between the Plaintiff and Defendant Superintendent of the Army General Logistics School shall be borne by the losing party. It is so decided as per Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices.

Presiding Justice Lee Dong-won, Justice Cho Hee-dae, Justice Kim Jae-hyung (Presiding Judge for the Report), Justice Min Yu-sook

【판결요지】

[1] 행정처분의 근거 법률에 의하여 보호되는 직접적이고 구체적인 이익이 있는 경우에는 행정소송법 제35조에 규정된 ‘무효 등 확인을 구할 법률상 이익’이 있다고 보아야 한다. 이와 별도로 무효 등 확인소송의 보충성이 요구되는 것은 아니므로 행정처분의 유·무효를 전제로 한 이행소송 등과 같은 직접적인 구제수단이 있는지 여부를 따질 필요가 없다.

[2] 구 군인사법(1989. 3. 22. 법률 제4085호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 군인사법’이라 한다) 제10조 제2항 제5호는 금고 이상의 형을 받고 집행유예 중에 있거나 그 집행유예기간이 종료된 날부터 2년이 지나지 않은 자가 장교·준사관 및 하사관으로 임용될 수 없도록 정하고 있다. 임용 당시 구 군인사법 제10조 제2항 제5호에 따른 임용결격사유가 있는데도 장교·준사관 또는 하사관으로 임용된 경우 그러한 임용행위는 당연무효가 된다.

[3] 구 소년법(1988. 12. 31. 법률 제4057호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것)은 20세 미만인 자를 대상으로 하여(제2조), 소년으로 범한 죄에 의하여 형의 선고를 받은 자가 집행을 종료하거나 집행의 면제를 받은 때에는 자격에 관한 법령의 적용에서는 장래에 향하여 형의 선고를 받지 않은 것으로 본다고 정하고 있었다(제60조). 그런데 구 소년법이 1988. 12. 31. 법률 제4057호로 전부 개정되면서 제60조가 그 내용을 그대로 유지한 채 제67조로 이전되었고, 헌법재판소는 2018. 1. 25. 구 소년법(1988. 12. 31. 법률 제4057호로 전부 개정되고, 2018. 9. 18. 법률 제15757호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제67조에 대하여 집행유예를 선고받은 경우에 대해서는 이와 같은 특례조항을 두지 않은 것이 평등원칙에 위반된다는 이유로 헌법불합치 결정을 하였다.

2018. 9. 18. 법률 제15757호로 개정된 소년법(이하 ‘소년법’이라 한다)은 제67조 제1항 제2호로 ‘소년이었을 때 범한 죄에 의하여 형의 선고유예나 집행유예를 선고받은 경우, 자격에 관한 법령을 적용할 때 장래에 향하여 형의 선고를 받지 않은 것으로 본다.’는 규정을 신설하였다. 아울러 소년법 부칙(2018. 9. 18.) 제2조는 "제67조의 개정규정은 이 법 시행 전 소년이었을 때 범한 죄에 의하여 형의 집행유예나 선고유예를 받은 사람에게도 적용한다."라고 정하여 개정된 소년법 제67조 제1항 제2호를 소급하여 적용하도록 하고 있다.

따라서 과거 소년이었을 때 죄를 범하여 형의 집행유예를 선고받은 사람이 장교·준사관 또는 하사관으로 임용된 경우에는, 구 군인사법 제10조 제2항 제5호에도 불구하고 소년법 제67조 제1항 제2호와 부칙 제2조에 따라 그 임용이 유효하게 된다.

[4] 가족관계등록제도는 국민의 출생·혼인·사망 등 가족관계의 발생 및 변동사항을 가족관계의 등록 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘가족관계등록법’이라 한다)이 정한 절차에 따라서 가족관계등록부에 등록하여 공시·공증하는 제도이다(제1조, 제9조). 따라서 가족관계등록부는 그 기재가 적법하게 되었고 기재사항이 진실에 부합한다는 추정을 받는다.

그런데 가족관계등록부에 기재되어 있는 출생연월일이 착오 등으로 잘못 기재되었다고 인정되는 경우에 이해관계인은 사건 본인의 등록기준지를 관할하는 가정법원의 허가를 받아 가족관계등록부의 정정을 신청하여 잘못 기재된 출생연월일을 바로잡을 수 있다(가족관계등록법 제104조). 가족관계등록법이 정한 정정절차를 거쳐서 가족관계등록부의 출생연월일이 정정된 경우 그 의미는 생년월일의 잘못을 바로잡은 것으로, 사건 본인의 생년월일이 문제 되는 법령을 적용할 때 이 점을 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

소년법이 소년이었을 때 범한 죄로 형의 집행유예를 선고받은 경우 자격에 관한 법률을 적용할 때 장래에 향하여 선고를 받지 않은 것으로 보는 취지는 인격의 형성 도중에 있어 개선가능성이 풍부하고 심신의 발육에 따른 특수한 정신적 동요상태에 있는 소년의 시기에 범한 죄로 장래를 포기하거나 재기의 기회를 잃지 않도록 하기 위한 것이다. 따라서 소년법 제67조에서 정하고 있는 ‘소년이었을 때 범한 죄’인지는 실제 생년월일을 기준으로 판단하여야 하고, 형의 집행유예 등 선고 이후에 가족관계등록부의 출생연월일이 실제 생년월일에 따라 정정되었다면 그와 같이 정정된 출생연월일을 기준으로 소년이었을 때 범한 죄인지 여부를 판단하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

[1] 행정소송법 제35조

[2] 구 군인사법(1989. 3. 22. 법률 제4085호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제10조 제2항 제5호

[3] 구 소년법(1988. 12. 31. 법률 제4057호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제60조(현행 제67조 참조), 구 소년법(2018. 9. 18. 법률 제15757호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제67조, 소년법 제67조, 부칙(2018. 9. 18.) 제2조

[4] 가족관계의 등록 등에 관한 법률 제1조, 제9조, 제104조, 소년법 제67조, 부칙(2018. 9. 18.) 제2조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2008. 3. 20. 선고 2007두6342 전원합의체 판결(공2008상, 593) / [2] 대법원 2003. 5. 16. 선고 2001다61012 판결(공2003상, 1314) / [3] 헌법재판소 2018. 1. 25. 선고 2017헌가7, 12, 13 전원재판부 결정(헌공256, 268) / [4] 대법원 1987. 2. 24. 선고 86므119 판결(공1987, 531)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 5,834자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 법무법인 저스티스 담당변호사 지영준)

【피고, 피상고인】 육군참모총장 외 2인

【원심판결】 대전고법 2017. 9. 14. 선고 2017누11914 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 피고 육군참모총장과 피고 대한민국에 대한 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 대전고등법원에 환송한다. 원고의 피고 육군종합군수학교장에 대한 상고를 기각한다. 원고와 피고 육군종합군수학교장 사이에 생긴 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 지난 다음 제출된 참고서면은 이를 보충하는 범위에서)를 판단한다.

1. 사건의 경위

원심판결 이유와 기록에 따르면 다음 사실을 알 수 있다.

(1) 원고는 1983. 1. 7. 육군에 입대하여 1983. 3. 28. 하사관 후보생에 임명되었고, 1983. 6. 18. 단기복무 하사관, 1986. 6. 1. 장기복무 하사관에 임용되었다.

(2) 그 후 원고가 육군에서 원사로 진급하여 복무하던 중 군인사법 제53조의2 규정에 따른 명예전역을 신청하였고, 피고 육군참모총장은 2015. 9. 23. 원고에 대하여 2015. 12. 31.부로 명예전역을 명하였다(이하 ‘이 사건 명예전역명령’이라 한다).

(3) 피고 육군참모총장은, 원고가 1982. 12. 30. 대구지방법원에서 1982. 7.부터 9.경까지의 폭력행위 등 처벌에 관한 법률 위반 등 범죄사실(이하 ‘종전 범죄’라 한다)로 징역 1년, 집행유예 3년의 형을 선고받아 그 판결이 확정된 사실을 확인하고 그 후속조치를 지시하였다. 이에 따라 피고 육군종합군수학교장은 2016. 1. 29. 원고에 대한 단기복무 하사관 임용을 무효로 하는 인사명령을 발령하였다.

(4) 원고는 명예전역수당 및 퇴직급여(퇴직연금일시금)를 지급받다가 2016. 8. 19. 국군재정관리단장으로부터 위와 같은 ‘단기복무 하사관 임용’의 무효를 이유로 위 전역수당 및 퇴직급여 환수처분을 받았다.

(5) 원고는 위 환수처분의 취소를 구하는 소를 제기하여 2017. 4. 6. "구 군인사법(1989. 3. 22. 법률 제4085호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 군인사법’이라 한다) 제10조 제3항에 따라 원고의 군복무기간은 그 효력을 잃지 않으므로, 원고는 ‘군인으로서 20년 이상 복무’한 경우에 해당하여 군인연금법에 따른 퇴역연금일시금 및 군인사법에 따른 명예전역수당을 수령할 수 있는 요건을 충족한다."라는 이유로 승소판결(서울행정법원 2016구합80243 판결, 이하 ‘관련판결’이라 한다)을 받았다. 이 판결은 그대로 확정되었다.

(6) 원고는 관련판결이 확정된 다음 2017. 6. 21. 국군재정관리단에 퇴역연금을 신청하였으나, 국군재정관리단은 원고에 대한 단기복무 하사관 임용을 무효로 하는 인사명령이 유효하게 지속 중이라는 이유로 퇴역연금의 지급을 거부하고 있다.

2. 피고 육군참모총장에 대한 상고이유

가. 행정처분의 근거 법률에 의하여 보호되는 직접적이고 구체적인 이익이 있는 경우에는 행정소송법 제35조에 규정된 ‘무효 등 확인을 구할 법률상 이익’이 있다고 보아야 한다. 이와 별도로 무효 등 확인소송의 보충성이 요구되는 것은 아니므로 행정처분의 유·무효를 전제로 한 이행소송 등과 같은 직접적인 구제수단이 있는지 여부를 따질 필요가 없다(대법원 2008. 3. 20. 선고 2007두6342 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

나. 위에서 본 사실관계를 위 법리에 비추어 살펴보면, 원고는 명예전역의 유효성을 현실적으로 인정받지 못하고 있고 적법하고 유효하게 전역한 군인에 대한 혜택을 받지 못할 우려가 있으므로, 이 사건 명예전역명령의 유효확인을 구할 법률상 이익이 있다. 구 군인사법 제10조 제3항은 임용결격 하사관 등에 대한 당연무효의 임용행위를 적법하게 유효로 만드는 규정은 아니다. 따라서 관련판결로 이 사건 명예전역명령이 당연히 유효하게 되지는 않으므로 원고는 여전히 명예전역명령의 유효확인을 구할 이익이 있다. 유효확인소송에 보충성을 요구하지 않는 이상, 원고가 피고 대한민국에 대하여 정년전역과 퇴역 대상자라는 점에 대한 확인을 구하고 있다고 해서 달리 볼 것은 아니다.

다. 그런데도 원심은 원고의 명예전역수당과 퇴역연금일시금에 관한 관련판결이 확정된 사정을 들어 확인의 이익을 부정하였다. 원심의 판단에는 행정소송법 제35조에 따라 ‘무효 등 확인을 구할 법률상 이익’에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있다. 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유 주장은 정당하다.

3. 피고 대한민국에 대한 상고이유

가. 구 군인사법 제10조 제2항 제5호와 소년법 관련 규정의 관계

(1) 구 군인사법 제10조 제2항 제5호는 금고 이상의 형을 받고 집행유예 중에 있거나 그 집행유예기간이 종료된 날부터 2년이 지나지 않은 자가 장교·준사관 및 하사관으로 임용될 수 없도록 정하고 있다. 임용 당시 구 군인사법 제10조 제2항 제5호에 따른 임용결격사유가 있는데도 장교·준사관 또는 하사관으로 임용된 경우 그러한 임용행위는 당연무효가 된다(대법원 2003. 5. 16. 선고 2001다61012 판결 등 참조).

(2) 구 소년법(1988. 12. 31. 법률 제4057호로 전부 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 소년법’이라 한다)은 20세 미만인 자를 그 대상으로 하여(제2조), 소년으로 범한 죄에 의하여 형의 선고를 받은 자가 그 집행을 종료하거나 집행의 면제를 받은 때에는 자격에 관한 법령의 적용에서는 장래에 향하여 형의 선고를 받지 않은 것으로 본다고 정하고 있었다(제60조). 그런데 구 소년법이 1988. 12. 31. 법률 제4057호로 전부 개정되면서 제60조가 그 내용을 그대로 유지한 채 제67조로 이전되었고, 헌법재판소는 2018. 1. 25. 구 소년법(1988. 12. 31. 법률 제4057호로 전부 개정되고, 2018. 9. 18. 법률 제15757호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제67조에 대하여 집행유예를 선고받은 경우에 대해서는 이와 같은 특례조항을 두지 않은 것이 평등원칙에 위반된다는 이유로 헌법불합치 결정을 하였다(헌법재판소 2018. 1. 25. 선고 2017헌가7, 12, 13 전원재판부 결정 참조).

2018. 9. 18. 법률 제15757호로 개정된 소년법(이하 ‘소년법’이라 한다)은 제67조 제1항 제2호로 ‘소년이었을 때 범한 죄에 의하여 형의 선고유예나 집행유예를 선고받은 경우, 자격에 관한 법령을 적용할 때 장래에 향하여 형의 선고를 받지 않은 것으로 본다.’는 규정을 신설하였다. 아울러 소년법 부칙(2018. 9. 18.) 제2조는 "제67조의 개정규정은 이 법 시행 전 소년이었을 때 범한 죄에 의하여 형의 집행유예나 선고유예를 받은 사람에게도 적용한다."라고 정하여 개정된 소년법 제67조 제1항 제2호를 소급하여 적용하도록 하고 있다.

따라서 과거 소년이었을 때 죄를 범하여 형의 집행유예를 선고받은 사람이 장교·준사관 또는 하사관으로 임용된 경우에는, 구 군인사법 제10조 제2항 제5호에도 불구하고 소년법 제67조 제1항 제2호와 부칙 제2조에 따라 그 임용이 유효하게 된다.

나. 소년법 제67조 제1항 제2호를 적용할 때 가족관계등록부상 정정된 출생연월일을 기준으로 할 것인지 여부

(1) 가족관계등록제도는 국민의 출생·혼인·사망 등 가족관계의 발생 및 변동사항을 가족관계의 등록 등에 관한 법률(이하 ‘가족관계등록법’이라 한다)이 정한 절차에 따라서 가족관계등록부에 등록하여 공시·공증하는 제도이다(제1조, 제9조 참조). 따라서 가족관계등록부는 그 기재가 적법하게 되었고 기재사항이 진실에 부합한다는 추정을 받는다(대법원 1987. 2. 24. 선고 86므119 판결 등 참조).

그런데 가족관계등록부에 기재되어 있는 출생연월일이 착오 등으로 잘못 기재되었다고 인정되는 경우에 이해관계인은 사건 본인의 등록기준지를 관할하는 가정법원의 허가를 받아 가족관계등록부의 정정을 신청하여 잘못 기재된 출생연월일을 바로잡을 수 있다(가족관계등록법 제104조 참조). 가족관계등록법이 정한 정정절차를 거쳐서 가족관계등록부의 출생연월일이 정정된 경우 그 의미는 생년월일의 잘못을 바로잡은 것으로, 사건 본인의 생년월일이 문제 되는 법령을 적용할 때 이 점을 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

(2) 소년법이 소년이었을 때 범한 죄로 형의 집행유예를 선고받은 경우 자격에 관한 법률을 적용할 때 장래에 향하여 그 선고를 받지 않은 것으로 보는 취지는 인격의 형성 도중에 있어 그 개선가능성이 풍부하고 심신의 발육에 따른 특수한 정신적 동요상태에 있는 소년의 시기에 범한 죄로 장래를 포기하거나 재기의 기회를 잃지 않도록 하기 위한 것이다. 따라서 소년법 제67조에서 정하고 있는 ‘소년이었을 때 범한 죄’인지는 실제 생년월일을 기준으로 판단하여야 하고, 형의 집행유예 등 선고 이후에 가족관계등록부의 출생연월일이 실제 생년월일에 따라 정정되었다면 그와 같이 정정된 출생연월일을 기준으로 소년이었을 때 범한 죄인지 여부를 판단하여야 한다.

다. 이 사건에 대한 판단

원심판결 이유에 따르면, 원고는 2016. 5. 24. 대구가정법원으로부터 가족관계등록부상의 출생연월일을 ‘(생년월일 1 생략)’에서 ‘(생년월일 2 생략)’으로 정정을 허가하는 이 사건 허가결정(대구가정법원 2016호기30010호)을 받았음을 알 수 있다.

이러한 사실을 위에서 본 법리에 비추어 살펴보면, 원고가 종전 범죄를 저지를 당시 원고 나이는 구 소년법의 적용 대상이 되는 19세이다. 종전 범죄로 원고에게 징역 1년, 집행유예 3년의 판결이 선고되어 확정되었는데, 이는 원고가 소년이었을 때 범한 죄로 형의 집행유예를 선고받은 경우에 해당한다. 따라서 원고에 대하여 자격에 관한 법령을 적용할 때에는 장래에 향하여 형의 선고를 받지 않은 것으로 보아야 한다.

결국 구 군인사법 제10조 제2항 제5호에도 불구하고 소년법 제67조 제1항 제2호, 부칙 제2조에 따라 원고에 대한 단기복무 하사관 임용과 장기복무 하사관 임용은 모두 유효하다.

라. 소결

그런데도 원심은 원고에 대한 단기복무 하사관과 장기복무 하사관 임용행위는 모두 무효라고 보아, 그 임용이 유효함을 전제로 한 원고의 피고 대한민국에 대한 청구를 기각하였다. 그 이유로 위 형사판결이 그 판결 당시 존재하였던 공부에 기초하여 원고의 출생연월일을 (생년월일 1 생략)으로 추정하여 원고가 종전 범죄 당시 소년이 아님을 전제로 선고되어 확정되었고, 그와 같이 확정된 형사판결의 효력이 장래에 발생한 가족관계등록부 정정에 따라 달라진다고 볼 수 없다는 점을 들었다. 이러한 원심판결에는 가족관계등록부 정정과 소년법 적용에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있다. 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유 주장은 정당하다.

4. 피고 육군종합군수학교장에 대한 상고

상고심법원은 상고이유에 의하여 불복신청한 한도 내에서만 조사·판단할 수 있으므로, 상고이유서에는 상고이유를 특정하여 원심판결의 어떤 점이 법령에 어떻게 위반되었는지에 관하여 구체적이고도 명시적인 이유를 기재하여야 한다. 상고인이 제출한 상고이유서에 위와 같은 구체적이고도 명시적인 이유가 기재되어 있지 않은 때에는 상고이유서를 제출하지 않은 것으로 취급할 수밖에 없다(대법원 2016. 8. 29. 선고 2013다50466 판결 등 참조).

원고는 피고 육군종합군수학교장에 대하여도 상고하였으나, 상고장과 상고이유서에 그 불복이유를 기재하지 않았다.

5. 결론

나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결 중 피고 육군참모총장과 피고 대한민국에 대한 부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하며, 원고의 피고 육군종합군수학교장에 대한 상고는 기각하고 원고와 피고 육군종합군수학교장 사이에 생긴 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하기로 하여, 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이동원(재판장) 조희대 김재형(주심) 민유숙

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