[Defendant] Defendant 1 and 4 others
[Appellant] Defendant 1, Defendant 2, and the Prosecutor (with respect to Defendant 1, Defendant 3, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5)
[Defense Counsel] Dasan Law Firm and 3 others
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2014No1512 dated January 8, 2015
[Order]
The part of the judgment below concerning Defendant 1, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5 is each reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The appeals by the Prosecutor and Defendant 2 are all dismissed.
[Reasoning]
1. Determination on the Prosecutor's Grounds of Appeal
A. Regarding the violations of the Political Funds Act (정치자금법) by Defendant 1, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5 through receipt or donation of funds related to organizations
Article 31(1) of the Political Funds Act provides that "foreigners, domestic or foreign corporations or organizations may not donate political funds," and Article 31(2) provides that "no one may donate political funds using funds related to a domestic or foreign corporation or organization." Here, "funds related to a corporation or organization" refers to funds that can be donated pursuant to the decision-making of the corporation or organization, and includes not only the corporation's or organization's own assets forming the basis of its existence and activities, but also funds collected or raised by the corporation or organization in its own name (see Supreme Court Decision 2011Do15418 delivered on March 14, 2013, etc.). However, the fact that Article 31(2) of the Political Funds Act prohibits donating political funds using funds related to a corporation or organization even when the corporation or organization itself does not directly donate political funds does not mean that any funds in whose raising a corporation or organization is involved in any form whatsoever should be regarded as "funds related to a corporation or organization" subject to the donation prohibition under Article 31(2) of the Political Funds Act. Rather, it should be regarded as "funds related to a corporation or organization" only when the corporation or organization is involved in the collection or raising of the donation funds in a leading and active manner such that the corporation or organization can dispose of the funds so collected or raised, or at least funds that can be treated as equivalent thereto. Furthermore, whether funds are related to a corporation or organization in a specific case must be determined by comprehensively examining the entire process by which the funds were collected and donated, including the manner of fund collection and raising, the scale of the funds raised, the circumstances of the collection and donation, and the interests of the donors (see Supreme Court Decision 2015Do2684 delivered on June 24, 2015, etc.).
The court below found the defendants Defendant 1, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5 not guilty on this part of the charges, on the grounds that the labor union members participated in the tax credit business of their own free will, and the money collected from the union members could not be managed or arbitrarily disposed of by the relevant labor union, and therefore it could not be found that the labor union donated "funds related to an organization" to the ○○○○ Party.
Upon examination in light of the legal principles set forth above and the record, the above determination by the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, such as violating the rules of evidence or misapprehending the legal principles concerning Article 31(2) of the Political Funds Act, as argued in the grounds of appeal.
B. Regarding the concealment of evidence by Defendant 3
The court below found Defendant 3 not guilty on this part of the charges, on the grounds that the mere fact that Defendant 3 introduced Nonindicted 1 to Defendant 2 and was present when Defendant 2 inquired of Nonindicted 1 about removing the hard disks in this case, was insufficient to establish that Defendant 3 conspired with Defendant 2 and exercised functional control over the act of concealing the hard disks in this case.
Upon examination in light of the relevant legal principles and the record, the above determination by the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, such as violating the rules of evidence, empirical rules, and logical rules, or misapprehending the legal principles concerning the establishment of joint principal offenders, as argued in the grounds of appeal.
C. Meanwhile, the Prosecutor also appealed against the guilty portions of the judgment below concerning Defendant 1, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5; however, no specific grounds are stated in the petition of appeal, and no grounds of objection thereto can be found in the appellate brief either.
2. Determination on Defendant 2's Grounds of Appeal
The court below found the charges against Defendant 2 guilty on the grounds that Defendant 2's intent to conceal evidence was established.
Upon examination in light of the relevant legal principles and evidence, the above determination by the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, such as misapprehending the legal principles concerning the intent required for the crime of evidence concealment, as argued in the grounds of appeal.
3. Determination on the Grounds of Appeal Regarding Defendant 1's Violation of the Political Funds Act through Receipt of Political Funds via an Unregistered Account and the Concealment of Evidence
A. Regarding the violation of the Political Funds Act through receipt of political funds via an unregistered account
The court below found this part of the charges against the defendant guilty, on the grounds that Defendant 1 received political funds through the unregistered account in this case despite knowing that the account had not been registered with the National Election Commission.
Upon examination in light of the relevant legal principles and evidence, the above determination by the court below is justified, and there is no error therein, such as violating the rules of evidence or misapprehending the legal principles concerning the intent required for the crime of violating the Political Funds Act through receipt of political funds via an unregistered account, as argued in the grounds of appeal.
B. Regarding the concealment of evidence
The court below found Defendant 1 guilty on the primary charge of evidence concealment among the charges against Defendant 1 in this case, which stated that "Defendant 1, upon learning that a police search and seizure of the ○○○○ Party's website and voting system server was underway, instructed Defendant 2 to remove equipment related to party member information, and Defendant 2 took away two hard disks, which were evidence in the case of violation of the Political Parties Act (정당법) by teachers and public officials including Nonindicted 2, and stored them at the ○○○○ Party's headquarters, thereby concealing evidence related to another person's criminal case in conspiracy with Defendant 2," on the grounds that although the hard disks in this case were also evidence related to Defendant 1's own criminal case, joint principal liability for evidence concealment is established even if the evidence relates to one's own criminal case.
However, the crime of evidence concealment is established when evidence related to another person's criminal case or disciplinary case is concealed, and since the act of concealing evidence by the offender himself conflicts with the purpose of recognizing a defendant's right to defense in criminal proceedings and is therefore not subject to punishment, an offender's act of requesting another person's help to conceal evidence is likewise, in principle, not subject to punishment. Accordingly, if a defendant, fearing that he himself would be subject to criminal punishment, concealed materials that would become evidence for his own benefit, this does not constitute the crime of evidence concealment, and the same applies even if he did so jointly with a third party (see Supreme Court Decision 2011Do5329 delivered on November 28, 2013, Supreme Court Decision 2013Do12079 delivered on April 10, 2014, etc.).
Nevertheless, the court below found the primary charge of evidence concealment against Defendant 1 guilty on the grounds that joint principal liability for evidence concealment is established even where the evidence relates to one's own criminal case, if concealed jointly with another person; the court below's determination on this part contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles concerning the establishment of the crime of evidence concealment, which affected the conclusion of the judgment.
4. Ex Officio Determination on the Violations of the Political Funds Act by Defendant 1, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5 through Illegal Receipt or Donation of Political Funds (Excluding the Organization-Related Funds Portion)
A. The court below applied Article 45(1) of the Political Funds Act and found guilty in their entirety the portions of the charges against Defendant 1 for receiving funds in the name of sponsor party dues from sponsor party members of the ○○○○ Party through the sponsor party member tax credit business, and against Defendant 4 and Defendant 5 for donating funds to the ○○○○ Party under the same name, on the ground that the said defendants received or made donations of political funds in a manner not prescribed by the Political Funds Act.
However, after the judgment below was rendered, the Constitutional Court rendered a decision of unconstitutionality-conforming ("헌법불합치") holding, in its order, that "the portion concerning Article 6 among the phrase 'method not prescribed by this Act' in the main text of Article 45(1) of the former Political Funds Act (amended by Act No. 8880 on February 29, 2008, before amendment by Act No. 9975 on January 25, 2010), Article 6 of the Political Funds Act (as amended by Act No. 9975 on January 25, 2010), and Article 45(1) of the Political Funds Act (as amended by Act No. 8880 on February 29, 2008) does not conform to the Constitution," and that "the said provisions shall continue to apply until the legislature amends them by June 30, 2017" (Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2013Hun-Ba168 delivered on December 23, 2015; hereinafter "the instant unconstitutionality-conforming decision"). Accordingly, the Political Funds Act, as amended by Act No. 14838 on June 30, 2017, added "the central party (including a preparatory committee for forming a central party)" to Article 6(1), thereby allowing political parties to also receive political funds, but did not provide for a transitional provision concerning the retroactive application of the said provision.
B. A decision of unconstitutionality-conforming by the Constitutional Court, although a modified form not provided for by the Constitution and the Constitutional Court Act, constitutes a decision of unconstitutionality with respect to the statutory provision (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Do7111 delivered on January 15, 2009, Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2003Hun-Ga1, 2004Hun-Ga4 delivered on May 27, 2004, etc.). Since Article 45(1) of the Political Funds Act establishes as an element of the offense the act of donating political funds in a manner not prescribed by Article 6 of the former Political Funds Act (before amendment by Act No. 9975 on January 25, 2010; hereinafter "former Political Funds Act"), Article 6 of the former Political Funds Act, combined with Article 45(1) of the Political Funds Act, forms a penal statutory provision; therefore, the instant unconstitutionality-conforming decision rendered with respect to the said provisions (hereinafter "the instant statutory provisions") constitutes a decision of unconstitutionality with respect to a penal statutory provision. Furthermore, since the main text of Article 47(3) of the Constitutional Court Act (헌법재판소법) provides that where a decision of unconstitutionality is rendered with respect to a penal statutory provision, that provision loses its effect retroactively, where a penal statutory provision has lost its effect retroactively, a criminal case prosecuted by applying that provision falls under a case where the act does not constitute a crime. Accordingly, the court must render a judgment of acquittal with respect to that criminal case pursuant to the first clause of Article 325 of the Criminal Procedure Act (형사소송법) (see Supreme Court Decision 91Do2825 delivered on May 8, 1992, Supreme Court en banc Decision 2008Do7562 delivered on June 23, 2011, etc.).
C. In light of these legal principles, since the instant statutory provisions lost their effect retroactively by virtue of the instant unconstitutionality-conforming decision, the portions of the charges against Defendant 1, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5 for violations of the Political Funds Act through illegal receipt or donation of political funds (excluding the organization-related funds portion), which were prosecuted by applying the instant statutory provisions, must be acquitted pursuant to the first clause of Article 325 of the Criminal Procedure Act.
Therefore, the determination of the court below on this part can no longer be sustained; accordingly, without the need to determine Defendant 1's grounds of appeal, this part of the judgment below must be reversed.
5. Scope of Reversal
As stated above, the portion of the judgment below concerning the evidence concealment charge against Defendant 1 and the violation of the Political Funds Act through illegal receipt of political funds (excluding the organization-related funds portion), and the portions concerning the violations of the Political Funds Act through illegal donation of political funds against Defendant 4 and Defendant 5 (excluding the organization-related funds portion), must all be reversed.
However, the court below imposed a single sentence on the grounds that the evidence concealment portion and the portion concerning the violation of the Political Funds Act through receipt of political funds via an unregistered account, among the guilty portions against Defendant 1, were in a relationship of concurrent crimes under the first clause of Article 37 of the Criminal Act (형법). Therefore, the portion of the guilty findings against the said defendant concerning the violation of the Political Funds Act through receipt of political funds via an unregistered account must also be reversed together. In addition, since the portion of the judgment below stating reasons for acquittal concerning the violation of the Political Funds Act through receipt of organization-related funds against the said defendant is in an imaginary concurrence relationship with the portion concerning the violation of the Political Funds Act through illegal receipt of political funds that is reversed as above, the said portion stating reasons for acquittal must also be reversed together.
Furthermore, since the portions of the judgment below stating reasons for acquittal concerning the violations of the Political Funds Act through donation of organization-related funds against Defendant 4 and Defendant 5 are in an imaginary concurrence relationship with the respective portions concerning the violations of the Political Funds Act through illegal donation of political funds against the said defendants that are reversed as above, the said respective portions stating reasons for acquittal must also be reversed together.
6. Conclusion
Therefore, the portions of the judgment below concerning Defendant 1, Defendant 4, and Defendant 5 are each reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination; and the appeals by the Prosecutor and Defendant 2 are all dismissed. This judgment is rendered as per the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the Justices involved.
Justice Kim Jae-hyeong (Presiding Justice), Cho Hee-dae, Min Yu-sook, Lee Dong-won (Justice in charge)