Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 90누4006

Revocation of Reexamined Decision on Remedy for Unfair Labor Practice (부당노동행위구제재심판정취소)부당노동행위구제재심판정취소

Decided1991. 05. 14. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A labor union member was dismissed for holding an emergency general meeting and conducting a hunger-strike sit-in as part of a labor dispute (쟁의행위) aimed at concluding a collective bargaining agreement, on the grounds that the union had not filed prior notice or observed the mandatory cooling-off period. The Supreme Court ruled that this labor dispute action was lawful and that the dismissal constituted an unfair labor practice (부당노동행위).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA union member was dismissed for holding an emergency general meeting and a hunger-strike sit-in to push for a collective bargaining agreement, without following prior notice procedures.
  • OutcomeThe Court ruled that procedural violations alone do not strip a labor dispute action of its legitimacy, and dismissal based on a peaceful labor action constitutes an unfair labor practice.
  • LessonPeaceful labor dispute actions without violence or destruction may still be deemed legitimate even if certain procedural requirements are not fully met.
Issues
  • Whether a labor dispute action lacking prior notice or a cooling-off period can still be considered legitimate
  • Whether holding an emergency general meeting and conducting a hunger-strike sit-in qualifies as a legitimate form of labor dispute action
  • How to interpret the phrase 'labor dispute actions prohibited by national law' as used in the company's work rules (취업규칙)
Key reasoning

The Court held that a failure to comply with the prior notice or cooling-off period requirements under the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act (노동쟁의조정법) does not automatically render a labor dispute action illegitimate. Instead, courts must examine the specific circumstances to determine whether the action caused unreasonable harm to public life or to the employer's business operations. In this case, the emergency general meeting and the hunger-strike sit-in involved no violence or destructive conduct, and therefore qualified as a legitimate exercise of the right to collective action. Consequently, dismissing the employee solely for participating in this peaceful action amounted to an unfair labor practice.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Even if the employer side rejected or neglected without justifiable reason a worker's demand for the conclusion of a collective agreement, it cannot be said that the Trade Union Act (노동조합법) was violated merely because the workers chose the method of a labor dispute instead of filing a petition for remedy under Article 40 of the Trade Union Act.

b. In order for an act of dispute to be recognized as legitimate, first, in connection with collective bargaining, its purpose must be legitimate as being aimed at the maintenance and improvement of working conditions, etc.; second, its timing and procedure must be legitimate in accordance with the provisions of statutes; and third, its method and manner must fall within a legitimate scope, not accompanied by violence or destructive acts or other conduct of a highly antisocial nature. However, the mere fact that the act violates Articles 14 and 16 of the Labor Dispute Mediation Act (노동쟁의조정법) concerning the timing and procedure of dispute acts, thereby becoming subject to the penal provisions of Articles 47 and 48 of the same Act, does not by itself immediately deprive the act of its legitimacy as a labor dispute act; rather, the legitimacy or illegitimacy thereof must be determined by examining specific circumstances, such as whether the violation results in an unjust outcome, such as causing unexpected confusion or damage to the stability of the people's livelihood or to the employer's business operation.

c. Where the rules of employment cite, as a ground for disciplinary dismissal, "strikes, slowdowns, and other acts of dispute prohibited under national statutes," this must be construed as referring to acts of dispute lacking legitimacy as discussed in item "b" above.

d. This is a case holding that acts of dispute such as holding an extraordinary general meeting of union members or a hunger strike sit-in, which constituted only a partial occupation of the workplace rather than a comprehensive and exclusive occupation, and which cannot be regarded as accompanied by violence or destructive acts or as being of a highly antisocial nature, are difficult to find lacking in legitimacy with respect to the method and manner of the dispute.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,311 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Plaintiff's litigation representative, Attorney Park In-je
[Defendant, Appellant] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenor Assisting the Defendant, Appellant] Jikjangin Co., Ltd., litigation representative, Attorney Oh Seong-hwan
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 89Gu1355, rendered April 26, 1990

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant and the Intervenor Assisting the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

1. We examine the first ground of appeal of the Defendant's litigation representative.
According to the record, in this action the Plaintiff asserts that the disciplinary dismissal against the Plaintiff constitutes an unfair labor practice, and seeks revocation of the Defendant's reexamination ruling, which held the opposite view. Therefore, there is no illegality of omission of judgment as argued in the grounds of appeal in the court below's measure of accepting the Plaintiff's assertion and ordering revocation of the reexamination ruling. This ground of appeal is without merit.

2. We examine together the grounds of appeal of the Intervenor Assisting the Defendant himself and his litigation representative, and the second ground of appeal of the Defendant's litigation representative.

(1) Upon examining, in light of the record, the evidence relied upon by the court below, the court below's factual findings regarding the Plaintiff's employment and the circumstances of the establishment of the labor union, the occurrence and progress of the labor dispute and negotiations, and the content of measures taken after the dispute, are acceptable, and there is no illegality therein, such as a violation of the rules of evidence or insufficient deliberation resulting in erroneous factual findings, as argued in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, the ground of appeal disputing this point is without merit.

(2) Even where the employer's side refuses or delays the workers' demand to conclude a collective agreement without justifiable grounds, the fact that the workers chose the method of a labor dispute instead of filing a petition for remedy under Article 40 of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법) cannot be deemed a violation of the Trade Union Act. Upon examination in light of the record, the court below's judgment recognizing the legitimacy of the purpose of the industrial action in this case is acceptable, and therefore the ground of appeal on this point is also without merit.

(3) Legitimate industrial action is exempt from civil and criminal liability, and any disadvantageous disposition imposed by the employer on the ground of such legitimate industrial action constitutes an unfair labor practice subject to a remedial order. In order for industrial action to be deemed legitimate, first, the industrial action must be aimed at maintaining or improving working conditions, etc., in connection with collective bargaining, and its purpose must be legitimate; second, the timing and procedure of the industrial action must be legitimate in accordance with the provisions of statutes; and third, the methods and manner of the industrial action must fall within a legitimate scope, not accompanied by violence or destructive acts or other conduct of a highly antisocial nature.

Now, with respect to the timing and procedure of industrial action, Article 14 of the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act (노동쟁의조정법) establishes a cooling-off period during which industrial action may not be undertaken until a certain period has elapsed, and Article 16 of the same Act requires prior notification, i.e., that when a labor dispute arises, either party concerned must report it to the administrative agency and the Labor Relations Commission and notify the other party thereof. Articles 47 and 48 of the same Act provide penal provisions for violations of each of the above provisions. However, the purport of the provisions concerning the cooling-off period and prior notification is to provide an opportunity for prior mediation of the dispute so as to avoid the occurrence of the dispute, and also to provide advance notice of the occurrence of the dispute so as to give an opportunity for measures to prevent damage; it is not intended to actively prohibit industrial action itself. Therefore, the mere fact that a violation of the above provisions becomes subject to the application of penal provisions does not, by itself, mean that the legitimacy of the industrial action is thereby lost; rather, the legitimacy or otherwise must be determined by examining the specific circumstances, such as whether the violation results in an unreasonable outcome, such as causing unexpected confusion or damage to the stability of the public's livelihood or to the employer's business operations.

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, taking into account all the circumstances, including the background leading to the Plaintiff's industrial action in this case, the method by which the industrial action was decided upon, its purpose, and its means, held that the industrial action in question could not be deemed to lack legitimacy merely on the ground that the Plaintiff did not go through the notification of the occurrence of the dispute or the cooling-off period prescribed by the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act, and that it was reasonable to view the dismissal of the Plaintiff on the ground of the said industrial action as having been carried out with the intent to obstruct the Plaintiff's labor union activities, and thus determined that this constituted an unfair labor practice under Article 39, Subparagraphs 1 and 5 of the Trade Union Act. Although the court below's statement of reasons in this regard leaves something to be desired, the court below examined the specific circumstances as set forth above, such as whether the employer's business operations suffered unexpected confusion and damage, and determined that the legitimacy of the industrial action in this case should not be denied merely because it did not go through prior notification or the cooling-off period. Furthermore, it appears that the court below determined that the term "strikes, slowdowns, and other industrial actions prohibited under national statutes and ordinances" as referred to in Article 8, Paragraph 8 of the Rules of Employment, cited by the Intervenor Assisting the Defendant as grounds for disciplinary dismissal, refers to industrial action lacking legitimacy as set forth above, and that the Plaintiff's industrial action does not fall under grounds for disciplinary action, and thereby determined that the Defendant's disciplinary dismissal disposition constituted an unfair labor practice. Upon examination of the record, this judgment of the court below is deemed to be justifiably acceptable.

Meanwhile, industrial actions such as the holding of an extraordinary general meeting and a hunger strike sit-in, as argued in the grounds of appeal, constitute partial occupation of the workplace rather than complete and exclusive occupation, and cannot be regarded as accompanied by violence or destructive acts or as conduct of a highly antisocial nature; thus, it is difficult to conclude that the methods and manner of the dispute lacked legitimacy in this respect either, and therefore the court below's judgment is justified on this point as well. (In addition, the grounds of appeal raise the issue of a violation of Article 12 of the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act; however, according to the facts established by the court below and the record, it is recognized that the industrial action was resolved upon at an extraordinary general meeting of union members and that the industrial action was carried out accordingly pursuant to that resolution.)

Ultimately, the argument that the judgment below contains illegalities such as misapprehension of the law, omission of judgment, insufficient deliberation, and inadequate reasoning is without merit in its entirety.

3. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.

Justice Bae Man-un (Presiding Justice), Lee Hoi-chang, Lee Jae-seong, Kim Seok-su

【판결요지】

가. 사용자측이 정당한 이유 없이 근로자의 단체협약 체결요구를 거부하거나 해태한 경우에 노동조합법 제40조의 규정에 의한 구제신청을 하지 아니하고 노동쟁의의 방법을 택하였다고 하여 노동조합법을 위반한 것이라고 할 수 없다.

나. 쟁의행위가 정당성을 갖추기 위하여는 우선 단체교섭과 관련하여 근로조건의 유지·개선 등을 목적으로 하는 것으로서 그 목적이 정당하여야 하고, 그 시기와 절차가 법령의 규정에 따른 것으로서 정당하여야 하며, 또 그 방법과 태양이 폭력이나 파괴행위를 수반하거나 기타 고도의 반사회성을 띤 행위가 아닌 정당한 범위 내의 것이어야 하지만, 쟁의행위의 시기와 절차에 관한 노동쟁의조정법 제14조, 제16조에 위반함으로써 같은 법 제47조, 제48조의 벌칙적용 대상이 된다고 하여 이것만으로 바로 쟁의행위로서의 정당성이 상실되는 것은 아니고, 그 위반행위로 말미암아 국민생활의 안정이나 사용자의 사업운영에 예기치 않는 혼란이나 손해를 끼치는 것과 같은 부당한 결과를 초래하는지의 여부 등 구체적 사정을 살펴서 그 정당성 유무를 가려야 한다.

다. 취업규칙이 "국가법령상 금지된 파업·태업 등의 쟁의행위"를 징계해고사유로 들고 있다면 이는 위 "나"항에서 본 바와 같은 정당성을 결여한 쟁의행위를 가리키는 것으로 보아야 한다.

라. 노동조합원 임시총회개최나 단식농성 등의 쟁의행위가 직장의 전면적, 배타적인 점거가 아닌 일부 점거행위로서 폭력이나 파괴행위를 수반하거나 고도의 반사회성을 지닌 행위라고 볼 수 없어 그 쟁의의 방법과 태양에 있어서 정당성을 결여하였다고 보기 어렵다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가.노동조합법 제40조 / 나.다.라. 같은법 제2조, 노동쟁의조정법 제2조, 제3조, 제13조 제1항, 2항 / 나. 같은법 제14조, 제16조, 제47조, 제48조 / 다. 근로기준법 제94조

【참조판례】

나.라. 대법원 1990.5.15. 선고 90도357 판결(공1990,1306), 1990.10.12. 선고 90도1431 판결(공1990,2334)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,659자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 소송대리인 변호사 박인제

【피고, 상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인, 상고인】 주식회사 직장인 소송대리인 변호사 오성환

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1990.4.26. 선고 89구1355 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고 및 피고보조참가인의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 1. 피고소송수행자의 상고이유 제1점을 본다.

기록에 의하면 이 소에서 원고는 원고에 대한 징계해고가 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 주장하여 반대의 견해에 선 피고의 재심판정취소를 구하고 있는 것이므로 원심이 위 원고의 주장을 받아들여 재심판정취소를 명한 조치에 소론과 같은 판단유탈의 위법이 없다. 이 점 논지는 이유없다.

2. 피고보조참가인 본인 및 그 소송대리인의 상고이유와 피고소송수행자의 상고이유 제2점을 함께 본다.

(1) 원심이 취사한 증거관계를 기록에 의하여 살펴보면 원고의 입사 및 노동조합의 설립경위와 쟁의 및 교섭의 발생과 그 진행과정, 쟁의 후의 조치내용 등에 관한 원심의 사실인정에 수긍이 가고 거기에 소론이 지적하는 바와 같이 채증법칙위배나 심리미진으로 사실을 그릇 인정한 위법이 없으므로 이 점을 다투는 논지는 이유없다.

(2) 사용자측이 정당한 이유없이 근로자의 단체협약체결요구를 거부하거나 해태한 경우에 노동조합법 제40조의 규정에 의한 구제신청을 하지 아니하고 노동쟁의의 방법을 택하였다고 하여 노동조합법을 위반한 것이라고 할 수 없으며, 기록에 의하여 살펴보면 이 사건 쟁의행위의 목적의 정당성을 인정한 원심판단에 수긍이 가므로 이 점에 관한 논지도 이유없다.

(3) 정당한 쟁의행위는 민·형사상 책임이 면제됨은 물론 이러한 쟁의행위를 이유로 한 사용자의 불이익처분은 부당노동행위로서 구제명령의 대상이 되는 바, 쟁의행위가 정당성을 갖추기 위하여는 우선 그 쟁의행위가 단체교섭과 관련하여 근로조건의 유지·개선 등을 목적으로 하는 것으로서 그 목적이 정당하여야 하고, 쟁의행위의 시기와 절차가 법령의 규정에 따른 것으로서 정당하여야 하며, 또 쟁의행위의 방법과 태양이 폭력이나 파괴행위를 수반하거나 기타 고도의 반사회성을 띤 행위가 아닌 정당한 범위 내의 것이어야 한다.

그런데 쟁의행위의 시기와 절차에 관하여 노동쟁의조정법 제14조는 쟁의행위는 일정기간 경과하지 않으면 이를 행할 수 없도록 냉각기간을 설정하고 있고 또 같은법 제16조는 노동쟁의가 발생한 때에는 관계당사자 어느 일방이 행정관청과 노동위원회에 신고하고 이를 상대방에게 통고하도록 사전신고를 요구하고 있으며 같은법 제47조, 제48조는 위 각 규정의 위반행위에 대하여 벌칙을 두고 있는 바, 위와 같은 냉각기간이나 사전신고에 관한 규정의 취지는 분쟁을 사전조정하여 쟁의발생을 회피하는 기회를 주고 또 쟁의발생을 사전예고케 하여 손해방지조치의 기회를 주려는 데에 있으며 쟁의행위 자체를 적극적으로 금지하려는 데에 있는 것이 아니므로, 위 각 규정에 위반함으로써 벌칙적용의 대상이 된다고 하여 이것만으로 바로 쟁의행위로서의 정당성이 상실된다고 볼 것이 아니라 그 위반행위로 말미암아 국민생활의 안정이나 사용자의 사업운영에 예기치 않는 혼란이나 손해를 끼치는 것과 같은 부당한 결과를 초래하는지의 여부 등 구체적 사정을 살펴서 그 정당성 유무를 가려야 할 것이다.

원심판결이유에 의하면 원심은 원고가 이 사건 쟁의행위에 이른 경위, 쟁의행위의 결정방법, 목적, 수단 등 제반사정을 참작하면 위 쟁의행위를 함에 있어 노동쟁의조정법 소정의 쟁의발생신고나 냉각기간을 거치지 아니하였다는 등의 사유만으로 위 쟁의행위가 정당성을 결여한 것이라고 볼 수 없고 위 쟁의행위를 이유로 원고를 해고한 것은 원고의 노동조합활동을 방해할 의도로 이루어진 것이라고 봄이 상당하므로 이는 노동조합법 제39조 제1호 및 제5호 소정의 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 판단하고 있다. 원심의 이러한 이유설시는 미흡한 점이 없지 않으나, 원심은 앞에서 설시한 바와 같은 사용자의 사업운영에 예기치 않는 혼란과 손해의 초래여부 등 구체적 사정을 살펴서 이 사건 쟁의행위가 사전신고나 냉각기간을 거치지 않았다고 하여도 그 정당성을 부인할 것이 아니라고 판단하고, 또 피고보조참가인이 징계해고사유로 들고 있는 취업규칙 제8조 제8항의 국가법령상 금지된 파업·태업 등의 쟁의행위라 함은 위에서 본 바와 같은 정당성을 결여한 쟁의행위를 가리키는 것으로서 원고의 쟁의행위는 징계사유에 해당하지 않는다고 보아 피고의 징계해고처분이 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 판단한 취지로 보여지는 바, 기록에 의하면 이러한 원심판단은 정당하게 수긍된다.

한편 소론과 같은 임시총회개최나 단식농성 등 쟁의행위는 직장의 전면적, 배타적인 점거가 아닌 일부점거행위로서 폭력이나 파괴행위를 수반하거나 고도의 반사회성을 지닌 행위라고 볼 수 없어 그 쟁의의 방법과 태양에 있어서도 정당성을 결여하였다고 보기 어려우므로 이 점에서도 원심의 판단은 정당하다(이 밖에 논지는 노동쟁의조정법 제12조 위반을 거론하고 있으나 원심확정 사실과 기록에 의하면 조합원임시총회에서 쟁의행위를 결의하고 이에 따라 쟁의행위에 나아간 사실이 인정된다).

결국 원심판결에 법리오해, 판단유탈, 심리미진 및 이유불비의 위법이 있다는 논지는 모두 이유없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하여 관여법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 배만운(재판장) 이회창 이재성 김석수

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
2005구합35902 · 서울행정법원 2006-09-14
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme
#2
92누7733 · 대법원 1992-09-01
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal and Unfai
#3
92누11176 · 대법원 1994-02-22
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme
#4
91누5204 · 대법원 1992-01-21
Revocation of Reexamination Ruling on Remedy for Unfair Labo
#5
92누13035 · 대법원 1993-01-15
Revocation of Reexamined Ruling on Remedy for Unfair Labor P

Cases citing this decision

2009도5008 · 대법원 2010-03-11
폭력행위등처벌에관한법률위반(공동주거침입)
2003두8906 · 대법원 2003-12-26
부당해고등구제재심판정취소
98노1147 · 춘천지법 1999-10-07
폭력행위등처벌에관한법률위반·특수공무집행방해·업무방해
95도2970 · 대법원 1996-02-27
Obstruction of Business (업무방해) and Violation of the Labor Di
92누1094 · 대법원 1992-12-08
파면처분취소

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)