Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2006도1390

Dereliction of Duty (직무유기)직무유기

Decided2007. 07. 12. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the Supreme Court sent the case back to the lower court for reconsideration, finding that the lower court's reasoning on dereliction of duty was legally flawed
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case concerned whether a local government head (지방자치단체장) committed dereliction of duty (직무유기죄) by requesting disciplinary resolutions through the local government's own personnel committee—instead of the legally designated personnel committee with jurisdiction—or by issuing mere warnings to public officials who had participated in a strike organized by the Korean Government Employees' Union. The Supreme Court held that participation in a strike by public officials clearly constitutes grounds for disciplinary action, and that the local government head therefore had a legal duty to request disciplinary measures from the competent personnel committee. However, the Court reversed and remanded the lower court's decision, ruling that dereliction of duty does not arise merely because an official performed their duties in a manner that was later found unlawful, so long as they acted with the genuine intent to carry out their official functions.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA local government head handled disciplinary matters against striking public officials using an improper internal committee or mere warnings instead of referring them to the legally competent personnel committee.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court confirmed strike participation is valid grounds for discipline and referral was mandatory, but ruled that acting with genuine intent to perform one's duties—even if unlawful in method—does not automatically constitute dereliction of duty.
  • LessonPublic officials must follow correct disciplinary procedures for strike-related misconduct, but honest performance of duties, even if legally flawed, will not automatically trigger criminal liability for dereliction of duty.
Issues
  • Whether a local government head has a mandatory duty to request disciplinary action from the personnel committee with proper jurisdiction
  • Whether public officials' participation in a strike constitutes valid grounds for disciplinary action
  • What are the requirements for establishing the crime of dereliction of duty (직무유기죄)
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court reasoned that public officials' participation in a strike violates their statutory duty to refrain from collective action, and therefore unquestionably constitutes grounds for disciplinary action. As such, the local government head was obligated to refer the matter to the personnel committee with proper jurisdiction, rather than handling it through an internal or improperly convened committee. However, the Court clarified that the crime of dereliction of duty (직무유기죄) requires more than simply performing one's duties in a legally defective manner. If the official acted with a genuine intention to carry out their duties—even if the method chosen was later deemed unlawful or procedurally incorrect—this alone does not satisfy the elements of dereliction of duty. Because the lower court failed to properly consider whether the defendant possessed such intent to perform his duties, the case was remanded for further review.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Considering the provisions related to disciplinary action against local public officials as a whole, the head of a local government, who is both the disciplinary authority and the appointing authority, has discretion to determine whether a specific act of a public official under his or her jurisdiction constitutes grounds for disciplinary action as prescribed in Article 69(1) of the Local Public Officials Act (지방공무원법); however, where it is clear that the act constitutes grounds for disciplinary action, the head has an obligation to request disciplinary action from the competent personnel committee.

[2] A case holding that the act of public officials under the jurisdiction participating in a strike led by the Korean Government Employees' Union violated the duty to refrain from collective action, the duty not to abandon one's post, and other official duties prescribed under Articles 48 through 50 and Article 58 of the Local Public Officials Act (지방공무원법), and thus constituted grounds for disciplinary action sufficient to give rise to the obligation of the head of the local government, as the appointing authority, to request a disciplinary resolution.

[3] The provision of Article 73-2(1) of the Local Public Officials Act (지방공무원법), which sets a statute of limitations for grounds of disciplinary action, is intended to guarantee the stability of public office by respecting the factual state of affairs—without inquiring into its legality or propriety—when disciplinary proceedings have not been, or could not be, initiated for a certain period despite the existence of misconduct constituting grounds for disciplinary action. It should not be interpreted to mean that the appointing authority need only request a disciplinary resolution within the statute of limitations period for disciplinary action. Rather, in light of the purpose of Article 2(1) and (6) of the Regulation on Disciplinary Action and Grievance for Local Public Officials (지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정), which provides that the appointing authority, upon conducting a sufficient investigation into the grounds for disciplinary action and finding that such grounds exist with respect to a public official under its jurisdiction, shall request a disciplinary resolution from the competent personnel committee "without delay," the appointing authority, once grounds for disciplinary action arise, has an official duty to conduct a sufficient investigation thereof and, absent special circumstances, to request a disciplinary resolution without delay.

[4] The crime of dereliction of duty is not established in every case where a public official neglects the abstract duty of diligent service imposed by statutes, internal regulations, etc.; rather, it is established only in cases involving an infringement of legal interests of a high degree of illegality and culpability, such as unauthorized absence from one's post or deliberate abandonment of one's duties, which pose a concrete risk of impairing the functions of the State and causing harm to the public. Therefore, where a public official has performed his or her duties with the intent to execute them in some form, the mere fact that the content of such performance is evaluated as unlawful is not sufficient, in itself, to establish the crime of dereliction of duty.

[5] A case holding that the act of the head of a local government, who, instead of requesting a disciplinary resolution from the competent personnel committee with respect to public officials under his jurisdiction who participated in a strike led by the Korean Government Employees' Union, instructed that a disciplinary resolution be requested from the local government's own personnel committee or that a reprimand disposition be imposed, differentiating the severity of participation, does not constitute the crime of dereliction of duty.

Full text (English, AI translation) 21,228 chars

[Defendant] Defendant
[Appellant] Defendant
[Defense Counsel] Kim & Chang... Busan Law Firm, Attorney Yoon In-seop and 1 other
[Court Below] Ulsan District Court Decision 2005No1065, decided February 3, 2006

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Ulsan District Court.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. As to Grounds of Appeal Nos. 1 and 2

A. Article 69(1) of the Local Public Officials Act (지방공무원법, hereinafter referred to as the "Act") provides: "Where a public official falls under any of the following subparagraphs, a request for disciplinary resolution shall be made, and a disciplinary action shall be taken in accordance with the outcome of such disciplinary resolution: 1. Where the official has violated this Act or an order issued thereunder, or a municipal ordinance or rule of a local government; 2. Where the official has violated official duties or has been negligent in the performance thereof; 3. Where the official has committed an act that undermines the dignity of a public official." Article 72(1) of the Act provides: "Disciplinary action shall be taken by the appointing authority following resolution by the Personnel Committee." Furthermore, Article 2(1) of the Regulation on Disciplinary Action and Petitions for Local Public Officials (지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정) provides: "Where the appointing authority under Article 7(1) of the Act finds that a public official under its jurisdiction falls under any of the grounds set forth in each subparagraph of Article 69(1) of the Act, it shall, without delay, request disciplinary resolution to the committee having jurisdiction over the relevant disciplinary case." Article 8 thereof provides: "Standards for disciplinary measures shall be established by the rules of the relevant local government, following resolution by the committee, within the scope of standards set by the Minister of Home Affairs or the Minister of Education and Human Resources Development."

As set forth above, Article 69(1) of the Act provides that where a public official falls under grounds for disciplinary action, "...a request for disciplinary resolution shall be made...," and Article 2(1) of the Regulation on Disciplinary Action and Petitions for Local Public Officials likewise provides that the appointing authority, upon finding that a public official under its jurisdiction has grounds for disciplinary action, "shall, without delay, request disciplinary resolution to the committee having jurisdiction over the relevant disciplinary case." In light of the fact that the requirement that the appointing authority, in taking disciplinary action against a public official under its jurisdiction, must invariably request disciplinary resolution from the Personnel Committee and follow its deliberation and resolution is intended, in its legislative purpose, to check arbitrary disciplinary practices by the appointing authority, thereby protecting the rights and interests of local public officials while also promoting rational procedures and fair disciplinary administration so as to guarantee fairness in discipline; and in light of the fact that the Personnel Committee determines whether to impose discipline and the degree thereof only where the head of the local government requests disciplinary resolution; when the provisions relating to disciplinary action against local public officials are considered comprehensively, it must be held that while the head of a local government, who is both the disciplinary authority and the appointing authority, has discretion to determine whether a specific act of a public official under its jurisdiction indeed falls under the grounds for disciplinary action set forth in Article 69(1) of the Act, where it is clear that such grounds for disciplinary action exist, the head of the local government has a duty to request discipline from the competent Personnel Committee.

B. Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the record, the general strike (hereinafter the "instant general strike") conducted on November 15, 2004 by the so-called Korean Government Employees' Union (hereinafter "KGEU") was a collective refusal to perform duties carried out simultaneously across local governments nationwide pursuant to a meticulous plan, and the act of 213 public officials belonging to the Ulsan Metropolitan City ○○ Office (hereinafter the "○○ Office") participating in such strike violated the duty to prohibit collective action, the duty to prohibit unauthorized absence from the workplace, and other official duties prescribed under Articles 48 through 50 and Article 58, etc. of the Act, and thus constitutes grounds for disciplinary action to the extent that it gives rise to the appointing authority's duty to request disciplinary resolution (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2005Chu62, decided March 22, 2007).

In the same vein, the court below's determination that the Defendant, as the head of the ○○ Office, had a specific duty to request disciplinary resolution from the competent Personnel Committee without delay with respect to the public officials belonging to the ○○ Office was justified, and there is no error of law, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles relating to the request for disciplinary resolution, as alleged.

2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 3

Article 73-2(1) of the Act provides: "A request for disciplinary resolution may not be made where two years (three years in the case of acceptance of money or valuables or entertainment, or embezzlement or unauthorized use of public funds) have elapsed from the date on which the grounds for disciplinary action arose." However, this provision is intended to guarantee the stability of public office by respecting, without inquiring into its legality or propriety, a factual state that has continued for a certain period where, even though a public official has committed misconduct constituting grounds for disciplinary action, the corresponding disciplinary procedure was not, or could not be, pursued; it is not to be construed as meaning that the appointing authority need only request disciplinary resolution within the disciplinary limitation period.

Rather, in light of the purport of Article 2(1) and (6) of the Regulation on Disciplinary Action and Petitions for Local Public Officials, which provide that the appointing authority, after conducting a sufficient investigation into the grounds for disciplinary action, shall, upon finding that a public official under its jurisdiction has grounds for disciplinary action, request disciplinary resolution "without delay" from the competent Personnel Committee, it must be held that the appointing authority has an official duty, absent special circumstances, to request disciplinary resolution without delay after conducting a sufficient investigation once grounds for disciplinary action have arisen.

According to the record, it may be found that a specific duty to request disciplinary resolution from the competent Personnel Committee had already arisen by around the date of the institution of the instant prosecution (February 22, 2005), by which time a considerable period had elapsed from the date of the general strike; therefore, the argument in the grounds of appeal cannot be accepted.

3. As to Ground of Appeal No. 4

A. Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the record, the court below's determination that the instant general strike constitutes "the same case involving officials belonging to different affiliated agencies," involving public officials nationwide belonging to different affiliated agencies, and that, accordingly, pursuant to Article 72(1) of the Act, jurisdiction over the disciplinary action against the 213 public officials belonging to the ○○ Office who participated therein rests with the Ulsan Metropolitan City Personnel Committee, is justified and acceptable, and there is no error of law, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles relating to disciplinary jurisdiction, as alleged.

B. As set forth above, since a specific duty to request disciplinary resolution from the Ulsan Metropolitan City Personnel Committee with respect to the 213 public officials belonging to the ○○ Office who participated in the KGEU general strike of November 15, 2004 had arisen for the Defendant, as head of the ○○ Office (Gu), by around the date of the institution of the instant prosecution at the latest, the court below's determination is acceptable to the effect that the Defendant, in approving the draft document dated December 1, 2004 proposing to request severe disciplinary resolution against all ○○ Office public officials who participated in the general strike before the Ulsan Metropolitan City Personnel Committee, wrote in the instruction column, "Request minor disciplinary action for the eight persons, Non-Indicted 1 through 8, and administer a reprimand to the remaining 205 persons, including Non-Indicted 9," and returned the document to the Planning and Audit Office; and that, notwithstanding having received official documents from Ulsan Metropolitan City on two occasions on the same day, stating, "Withdraw the policy of self-disciplinary action and take measures to ensure that discipline against strike participants proceeds promptly in accordance with government guidelines; since it is provided that discipline of persons involved in the same case belonging to different affiliated agencies shall be deliberated and resolved by the City Personnel Committee, deliberation and resolution of the disciplinary case by ○○ is void," the Defendant, upon approving the said official document around the 10th of the same month, wrote in the instruction column, "Proceed promptly in accordance with the self-handling policy. Reprimand for 205 persons, minor discipline for 8 persons," thereby instructing the Planning and Audit Office, and ultimately failed to perform the duty to request disciplinary resolution from the Ulsan Metropolitan City Personnel Committee with respect to the said 213 public officials.

However, the following circumstances are recognized from the record.

First, the Defendant was elected as head of the Gu, having received the nomination of his affiliated political party, which advocated as its platform the guarantee of the three labor rights of public officials, including the right to collective action, in the local government head election of 2002, and while he considered it appropriate, in light of his affiliated party's platform and his personal convictions, to recognize the three labor rights of public officials, he did not consent to or endorse the instant general strike, believing that a strike ought to be undertaken with caution since it would ultimately cause harm to the citizens; he stated that he had told [staff] to act with careful consideration of the responsibility that would flow from their conduct, and had instructed senior officials to faithfully carry out their role of, inter alia, persuading employees to refrain from collective action, and that when the Deputy Head of the Gu and other senior officials formulated a response plan for collective action, he had them implement it as planned (see Investigation Record, pp. 941, 950; meanwhile, it appears that among the four Gu/Gun of Ulsan Metropolitan City, the ○○ Office had the lowest strike participation rate and number of participants, see Investigation Record, p. 185); Non-Indicted 10, the Head of the Audit Office, whose views on the disciplinary procedure were opposed to those of the Defendant, likewise testified to the same effect at the first instance (see Trial Record, p. 88); and according to the first-instance testimony of Non-Indicted 11, the Vice Mayor of Ulsan Metropolitan City for Administrative Affairs who filed the complaint against the Defendant, in the case of the ○○ Office, the public officials who participated in the strike had, in their own way, made arrangements for the handling of their duties so as not to cause any disruption before participating in the strike, such that there was in fact no disruption to work, and all of the strike participants returned to work on the morning of November 16, 2004, the day after the general strike, and many of them had participated only passively (see Trial Record, p. 76).

Second, although the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs and Ulsan Metropolitan City had, through the "Guidelines Relating to the Collection of Funds for Illegal Strikes by Illegal Public Officials' Organizations" of September 13 and September 15, 2004, the "Guidelines for Handling Disciplinary Matters Relating to the KGEU General Strike" of November 6 and November 9, 2004, and the "Supplementary Guidelines for Handling Disciplinary Matters Relating to the KGEU General Strike" of November 10 and November 12, 2004, transmitted to front-line local governments the content that "the fund-raising activities of the KGEU constitute unlawful collective action by public officials, and the general strike is a grave situation that disrupts the functions of the State and endangers national security, such that, should it proceed, all persons involved should be subject to severe disciplinary action," this cannot be regarded as constituting compulsory or mandatory measures legally binding upon each local government, but rather as advice or recommendations given in the spirit of mutual cooperation, or as mere "administrative liaison" (see Constitutional Court Decision 2005Hunra1, decided March 30, 2006).

Third, according to the Defendant's press statement of December 1, 2004, the Defendant stated with respect to his own measures as follows: "Even granting the justification of the demand for the three labor rights, as public officials, responsibility cannot but be sought for the portion where they caused inconvenience and anxiety to the residents of the Gu by absenting themselves from their post without authorization for one day. The majority of the employees acted in accordance with the union's directives, and taking into account extenuating circumstances such as their generally amicable interpersonal relations and their ordinarily faithful performance of duties, I decided upon a reprimand at the level of a stern warning. However, since the union officers who actively organized the collective action bear heavier responsibility than the general employees, I decided to refer them to the Disciplinary Committee. The concerns of each local government head are the same. It is difficult to defy the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs' guidelines, yet it is also painful to cast out one's own employees in accordance with the guidelines, and so [others] are watching and waiting. In such a situation, I resolved that now was the time to present a standard by making a determination based on my convictions without delaying the disciplinary decision. As for the issue of equity in discipline for the same matter, I believe that the equity of discipline ought to be aligned not with the exclusionary disciplinary guidelines demanded by the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, but with the level of common sense generally accepted in society." Further, in the course of being investigated by the prosecution, the Defendant stated that, as to the 205 persons, since he considered the matter minor and the persons mere simple participants such that it was unnecessary to go so far as discipline, he merely administered a reprimand; and as to the reasons why, with respect to the eight persons, he sought to request self-disciplinary resolution rather than requesting disciplinary resolution from the Ulsan Metropolitan City Personnel Committee, he stated to the effect that he had instructed the Legal Affairs Office to conduct a legal review, and, as a result thereof, having determined that there was room to interpret the instant KGEU strike as constituting merely "the same type of case" rather than "the same case," he instructed that the request for disciplinary resolution be made to the Personnel Committee of the ○○ Office, rather than that of Ulsan Metropolitan City (see Investigation Record, pp. 958, 959); and he stated to the effect that he did not follow the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs' guideline calling for severe discipline against all persons involved, because he considered it excessive and believed that following it would bring about greater confusion (see Investigation Record, p. 980).

Fourth, the "Regulation on Warnings and Other Measures against Public Officials" (공무원 경고 등 처분에 관한 규정), a directive of the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs, provides that a public official who has received a reprimand (including an unrecorded warning) may suffer disadvantages with respect to reassignment, payment of performance-based bonuses, commendations, etc. (Article 4), and requires the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs and each local government to maintain a ledger of warnings and other dispositions and to record and maintain the status of such dispositions (Article 8(1)); accordingly, even though the reprimand which the Defendant, at the time, instructed with respect to the 205 persons whom he judged to have participated to a minor degree does not constitute discipline, it is an act recommending or guiding [those persons] to be more diligent in the performance of their duties so as not to repeat similar wrongdoing in the future, and the underlying misconduct may in fact affect or be taken into account in personnel evaluations such as promotion or step increases in pay grade; accordingly, it cannot be said that the Defendant took no measure whatsoever with respect to the said 205 persons, or that this is equivalent to taking no measure.

The crime of dereliction of duty (직무유기죄) is not established in every case where a public official is negligent in the abstract duty of fidelity imposed by statute, internal regulations, etc.; rather, it is established only in cases involving an infringement of legal interest of a high degree of unlawfulness and culpability, such as unauthorized absence from the workplace or the conscious abandonment of one's duties, which pose a concrete danger of impeding the functions of the State and causing harm to the citizenry (see Supreme Court Decision 2003Do4331, decided May 12, 2005, etc.); accordingly, where a person has performed his or her duties, in whatever form, with the intent to execute such duties, the crime of dereliction of duty is not to be found established merely because the content of such execution of duties is evaluated as unlawful (see Supreme Court Decisions 2003Do3718, decided October 24, 2003, and 2004Do5259, decided October 28, 2004, etc.).

Given that the Defendant, as head of the local government, viewed the Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs' guideline on discipline at the time as being somewhat excessive, and, as head of the local government, was concerned about the confusion and attendant adverse consequences that would arise were he to request disciplinary resolution against all of the striking public officials, who constituted more than half of the employees under his jurisdiction; and further, having judged that there was room to evaluate the said act of participation in the strike as not constituting the same case, and having, in his own judgment, distinguished the gravity of the matter, instructed that a request for disciplinary resolution be made to the ○○ Personnel Committee with respect to some subjects who had participated to a serious degree, while instructing that a reprimand be administered to the remaining subjects who had participated to a minor degree, then, setting aside the question of whether the Defendant's aforesaid execution of duties is to be evaluated as unlawful, it cannot be evaluated as equivalent to unauthorized absence from the workplace or the conscious abandonment of duties; moreover, it may be found that the Defendant, at the very least, believed that the series of measures he took constituted a legitimate manner of performing the duties incumbent upon his position.

Contrary to this, the court below, having understood the Defendant's aforesaid measures solely as being intended to protect the interests of the public officials who participated in the strike, concluded that they amounted, in and of themselves, to nothing more than a conscious abandonment or neglect, without justifiable reason, of the affirmative duty imposed upon him by statute; such determination by the court below contains an error of law in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the crime of dereliction of duty, and the argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

4. Conclusion

Accordingly, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Yang Sung-tae (Presiding Justice), Ko Hyun-chul, Kim Ji-hyung, Jeon Soo-an (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 지방공무원의 징계와 관련된 규정을 종합해 보면, 징계권자이자 임용권자인 지방자치단체장은 소속 공무원의 구체적인 행위가 과연 지방공무원법 제69조 제1항에 규정된 징계사유에 해당하는지 여부에 관하여 판단할 재량은 있지만, 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 관할 인사위원회에 징계를 요구할 의무가 있다.

[2] 소속 공무원들이 전국공무원노동조합이 주도한 파업에 참가한 행위가 지방공무원법 제48조 내지 제50조, 제58조 등이 규정하는 집단행위금지의무, 직장이탈금지의무 등의 직무상 의무에 위반되는 것이어서 임용권자인 소속 지방자치단체장의 징계의결요구 의무가 인정될 정도의 징계사유에 해당한다고 한 사례.

[3] 징계사유의 시효를 정한 지방공무원법 제73조의2 제1항의 규정은 공무원에게 징계사유에 해당하는 비위가 있더라도 그에 따른 징계절차를 진행하지 않았거나 못한 경우 그 사실상태가 일정 기간 계속되면 그 적법·타당성 등을 묻지 아니하고 그 상태를 존중함으로써 공직의 안정성을 보장하려는 취지이지, 임용권자가 징계시효기간 내에만 징계의결요구를 하면 된다는 취지로는 해석되지 아니하고, 오히려 지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정 제2조 제1항, 제6항에서 임용권자는 징계사유에 대한 충분한 조사를 한 후 소속공무원에게 징계사유가 있다고 인정될 때에는 "지체 없이" 관할 인사위원회에 징계의결을 요구하여야 한다고 규정한 취지에 비추어 볼 때, 임용권자는 징계사유가 발생하면 이에 대한 충분한 조사를 한 다음, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 지체 없이 징계의결요구를 할 직무상 의무가 있다.

[4] 직무유기죄는 공무원이 법령·내규 등에 의한 추상적 충근의무를 태만히 하는 일체의 경우에 성립하는 것이 아니라, 직장의 무단이탈이나 직무의 의식적인 포기 등과 같이 국가의 기능을 저해하고 국민에게 피해를 야기시킬 구체적 위험성이 있고 불법과 책임비난의 정도가 높은 법익침해의 경우에 한하여 성립하므로, 어떠한 형태로든 직무집행의 의사로 자신의 직무를 수행한 경우에는 그 직무집행의 내용이 위법한 것으로 평가된다는 점만으로 직무유기죄의 성립을 인정할 것은 아니다.

[5] 지방자치단체장이 전국공무원노동조합이 주도한 파업에 참가한 소속 공무원들에 대하여 관할 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 하지 아니하고 가담 정도의 경중을 가려 자체 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 하거나 훈계처분을 하도록 지시한 행위가 직무유기죄를 구성하지 않는다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 지방공무원법 제69조 제1항, 제72조 제1항, 지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정 제2조 제1항, 제8조

[2] 지방공무원법 제48조, 제49조, 제50조, 제58조, 제69조 제1항, 지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정 제2조 제1항

[3] 지방공무원법 제73조의2 제1항, 지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정 제2조 제1항, 제6항

[4] 형법 제122조

[5] 형법 제122조

【참조판례】

[2] 대법원 2007. 3. 22. 선고 2005추62 전원합의체 판결(공2007상, 543) / [4] 대법원 2003. 10. 24. 선고 2003도3718 판결, 대법원 2004. 10. 28. 선고 2004도5259 판결, 대법원 2005. 5. 12. 선고 2003도4331 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 7,084자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인

【상 고 인】 피고인

【변 호 인】 법무법인 부산 담당변호사 윤인섭외 1인

【원심판결】 울산지법 2006. 2. 3. 선고 2005노1065 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 울산지방법원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이 유】상고이유에 관하여 본다.

1. 상고이유 제1, 2점에 대하여

가. 지방공무원법(이하 ‘법’이라고만 한다) 제69조 제1항은 "공무원이 다음 각 호의 1에 해당하는 때에는 징계의결의 요구를 하여야 하고 동 징계의결의 결과에 따라 징계처분하여야 한다. 1. 이 법 또는 이에 의한 명령이나 지방자치단체의 조례 또는 규칙에 위반한 때, 2. 직무상의 의무에 위반하거나 직무를 태만하였을 때, 3. 공무원의 품위를 손상하는 행위를 한 때"라고 규정하고 있으며, 제72조 제1항은 "징계는 인사위원회의 의결을 거쳐 임용권자가 행한다."고 규정하고 있다. 또한, 지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정 제2조 제1항은 "법 제7조 제1항의 규정에 의한 임용권자는 소속공무원이 법 제69조 제1항 각 호의 1에 해당하는 사유가 있다고 인정될 때에는 지체 없이 당해 징계사건을 관할하는 위원회에 징계의결을 요구하여야 한다."고 규정하고 있고, 제8조는 "징계양정에 관한 기준은 내무부장관 또는 교육인적자원부장관이 정한 기준의 범위 안에서 위원회의 의결을 거쳐 당해 지방자치단체의 규칙으로 정한다."고 규정하고 있다.

위와 같이 법 제69조 제1항에서 공무원이 징계사유에 해당하는 경우에는 "…징계의결의 요구를 하여야 하고…"라고 규정하고 있고, 지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정 제2조 제1항도 임용권자는 소속공무원이 징계사유가 있다고 인정될 때에는 "지체 없이 당해 징계사건을 관할하는 위원회에 징계의결을 요구하여야 한다."라고 규정하고 있는 점, 임용권자가 소속 공무원에 대해서 징계처분을 함에 있어 반드시 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 하여 그 심의·의결에 따르도록 하고 있는 것은 임용권자의 자의적인 징계운영을 견제하여 지방공무원의 권익을 보호함과 아울러 징계의 공정성을 담보할 수 있도록 절차의 합리성과 공정한 징계운영을 도모하기 위한 것에 그 입법취지가 있는 점, 인사위원회에서는 지방자치단체장이 징계의결요구를 하는 경우에 한하여 징계 여부 및 징계양정을 결정하도록 하고 있는 점 등 지방공무원의 징계와 관련된 규정을 종합해 보면, 징계권자이자 임용권자인 지방자치단체장은 소속 공무원의 구체적인 행위가 과연 법 제69조 제1항에 규정된 징계사유에 해당하는지 여부에 관하여 판단할 재량은 있다고 할 것이지만, 징계사유에 해당하는 것이 명백한 경우에는 관할 인사위원회에 징계를 요구할 의무가 있다고 보아야 할 것이다.

나. 원심판결 이유를 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 2004. 11. 15. 이른바 전국공무원노동조합(이하 ‘전공노’라고만 한다)의 이 사건 총파업은 치밀한 계획 아래 전국 지방자치단체에서 동시 다발적으로 이루어진 집단적 직무거부행위이고 울산광역시 ○○청(이하 ‘○○청’이라고만 한다) 소속 공무원 213명이 그와 같은 파업에 참가한 행위는 법 제48조 내지 제50조, 제58조 등이 규정하는 집단행위금지의무, 직장이탈금지의무 등의 직무상 의무에 위반되는 것이어서 임용권자의 징계의결요구 의무가 인정될 정도의 징계사유에 해당한다(대법원 2007. 3. 22. 선고 2005추62 전원합의체 판결 참조).

같은 취지에서 원심이, ○○청장인 피고인에게 위 ○○청 소속 공무원들에 관하여 지체 없이 관할 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 할 구체적인 의무가 있다고 판단한 것은 정당하고, 거기에 주장하는 것과 같은 징계의결요구와 관련한 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

2. 상고이유 제3점에 대하여

법 제73조의2 제1항은 "징계의결의 요구는 징계사유가 발생한 날부터 2년(금품 및 향응수수, 공금의 횡령·유용의 경우에는 3년)을 경과한 때에는 이를 행하지 못한다."고 규정하고 있으나, 이는 공무원에게 징계사유에 해당하는 비위가 있더라도 그에 따른 징계절차를 진행하지 않았거나 못한 경우 그 사실상태가 일정 기간 계속되면 그 적법·타당성 등을 묻지 아니하고 그 상태를 존중함으로써 공직의 안정성을 보장하려는 취지이지, 임용권자가 징계시효기간 내에만 징계의결요구를 하면 된다는 취지로는 해석되지 아니한다.

오히려 지방공무원 징계 및 소청규정 제2조 제1항, 제6항에서 임용권자는 징계사유에 대한 충분한 조사를 한 후 소속공무원에게 징계사유가 있다고 인정될 때에는 "지체 없이" 관할 인사위원회에 징계의결을 요구하여야 한다고 규정한 취지에 비추어 볼 때, 임용권자는 징계사유가 발생하면 이에 대한 충분한 조사를 한 다음, 특별한 사정이 없는 한 지체 없이 징계의결요구를 할 직무상 의무가 있다고 할 것이다.

기록에 의하면, 적어도 총파업일로부터 상당한 기간이 경과하였다고 볼 수 있는 이 사건 공소제기일(2005. 2. 22.) 무렵에는 관할 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 할 구체적 의무가 이미 발생하였다고 볼 것이므로, 상고이유의 주장은 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 상고이유 제4점에 대하여

가. 원심판결 이유를 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심이 이 사건 총파업은 소속 기관을 달리하는 전국의 공무원들이 관련된 ‘소속기관을 달리하는 동일사건’에 해당하고 따라서 법 제72조 제1항에 따라 그에 참가한 ○○청 소속 공무원 213명에 대한 징계관할이 울산광역시 인사위원회에 있다고 판단한 것은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 주장하는 것과 같은 징계관할에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 볼 수 없다.

나. 앞서 본 바와 같이, 구청장인 피고인으로서는 적어도 이 사건 공소제기일 무렵에는 2004. 11. 15. 자 전공노의 총파업에 참가한 ○○청 소속 공무원 213명에 대하여 울산광역시 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 할 구체적 의무가 발생하였다고 할 것이므로, 피고인이 2004. 12. 1. 총파업에 참가한 ○○청 공무원에 대하여 울산광역시 인사위원회에 전원 중징계의결요구를 하고자 한다는 내용의 기안문에 결재하면서 지시사항란에 ‘공소외 1 내지 8의 8명은 경징계요구하고, 나머지 공소외 9 외 205명은 훈계조치하기 바람’이라고 기재하여 기획감사실로 반려하였고, 같은 날 울산광역시로부터 2회에 걸쳐 "자체징계 방침을 철회하고 정부의 지침에 따라 파업참가자들에 대한 징계가 조속히 이루어 질 수 있도록 조치하고 소속기관을 달리하는 동일사건 관련자의 징계는 시인사위원회에서 심의·의결토록 규정하고 있으므로 ○○에서 징계사건의 심의·의결함은 무효이다."라는 내용의 공문을 시달받고서도 같은 달 10. 경 위 공문을 결재하면서 공문지시란에 ‘자체처리 방침대로 조속히 시행할 것. 훈계 205명, 경징계 8명’이라고 기재하여 기획감사실에 지시함으로써, 결국 위 213명의 공무원에 대하여 울산광역시 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 할 의무를 이행하지 아니하였다고 본 원심의 조치는 이를 수긍할 수가 있다.

그러나 한편, 기록에 의하면 다음과 같은 사정들이 인정된다.

첫째, 피고인은 2002년 지방자치단체장 선거에서 단체행동권을 포함한 공무원의 노동3권의 보장을 강령으로 내세운 소속 정당의 공천을 받아 구청장에 당선되었고 소속 정당의 강령이나 개인적 소신에 비추어 공무원의 노동3권을 인정하는 것이 타당하다고 보았지만, 이 사건 총파업은 결국 국민들에게 피해를 가져다 주는 것이어서 파업은 신중해야 한다고 생각하여 파업에 동의하거나 동조하지는 않았으며 자신의 행위가 가져올 책임에 대하여 신중히 생각해서 행동하도록 말하였고 간부 공무원들에게는 집단행동을 자제하도록 설득하는 등의 역할을 충실히 하라고 지시하였으며, 부구청장 등 간부들이 집단행동 대응계획을 세워오면 계획대로 실시하도록 하였다고 진술하고 있고(수사기록 941, 950면 참조. 한편, 울산 광역시의 4개 구 가운데 ○○의 파업참가 비율 및 참가 인원이 가장 적었던 것으로 보인다. 수사기록 185면 참조), 징계절차에 관하여 피고인과 견해가 대립되었던 감사실장 공소외 10도 제1심에서 같은 취지로 증언하였으며(공판기록 88면 참조), 피고인을 고발한 울산광역시 행정부시장 공소외 11의 제1심 증언에 의하더라도 ○○의 경우 파업 참가 공무원들이 업무에 차질이 없도록 나름대로 업무처리방안을 마련해 놓고 파업에 참가하여 실제로도 업무에는 차질이 없었으며 파업참가자들 전원이 총파업 다음날인 2004. 11. 16. 아침에는 복귀하였고, 그것도 소극적으로 참가한 데에 그친 사람들이 많았다는 것이다(공판기록 76면 참조).

둘째, 행정자치부 및 울산시에서는 2004. 9. 13. 및 같은 달 15. ‘불법 공무원 단체의 불법파업 기금모집행위 관련지침’, 같은 해 11. 6. 및 같은 달 9. ‘전공노 총파업 관련 징계업무 처리지침’, 같은 달 10. 및 같은 달 12. ‘전공노 총파업 관련 징계업무 추가 처리지침’ 등을 통해 ‘전공노의 기금모금 행위는 공무원의 불법적인 집단행동이며, 총파업은 국가기능을 문란하게 하고 국가안위를 위태롭게 하는 중대한 사태로서 강행시 관련자들은 전원 중징계조치하라’는 내용을 일선 자치단체에 시달하였지만, 이는 상호 협력의 차원에서 조언·권고한 것이거나 단순히 ‘업무연락’을 한 것이지, 각 지방자치단체를 법적으로 규제하는 강제적·명령적 조치를 취한 것으로는 볼 수가 없다(헌법재판소 2006. 3. 30. 선고 2005헌라1 결정 참조).

셋째, 피고인의 2004. 12. 1. 자 기자회견문에 의하면 피고인은 자신의 조치에 관하여 "노동 3권 요구라는 명분은 인정하더라도 공무원으로서 하루 무단결근을 하여 근무지를 이탈함으로써 구민들에게 불편과 불안감을 안겨준 부분에 대해서는 책임을 묻지 않을 수 없다. 대다수 직원들은 노조의 지침에 따른 행동이었고 평소 대인관계가 원만하며 직무를 성실히 수행하는 등의 정상을 참작하여 엄중 경고의 차원에서 훈계로 결정하였다. 그러나 적극적으로 단체행동을 조직한 노조 임원들은 일반직원보다 책임이 무겁기에 징계위원회에 회부하기로 한 것이다. 각 단체장들의 고민은 똑같다. 행자부 지침을 거스르기도 어렵고 지침대로 자기 직원을 내치는 것도 고통스러운 일이어서 관망하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 징계 결정을 미루지 않고 소신껏 결정을 함으로써 하나의 기준을 제시할 때라고 결심하였다. 같은 사안에 대한 징계의 형평성 문제에 대하여는 행자부가 요구하는 배제징계 지침에 형평성을 맞출 것이 아니라 일반 사회통념상의 상식수준에 징계의 형평성을 맞춰야 한다고 생각한다."고 밝히고 있고, 검찰에서 조사받으면서는, 205명에 대해서는 사안이 경미하고 단순가담자라 징계까지 가지 않아도 된다고 생각했기 때문에 훈계조치만 하였고, 8명에 대해서는 울산시 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 하지 않고 자체 징계의결요구를 하려고 한 이유에 관하여, 피고인도 법무실에 법률검토를 지시하였고 그 결과 이 사건 전공노 파업은 "동일사건"이 아니라 "동일종류"의 사건에 불과한 것으로 해석할 여지가 있는 것으로 판단하여 울산광역시가 아닌 ○○의 인사위원회에 징계의결요구를 지시하였다는 취지로 진술하고 있으며(수사기록 958, 959면 참조), 관련자 전원을 중징계한다는 행정자치부의 지침이 너무 과도한 것이고 그에 따른다면 더 큰 혼란을 가져올 것이기 때문에 이를 따르지 않았다는 취지로 진술하고 있다(수사기록 980면 참조).

넷째, 행정자치부 훈령인 ‘공무원 경고 등 처분에 관한 규정’은 훈계(불문경고를 포함한다)를 받은 공무원에 대하여 전보인사·성과상여금 지급·표창 등에 있어 불이익을 줄 수 있고(제4조), 행정자치부 및 각급 지방자치단체에서 경고 등 처분대장을 비치하고 처분상황을 기록·유지하도록 규정하고 있는바(제8조 제1항), 당시 피고인이 가담정도가 경미하다고 판단한 205명에 대하여 지시한 위 훈계가 비록 징계는 아니라 하더라도 향후 유사한 잘못을 되풀이하지 않도록 업무에 더욱 충실할 것을 권고하거나 지도하는 행위이고, 그 원인된 비위사실이 승진이나 호봉승급 등 인사평정에 사실상 영향을 미치거나 참작될 수 있으므로, 그렇다면 피고인이 위 205명에 대하여 아무런 조치를 취하지 아니하였다거나 그와 동일한 것으로 볼 수는 없다.

직무유기죄는 공무원이 법령·내규 등에 의한 추상적 충근의무를 태만히 하는 일체의 경우에 성립하는 것이 아니라, 직장의 무단이탈이나 직무의 의식적인 포기 등과 같이 국가의 기능을 저해하고 국민에게 피해를 야기시킬 구체적 위험성이 있고 불법과 책임비난의 정도가 높은 법익침해의 경우에 한하여 성립하는 것이므로(대법원 2005. 5. 12. 선고 2003도4331 판결 등 참조), 어떠한 형태로든 직무집행의 의사로 자신의 직무를 수행한 경우에는 그 직무집행의 내용이 위법한 것으로 평가된다는 점만으로 직무유기죄의 성립을 인정할 것은 아니다(대법원 2003. 10. 24. 선고 2003도3718 판결, 2004. 10. 28. 선고 2004도5259 판결 등 참조).

지방자치단체장인 피고인으로서는 당시 징계에 관한 행정자치부의 지침에 다소 과한 측면이 있다고 보고 지방자치단체장으로서 소속 직원의 절반이 넘는 파업참가 공무원 전원에 대하여 징계의결 요구를 할 경우 발생할 혼란과 그에 따른 부작용을 우려하였다는 것이고, 나아가 위 파업 참가 행위가 동일사건에 해당하지 아니한다고 평가할 여지가 있다고 판단하고 나름대로 사안의 경중을 가려 가담 정도가 중한 일부 대상자에 대하여는 ○○ 인사위원회에 징계의결 요구를 하고 가담 정도가 가벼운 나머지 대상자에 대하여는 훈계처분을 하도록 지시한 이상, 피고인의 위와 같은 직무집행행위가 위법하게 평가되는 것은 별론으로 하고 직장의 무단이탈이나 직무의 의식적인 포기에 준하는 것으로 평가할 수는 없을 뿐 아니라, 적어도 피고인으로서는 자신이 취한 일련의 조치가 직책에 따른 정당한 직무 수행 방식이라고 믿었던 것으로 볼 수가 있다.

이와 달리 원심은, 피고인의 위와 같은 조치가 단지 파업에 참가한 공무원들의 이익을 보호하기 위한 것으로만 파악하여 그 자체로서 정당한 이유 없이 법령에 의하여 자신에게 부여된 작위의무를 의식적으로 포기하거나 방임한 것에 지나지 아니하다고 단정하였으니, 원심의 이러한 판단에는 직무유기죄의 법리를 오해한 위법이 있고, 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유의 주장은 이유가 있다.

4. 결 론

그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 양승태(재판장) 고현철 김지형 전수안(주심)

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