[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney-in-fact: Jihyang Law Firm, Attorney Kim Myo-hee and 1 other)
[Defendant, Appellee] Head of Seoul Gangnam Branch Office, Seoul Regional Employment and Labor Agency
[Judgment of the First Instance] Seoul Administrative Court Decision 2017Guhap66084 rendered on October 19, 2017
[Conclusion of Oral Argument] April 18, 2018
[Order]
1. The part of the judgment of the first instance corresponding to the plaintiff's losing portion set forth below shall be revoked.
The disposition of non-payment of childcare leave benefits made by the Defendant against the Plaintiff on March 8, 2017 shall be revoked.
2. The total costs of the litigation shall be borne by each party respectively.
[Purport of Claim and Purport of Appeal]
1. Purport of Claim
The disposition of non-payment of childcare leave benefits and the disposition of non-payment of maternity leave benefits, both made by the Defendant against the Plaintiff on March 8, 2017, shall each be revoked.
2. Purport of Appeal
As stated in the Order (the Plaintiff originally sought revocation of the entirety of the first instance judgment and a judgment as stated in the purport of claim, but through the "Application for Amendment of Purport of Appeal and Grounds of Appeal" dated April 18, 2018, withdrew the appeal with respect to the portion of the claim seeking revocation of the disposition of non-payment of maternity leave benefits).
[Reasoning]
1. Background of the Disposition
A. The Plaintiff, while working at Fujitsu Korea Co., Ltd., gave birth to a child on October 21, 2014, and was granted and used maternity leave for the period from October 1, 2014 to December 29, 2014, and subsequently was granted and used childcare leave for the period from December 30, 2014 to December 29, 2015.
B. On February 24, 2017, the Plaintiff applied for payment of childcare leave benefits for the above childcare leave period, and on March 3, 2017, applied for payment of maternity leave benefits for the above maternity leave period.
C. On March 8, 2017, the Defendant issued a disposition of non-payment of childcare leave benefits (hereinafter "the instant disposition") and a disposition of non-payment of maternity leave benefits against the Plaintiff, on the ground that the Plaintiff had applied for payment of maternity leave benefits after 12 months had elapsed from the end of the maternity leave, and had applied for payment of childcare leave benefits after 12 months had elapsed from the end of the childcare leave.
[Grounds for Recognition] Undisputed facts, entries in Evidence Nos. 1 and 2 (Plaintiff's exhibits) and Evidence Nos. 1 and 2 (Defendant's exhibits), and the overall purport of the pleadings
2. Whether the Instant Disposition Is Lawful
A. The Plaintiff's Argument
For the reasons set forth below, the instant disposition, which rejected the Plaintiff's application for payment of childcare leave benefits, is unlawful and should be revoked.
1) Childcare leave and maternity leave are systems that differ in nature and in their governing statutes, and Article 70(1) and Article 75 of the Employment Insurance Act (고용보험법) expressly stipulate different requirements for the obligation to pay benefits.
2) In light of the fact that childcare leave benefits for public officials are paid without a separate application, it cannot be concluded that, notwithstanding the express provision of Article 70(1) of the Employment Insurance Act, in the case of private-sector workers, the Minister of Employment and Labor's obligation to pay childcare leave benefits arises only upon a separate application.
3) Considering Article 36(2) of the Constitution (헌법), which provides that the State shall endeavor to protect motherhood, Article 32(4) of the Constitution, which provides that women's labor shall receive special protection and that women shall not be subject to unjust discrimination in employment, wages, and working conditions, and the purpose of the childcare leave system introduced to prevent career interruption for women, it is reasonable to interpret Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act, which limits the application period for childcare leave benefits to within 12 months after the end of childcare leave, as a merely directory (hortatory) provision, notwithstanding the fact that Article 107 of the Employment Insurance Act sets the extinctive prescription period for the right to claim childcare leave benefits at three years.
4) Therefore, since the Plaintiff satisfies all the requirements for payment of childcare leave benefits prescribed in Article 70(1) of the Employment Insurance Act and claimed childcare leave benefits before the three-year extinctive prescription period expired, the Defendant must pay all such benefits.
B. Relevant Statutes
As set forth in Attachment 1.
C. Determination
1) The Childcare Leave System and the Nature of the Right to Receive Childcare Leave Benefits
A) Significance of the Childcare Leave System
Article 36 of our Constitution provides that the State shall ensure that marriage and family life are established on the basis of individual dignity and equality of the sexes, and that the State shall endeavor to protect motherhood. The Republic of Korea has been in a state of ultra-low fertility for over a decade, and the total fertility rate fell to 1.05 in 2017. Supporting equal participation by both sexes in childcare for the sake of work-family balance and sharing the burden of childrearing between the State and society are urgent tasks that must be carried out to preempt the national catastrophe of hyper-aging and population shortage caused by ultra-low fertility.
The childcare leave system under the former Act on Equal Employment Opportunity for Men and Women (남녀고용평등법) (Act No. 3989, enacted December 4, 1987), which was implemented for female workers, found its constitutional basis in Article 32(4) of the Constitution, which provides special protection for women's labor, and Article 36(2) of the Constitution, which provides for the State's duty to protect motherhood. However, the current childcare leave system has gone a step further from its original purpose of protecting motherhood and developing the vocational capabilities of female workers, and now serves the social function of encouraging women's participation in the labor market through support for childrearing, achieving work-family balance, promoting childbirth and enhancing child welfare, and sharing family responsibilities with men, thereby achieving substantive gender equality within the family (see Constitutional Court en banc Decision 2005Hun-Ma1156, delivered October 30, 2008).
In private-sector workplaces, childcare leave is generally operated without pay, so workers suffer relative economic hardship during the childcare leave period, compounded by the economic burden of childrearing. If appropriate economic support is not provided for the childcare leave period, workers will be reluctant to apply for childcare leave and will further avoid childbirth itself, thereby exacerbating the problem of ultra-low fertility. Accordingly, the guarantee of the right to receive childcare leave benefits is an indispensable prerequisite for the success of the childcare leave system and for raising the birth rate.
B) The Structure of the Childcare Leave System and Childcare Leave Benefits
Childcare leave for private-sector workers is based on Article 19 of the Act on Equal Employment and Support for Work-Family Reconciliation (남녀고용평등과 일ㆍ가정 양립 지원에 관한 법률, hereinafter the "Equal Employment Act"). Under this provision, a worker may apply to the employer for childcare leave for a period not exceeding one year in order to rear a child aged eight years or younger or in the second grade of elementary school or below, and the employer must permit this except in cases prescribed by Presidential Decree. The requirements for childcare leave for public officials under the State Public Officials Act (국가공무원법) and the Local Public Officials Act (지방공무원법) are the same.
By contrast, the requirements and application procedures for childcare leave benefits for private-sector workers are governed by the Employment Insurance Act. A worker who has taken childcare leave must, separately from the application for childcare leave itself, apply for childcare leave benefits to the head of the employment security office pursuant to Article 70 of the Employment Insurance Act and its subordinate statutes. This differs from the case of public officials, who receive childcare leave allowances without any separate application procedure (the childcare leave allowance for public officials is governed by the "Regulations on Allowances, etc. for Public Officials" or the "Regulations on Allowances, etc. for Local Public Officials").
This difference between public officials and private-sector workers regarding the application procedure for childcare leave benefits arises because, in the case of private-sector workers, the entity granting childcare leave (the employer) differs from the entity managing the source of funds for childcare leave benefits (the State, the Ministry of Employment and Labor), and this is unavoidable under the current system. However, in interpreting and applying the provisions concerning the right of private-sector workers to receive childcare leave benefits, care must be taken to ensure that this right is not placed in a markedly inferior position compared to the right of public officials to receive childcare leave allowances, and that there is no essential difference in the requirements for the existence or exercise of each right.
C) Nature of the Right to Receive Childcare Leave Benefits
Childcare leave benefits are governed by the Employment Insurance Act. Under employment insurance, the types and content of benefits are fixed by statute, and the amount of insurance premiums and the method of collection are also fixed by statute, such that the parties cannot individually select the content of the insurance relationship. Once a party satisfies the requirements, the administrative agency's obligation to pay arises, and if payment is refused, the matter may be contested through administrative litigation.
Pursuant to Article 6 of the Employment Insurance Act and Article 13 of the Act on the Collection of Insurance Premiums for Employment Insurance and Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance (고용보험 및 산업재해보상보험의 보험료징수 등에 관한 법률), childcare leave benefits and maternity leave benefits are to be paid from the unemployment benefit account within the Employment Insurance Fund, and the funding for this account is based on premiums paid equally by employers and workers. Article 70(1)(1) of the Employment Insurance Act lists, as one of the requirements for payment of childcare leave benefits, that "the insured unit period under Article 41 must total 180 days or more before the date on which the childcare leave began," i.e., a certain "self-contribution." Workers pay a certain percentage of their wages as premiums as a source of funding for unemployment benefits, and childcare leave benefits are also paid from this fund. However, since not all workers take childcare leave, and even among those who do, the frequency or duration varies, this arrangement has the characteristic that the principle of balance between benefit and counter-benefit is not maintained.
Furthermore, the right to receive childcare leave benefits vests in the beneficiary and may be used for the individual's own benefit, and childcare leave benefits contribute to securing the survival of not only the beneficiary but also their family.
Therefore, the right to receive childcare leave benefits is a subjective public right held by the individual worker, in which the character of a social security benefit right—one of the social fundamental rights—and the character of a property right are inextricably intertwined. Insofar as it is a social security benefit right, the legislature has discretion in determining its specific content; however, since it also possesses the character of a property right, an overly strict interpretation or restriction of the requirements for the right as set forth in the social security statutes should be avoided.
2) Provisions of the Employment Insurance Act Relating to Childcare Leave Benefits
A) Article 70(1) of the Employment Insurance Act – Requirements for the Accrual of the Right to Receive Childcare Leave Benefits
Article 70(1) of the Employment Insurance Act sets forth, as affirmative requirements for payment of childcare leave benefits: ① that the worker was granted childcare leave under Article 19 of the Equal Employment Act for 30 days or more (excluding any period overlapping with the 90-day maternity leave period under Article 74 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)) (main text of the same paragraph); and ② that the insured unit period under Article 41 totals 180 days or more before the date on which childcare leave began (item 1 of the same paragraph); and, as a negative requirement, ③ that the insured spouse has not been granted 30 days or more of childcare leave for the same child, nor implemented a reduction of working hours during the childcare period under Article 19-2 of the Equal Employment Act for 30 days or more.
In light of the fact that Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act permits application for childcare leave benefits from "one month after the date childcare leave began"; that Article 107(1) of the Employment Insurance Act establishes a three-year extinctive prescription period for the right to receive childcare leave benefits without any separate provision regarding the starting point of the prescription period; and that Article 107(2) of the Employment Insurance Act provides that the extinctive prescription is interrupted by an application for benefits, thereby presupposing that the extinctive prescription period is already running even before the benefit application is filed, it is reasonable to conclude that the right to receive childcare leave benefits accrues, with respect to each one-month period, upon the lapse of one month from the date childcare leave began, that such right accrues month by month as the childcare leave period progresses, and that a separate three-year extinctive prescription period runs from the date each such right accrues.
(There may be room to argue that the Plaintiff's right to claim benefits arises only when the application for childcare leave benefits is filed in accordance with the provision on the application period, and that the three-year extinctive prescription period runs from that point. However, the fact that the head of the employment security office renders a decision to pay childcare leave benefits after reviewing the requirements and payment restrictions under the relevant statutes, thereby giving rise to a concrete right, means only that a worker cannot directly seek confirmation of the right or payment of benefits through a party litigation (당사자소송) without any application, and that if the Defendant refuses the application for benefits, relief may be obtained by filing an appeal litigation (항고소송) against the disposition of refusal; it does not mean that, prior to the application for benefits, there exists no underlying right at all that is subject to extinctive prescription.)
B) Article 107 of the Employment Insurance Act – Extinctive Prescription and "Application" as a Ground for Its Interruption
The main text of Article 107(1) of the Employment Insurance Act provides: "The right to receive or to have returned subsidies, unemployment benefits, childcare leave benefits, maternity leave benefits, etc. under Chapters 3 through 5 shall be extinguished by prescription if not exercised within three years." However, with respect to "subsidies" and "unemployment benefits" under the Employment Insurance Act, no provision setting an application period shorter than the above extinctive prescription period is found.
Meanwhile, Article 107(2) of the Employment Insurance Act applies mutatis mutandis Article 113 of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) with respect to the interruption of extinctive prescription. The main text of Article 113(1) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act provides that "the extinctive prescription (three years) under Article 112 shall be interrupted by a claim under Article 36(2)," and Article 36(2) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act merely provides that "the various insurance benefits under Article 36(1) [of the same Act] shall be paid upon the claim of the beneficiary," without any separate provision regarding the period for claiming such various insurance benefits.
C) Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act
The main text of Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act provides: "A person who wishes to receive childcare leave benefits under paragraph (1) shall apply therefor from one month after the date childcare leave began until 12 months after the date childcare leave ended" (hereinafter, the above period is referred to as the "application period").
However, the Employment Insurance Act contains no special provision to the effect that the application period provision takes precedence over the extinctive prescription provision, or that failure to comply with the application period excludes the extinctive prescription provision. Accordingly, a question arises as to how to harmonize this provision with the extinctive prescription provision under Article 107(1) of the same Act.
3) Comparison with Maternity Leave Benefits
A) Provisions of the Employment Insurance Act Concerning Maternity Leave
Article 75 of the Employment Insurance Act sets forth, as affirmative requirements for payment of maternity leave benefits: ① that the insured person was granted maternity leave or miscarriage/stillbirth leave under Article 74 of the Labor Standards Act pursuant to Article 18 of the Equal Employment Act; ② that the insured unit period under Article 41 totals 180 days or more before the end of the leave; and ③ that the application be filed from one month after the date the leave began until 12 months after the date the leave ended.
The extinctive prescription provision under Article 107(1) of the Employment Insurance Act applies equally to maternity leave benefits.
B) History of Amendments to the Employment Insurance Act Concerning Childcare Leave Benefits and Maternity Leave Benefits
The history of amendments to the Employment Insurance Act concerning childcare leave benefits and maternity leave benefits is as set forth in Attachment 2. When the Employment Insurance Act was amended by Act No. 6509 on August 14, 2001, childcare leave benefits and maternity leave benefits were newly established as Article 55-2 and Article 55-7, respectively, prescribing requirements similar in purport to the current Articles 70 and 75 of the Employment Insurance Act. However, the main text of the former Article 55-2(1)(3) of the Employment Insurance Act provided, as a requirement for payment of childcare leave benefits, that the application be filed "from one month after the commencement date of childcare leave until six months after the end date," and the main text of the former Article 55-7(2) of the Employment Insurance Act provided that the application be filed "within six months from the end date of maternity leave."
When the Employment Insurance Act was amended by Act No. 7565 on May 31, 2005, the application period was extended to "within 12 months" from the end date of childcare leave or maternity leave, and cases of miscarriage/stillbirth leave were added to former Article 55-7 of the Employment Insurance Act so that benefits would be paid in the same manner as for maternity leave when the insured person took miscarriage/stillbirth leave. When the Act was wholly amended by Act No. 8429 on May 11, 2007, childcare leave benefits were provided for in Article 70 and maternity leave benefits, etc. in Article 75, with the provisions on childcare leave benefits being applied mutatis mutandis to maternity leave benefits, etc., such that the two benefits were prescribed with similar content and structure.
Subsequently, when the Employment Insurance Act was amended in 2011, Article 73-2 was newly enacted to establish childcare-period reduced-working-hours benefits, compensating for the decrease in income resulting from a reduction in working hours for workers who reduce their working hours instead of taking childcare leave. In the same structural manner as this provision, item 3 of Article 70(1) concerning the application period for childcare leave benefits was deleted, and Article 70(2) was newly enacted in its place.
C) Interpretation of Legislative Intent Regarding the Statutory Amendments
As described above, the Employment Insurance Act has been amended in the direction of expanding the application period and scope of application of childcare leave benefits and maternity leave benefits; however, it is difficult to find clear legislative materials from which to infer the background of the amendment that resulted in the current structure of Article 70 of the Employment Insurance Act.
In general, it is the task of the courts, to the extent this does not alter the essential nature of a statutory provision, to rationally interpret and thereby adapt a lagging statute to advancing social phenomena, while at the same time urging the legislature to amend the statute; it is not a proper attitude to resign oneself to mechanically following an outdated provision's conventional interpretation and application—knowing that this produces unjust results—merely because the legislature has not yet taken action to amend the law (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 95Da36466, delivered April 23, 1998, supplementary opinion to the majority opinion).
Even where the legislature's intent regarding a statutory amendment is not clear, it is necessary to supplement the legislative intent by connecting the basis and purpose of each system and the series of processes involved in the relevant statutory amendments, and by interpreting them in a manner consistent with changed social circumstances.
D) Differences Between Childcare Leave Benefits and Maternity Leave Benefits
(1) Although the former Employment Insurance Act provisions regarding the requirement of "application within the application period" were identical for both childcare leave benefits and maternity leave benefits, as shown in Attachment 2, the current Employment Insurance Act excludes this requirement from the requirements for childcare leave benefits and instead prescribes it as a separate provision, whereas for maternity leave benefits it still prescribes "application within the application period" as one of the requirements.
In light of the purpose and function of the two benefits, no rational basis for differential treatment is apparent. However, the fact that the two benefits should not be treated differently cannot serve as a basis for interpreting the requirements for childcare leave benefits, contrary to the text of the relevant provision, in the same manner as the requirements for maternity leave benefits, thereby leveling down the legal status of both benefit rights to the lower standard.
(2) Rather, considering that maternity leave arises naturally from the fact of "childbirth" and has been prescribed as "pre- and post-natal leave" since the enactment of the Labor Standards Act in 1953, imposing on employers the obligation to grant 60 days of paid leave, and remains prescribed in Article 74 of the current Labor Standards Act; that as the leave period was later expanded to 90 days, Article 18 of the Equal Employment Act prescribed the State's duty of support, with the benefits for the extended period being funded not by the employer but by the Employment Insurance Fund, leading to the enactment in 2001 of the maternity leave benefit provision as Article 55-7 of the Employment Insurance Act; and that, whereas there is no similar provision in other statutes regarding the childcare leave period (a period of up to one year), and while private employers are obligated to provide 60 days of paid maternity leave, childcare leave, in most cases, appears to be operated without pay, or, even when paid, the benefit amount appears to be markedly small—in light of these circumstances, it is reasonable to view the right of private-sector workers to receive childcare leave benefits as being almost entirely dependent on employment insurance. Accordingly, even if the requirements for the right to benefits funded by employment insurance differ between maternity leave benefits and childcare leave benefits, there is room to view this as a rational form of differential treatment.
4) Interpretation of Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act
A) It is permissible to establish a limitation period (제척기간) separate from the extinctive prescription period with respect to the exercise of a particular claim, and the two may coexist (see, in the same vein, Supreme Court Decision 2011Da10266, delivered October 13, 2011); however, in order to establish a limitation period separate from the extinctive prescription period for a claim, there must be a need to promote the prompt stabilization of legal relations between opposing parties, even at the sacrifice of one party's right. Turning to the present case, it is not possible to conceive of an interest in "prompt stabilization of legal relations" that would be served by restricting the application period for benefits, as between a beneficiary who has made a certain self-contribution to the unemployment benefit account—the funding source for childcare leave benefits—and the State (the Ministry of Employment and Labor, the head of the employment security office), which has made no particular contribution to the funding of that account, to a period shorter than the extinctive prescription period.
Moreover, it would be inequitable to apply a three-year extinctive prescription period to the right to recover benefits already paid on grounds such as fraudulent receipt, while applying, in effect, a one-year prescription period to the opposing right to receive such benefits.
B) When a beneficiary files the aforementioned application for benefits, the head of the employment security office must review whether the requirements are satisfied, and must render a decision to pay childcare leave benefits, following which the childcare leave benefits as calculated by the head of the employment security office are paid. However, this circumstance, under the structure of childcare leave benefits examined above, merely confirms that the head of the employment security office renders a decision to pay benefits and pays such benefits only upon the beneficiary's application, and that the extinctive prescription is interrupted if an application is filed before the extinctive prescription period expires; it is insufficient to serve as a basis for the argument that an application within an application period shorter than the extinctive prescription period must be treated as a procedural requirement.
5) Determination on the Defendant's Argument
The Defendant argues, in substance, that the reason Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act includes the requirement of "application within the application period" is to guarantee a reasonable period of 12 months from the end date of childcare leave for the right to apply for benefits, in consideration of the special nature of childcare leave benefits as social security benefits, while at the same time securing the financial stability of the Employment Insurance Fund by limiting the application period.
However, in light of the purpose and objective of the childcare leave benefit system; the fact, as discussed above, that the right to receive childcare leave benefits also possesses the character of a property right; and the fact that, accordingly, a beneficiary has formed a reasonable trust that their right will not be extinguished, at least within the extinctive prescription period—requiring that the right to receive childcare leave benefits, which has already accrued upon satisfaction of the requirements under Article 70(1) of the Employment Insurance Act and with respect to which trust in the continued existence of the right has been formed until the completion of the extinctive prescription period under Article 107, be applied for within an application period shorter than the extinctive prescription period in order to actually receive payment, cannot be justified on the ground of securing the financial stability of the Employment Insurance Fund.
6) Conclusion of Sub-Issue
Considering the circumstances discussed above together with the relationship with the extinctive prescription provision under Article 107 of the Employment Insurance Act, it is reasonable to conclude that the "application period" under Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act cannot be regarded as a limitation period for the exercise of the right to receive childcare leave benefits, and that the requirement of "application within the application period" likewise cannot be regarded as a mandatory provision or a procedural requirement pertaining to the right to receive benefits, but should instead be regarded as a directory (hortatory) provision.
The "application" under Article 70(2) of the Employment Insurance Act is a procedure for receiving childcare leave benefits and a ground for interrupting extinctive prescription; under the current system, in which the granting of childcare leave and the payment of childcare leave benefits are bifurcated, it is reasonable to interpret this provision merely as a procedural provision that serves to remind beneficiaries that, unless an application is filed with the head of the employment security office, the process will not proceed, and to encourage prompt application so that the system's purpose of providing livelihood support during the childcare leave period may be achieved.
Therefore, it is evident from the calendar dates that the Plaintiff applied for childcare leave benefits within the three-year extinctive prescription period after the end of childcare leave, and the Plaintiff accordingly still has the right to receive childcare leave benefits from the Defendant. The Plaintiff's argument pointing this out is therefore well-founded, and the instant disposition by the Defendant, which disapproved the Plaintiff's application based on a different premise, is unlawful.
3. Conclusion
Accordingly, the portion of the Plaintiff's claim seeking revocation of the instant disposition is well-founded and shall be accepted. As the portion of the first instance judgment concerning the instant disposition reached a different conclusion and is therefore improper, the Plaintiff's appeal is accepted, and this portion of the first instance judgment is revoked, and it is hereby ordered that the instant disposition be revoked, as stated in the Order.
(Attachments omitted)
Judges: Park Hyeong-nam (Presiding Judge), Kim Jin-seok, Lee Suk-yeon