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대법원 2020두32012

Revocation of Denial of Salary Step Recalculation (호봉재획정거부처분취소) [Case where civil servants sought to overturn a denial of salary step recalculation reflecting their pre-appointment private-sector career experience]호봉재획정거부처분취소[공무원들이 임용 전 민간경력에 관한 호봉재획정거부처분의 취소를 구하는 사건]

Decided2020. 06. 04. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the civil servants' (plaintiffs') position was upheld on appeal, with the Supreme Court ruling in their favor and sending the case back to the lower court for reconsideration
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

Civil servants who had previously worked as part-time (short-hour) employment counselors were denied credit for that experience when their salary step (호봉) was calculated after being appointed as civil servants. The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision, holding that the term 'regular/full attendance' (상근) under the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation (공무원보수규정) is not limited to full-time work but also includes regular, scheduled work performed on a part-time basis. As a result, the Court found that part-time workers can also qualify as having worked on a 'regular attendance' basis, meaning their prior career experience may be counted toward salary step calculation.

Key takeaways
  • CaseCivil servants who previously worked as part-time employment counselors were denied recognition of that experience when calculating their salary step upon becoming civil servants.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that 'regular attendance' includes regularly scheduled part-time work, not just full-time work, and reversed the lower court's decision denying credit for such experience.
  • LessonWhen calculating salary steps, prior part-time work experience must be evaluated based on whether it was performed regularly and consistently, not simply excluded for being less than full-time.
Issues
  • The meaning of 'regular attendance' (상근) under the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation (공무원보수규정)
  • Whether experience as a part-time (short-hour) employment counselor can be credited toward salary step calculation
  • The scope of recognition for pre-appointment private-sector career experience
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that the term '상근' (regular/full attendance) in the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation does not solely refer to standard full-time work of 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week. Instead, it means that an employee reported to work on every scheduled workday and worked a set number of hours on a regular basis, as determined by the employment rules of the relevant workplace. The Court emphasized that statutory interpretation must remain faithful to the ordinary meaning of the text, while also considering legislative intent, purpose, and harmony with the overall legal system. Applying this standard, the Court concluded that part-time employment counselors who worked regularly scheduled hours could also be considered to have worked on a 'regular attendance' basis, and therefore their prior work experience should be recognized in calculating their salary step as civil servants.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

In light of the legal principles concerning methods of statutory interpretation, and upon examining the contents and structure of Article 47(1) of the National Public Officials Act (국가공무원법), Article 8(2) [Attached Table 15] and [Attached Table 16] Item 2(b)7) of the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation (공무원보수규정), Article 4-4(1) and (2) of the Employment Security Act (직업안정법), Article 1-2(1) and (2) of the Enforcement Rule of the Employment Security Act (직업안정법 시행규칙), Article 2 of the former Vocational Counselor Regulation (구 직업상담원규정) (before its full amendment by Ministry of Employment and Labor Directive No. 267 on January 30, 2019, into the Vocational Counselor Operation Regulation), Articles 2 and 3 of the former Part-Time Vocational Counselor Regulation (구 단시간근로 직업상담원규정) (abolished by Ministry of Employment and Labor Directive No. 251 on October 11, 2018), Article 2 of the Vocational Counselor Operation Regulation (직업상담원 운영규정), and Article 2 Subparagraph 9 and Article 18 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), among other provisions, the term “full-time service (상근)” as used in Item 2(b)7) of the “Career Conversion Rate Table for General Service Public Officials, etc.” in [Attached Table 16] under Article 8(2) of the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation means a case where, in accordance with the rules of employment or similar provisions established at the relevant workplace, the person reported to work on every working day and worked a fixed number of hours on a regular basis, and does not refer solely to so-called “full-time” work of 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week.

Full text (English, AI translation) 20,591 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants] Plaintiff 1 and 1 other (Attorneys Cha Hyun-il and 2 others, Counsel for the plaintiffs)
[Defendant, Appellee] Head of Seoul Regional Employment and Labor Office
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2019Nu53411 dated December 20, 2019

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Outline of the Case and Issues

A. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the following facts can be ascertained.

(1) Plaintiff 1 has a work history of serving as a "part-time job counselor" working 25 hours per week at the ○○ Regional Employment and Labor Office from March 28, 2011 to January 28, 2018, and Plaintiff 2 has a work history of serving as a "part-time job counselor" working 25 hours per week at the ○○△△ Branch Office of the ○○ Regional Employment and Labor Office from March 29, 2010 to January 22, 2018.

(2) Plaintiff 1 was appointed as a time-selective civil servant (Assistant Job Counselor) at the ○○ Regional Employment and Labor Office on January 29, 2018, and Plaintiff 2 was appointed on the same date as a time-selective civil servant (Assistant Administrative Officer) at the ○○□□ Branch Office of the ○○ Regional Employment and Labor Office, and both have been working since then.

(3) On May 11, 2018, the Defendant held a step-level career evaluation committee for newly appointed time-selective civil servants and determined the plaintiffs' initial step level as Step 4, without reflecting the plaintiffs' prior work experience as "part-time job counselors" in the step-level determination.

(4) On June 26, 2018, the plaintiffs requested the Defendant to redetermine their initial step level by aggregating their "part-time job counselor" work experience. In response, on July 6, 2018, the Defendant notified the plaintiffs of a decision refusing to redetermine the step level (hereinafter "the disposition in this case"), on the ground that "full-time service" (*sangeun*) as defined in Item 2.(b).7) of [Attached Table 16] "Career Conversion Rate Table for General Service Civil Servants, etc." under Article 8(2) of the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation (공무원보수규정) (hereinafter "the provision in this case") means only "a form of full-time work performed 5 days a week, 40 hours a week," and that the plaintiffs' "part-time job counselor" experience did not constitute "full-time service" (*sangeun*).

(5) The plaintiffs filed a petition for administrative appeal (petition for review of disciplinary or personnel action) on July 18, 2018, but the Civil Service Appeals Commission of the Ministry of Personnel Management dismissed the plaintiffs' petition on September 18, 2018.

B. The issue in this case is whether the plaintiffs' work experience as "part-time job counselors" constitutes "full-time service" (*sangeun*) as defined in the provision in this case.

2. Relevant Provisions and Legal Principles

A. Law is, in principle, a universally valid social norm that has the same binding force on an unspecified number of people. Therefore, in interpreting the law, one must clarify the standard meaning of the law so that it has objective validity, and must maintain consistency that is acceptable to as many people as possible so as not to undermine legal stability. On the other hand, since statutes are inevitably drafted with universal and typical cases in mind, when applying the statute to the various cases that arise in social reality, an interpretation is also required that produces the most reasonable solution suited to the specific case. In short, the goal of statutory interpretation must be, within the scope that does not undermine legal stability, to find concrete validity. To that end, while adhering in principle to an interpretation faithful to the ordinary meaning of the language used in the statute to the extent possible, one must additionally employ systematic and logical interpretation methods that take into account the legislative purpose and intent, the legislative history, harmony with the legal order as a whole, and the relationship with other statutes, in order to arrive at a reasonable interpretation that meets the above requirements of statutory interpretation (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2011Da83431 delivered on January 17, 2013).

B. (1) Article 47(1) of the State Public Officials Act (국가공무원법) provides that matters concerning the step levels and step advancement of civil servants shall be determined by Presidential Decree. The Public Officials Remuneration Regulation (as amended by Presidential Decree No. 23497, January 6, 2012), enacted pursuant to that delegation, provides in the first sentence of Article 8(2) that the initial step level of a civil servant shall be determined in accordance with [Attached Table 15]; [Attached Table 15] "Table of Initial Step Levels for Civil Servants," Item 1, provides that the initial step level shall be determined by calculating career experience by rank in accordance with [Attached Table 16]; and the provision in this case [Item 2.(b).7)] of [Attached Table 16] "Career Conversion Rate Table for General Service Civil Servants, etc." provides that, in the case of "career experience as a private job counselor who worked on a full-time basis (*sangeun*) pursuant to Article 4-4(1) of the Employment Security Act (직업안정법)," career experience in the same field shall be recognized at 100%, and career experience in a different field shall be recognized at 80%, but does not specifically define the meaning of "full-time service" (*sangeun*).

(2) Article 4-4(1) and (2) of the Employment Security Act provides that the Minister of Employment and Labor may assign job counselors who are not civil servants (hereinafter "private job counselors") to employment security agencies to handle duties such as job placement, career guidance, and provision of employment information, and that the criteria for assigning private job counselors and other necessary matters shall be determined by Ordinance of the Ministry of Employment and Labor. Article 1-2(1) and (2) of the Enforcement Rule of the Employment Security Act, enacted pursuant to that delegation, provides that when the Minister of Employment and Labor assigns private job counselors, the Minister shall consider the population, number of workers, and number of workplaces in the area where the employment security agency is located, and that matters necessary for the qualifications, selection procedures, employment, and other personnel management of private job counselors shall be determined by the Minister of Employment and Labor.

Pursuant to that delegation, the Minister of Employment and Labor regulated matters necessary for the duties, qualifications, selection procedures, employment, and other personnel management of private job counselors assigned to regional labor offices under the former "Job Counselor Regulation" (구 「직업상담원규정」) (partially amended by Ministry of Labor Directive No. 729, January 20, 2010; hereinafter the same). However, in order to lead the creation of part-time jobs in the public sector and to provide quality part-time jobs to career-interrupted women burdened with childbirth and childcare, among others, the "Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation" (구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」) (enacted as Ministry of Labor Directive No. 733, March 1, 2010; hereinafter the same) was enacted to introduce the "part-time job counselor" system. Articles 2 and 3 of the former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation divided job counselors who are not civil servants into "part-time job counselors" and "regular job counselors," and provided that a "part-time job counselor" means a worker who is not a civil servant and is a part-time worker under Article 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and that, except as otherwise provided by other statutes or regulations, the former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation shall apply to such counselors, while a "regular job counselor" means a job counselor under Article 2 of the former Job Counselor Regulation, to whom the former Job Counselor Regulation shall apply.

Meanwhile, after the disposition in this case, in order to resolve the problem that "part-time job counselors" and "regular job counselors" held the same status and performed the same duties despite being governed by separate regulations, the former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation was abolished by Ministry of Employment and Labor Directive No. 251 on October 11, 2018, and the former Job Counselor Regulation was wholly amended by Ministry of Employment and Labor Directive No. 267 on January 30, 2019 to integrate and regulate both types of counselors, becoming the current "Job Counselor Operation Regulation" (현행 「직업상담원 운영규정」). Article 2 of the current Job Counselor Operation Regulation defines a "regular job counselor" as a job counselor among job counselors who is employed with prescribed working hours of 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week, and a "part-time job counselor" as a job counselor among job counselors who is employed with prescribed working hours of 5 hours per day and 25 hours per week.

(3) Article 2(9) and Article 18 of the Labor Standards Act define a "part-time worker" as a worker whose prescribed weekly working hours are shorter than the prescribed weekly working hours of a regular worker engaged in the same type of work at the same workplace, and provide that the working conditions of a part-time worker shall be determined in proportion to the working hours of a regular worker engaged in the same type of work at the same workplace, that matters serving as the standard for such determination and other necessary matters shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree, and that Article 55 (guarantee of paid holidays) and Article 60 (guarantee of annual paid leave) shall not apply to workers whose average prescribed weekly working hours over four weeks (or the relevant period, if working for less than four weeks) are less than 15 hours.

C. In light of the legal principles set forth above and upon examining the content and structure of the relevant provisions, "full-time service" (*sangeun*) in the provision in this case should be understood to mean a case where a person reports for work every working day and works a fixed number of hours regularly, as determined by the rules of employment, etc. of the relevant workplace, and it should not be interpreted to mean only so-called "full-time" work of 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week. The specific reasons are as follows.

(1) Since the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation does not specifically define the meaning of "full-time service" (*sangeun*), the meaning of "full-time service" (*sangeun*) in the provision in this case must be derived through a reasonable interpretation that, in principle, adheres faithfully to the ordinary meaning of the term "full-time service" (*sangeun*), while taking into account the enactment and amendment history and legislative purpose of the provision in this case, and its relationship with other statutes and regulations.

(2) The dictionary meaning of the term "full-time service" (*sangeun*) is "reporting to work at a fixed time every day and working for a fixed period of time, or such work." That is, the concept is centered on "constancy" and "regularity," and is not directly related to a "minimum working hours" requirement of at least a certain number of hours per day. Article 9, Item 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the National Health Insurance Act (국민건강보험법), enacted pursuant to the delegation under Article 6(2)(4) of the National Health Insurance Act, provides that persons excluded from workplace-based subscribers of national health insurance include "non-full-time workers or part-time workers whose prescribed monthly working hours are less than 60 hours," which also presupposes that "whether a person is a full-time worker" and "prescribed working hours" are separate criteria.

(3) The former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation is a subordinate regulation under the Employment Security Act, established solely to determine matters necessary for the personnel management of private job counselors, and was not established with consideration for the recognition of career experience when determining the initial step level upon appointment of a private job counselor as a civil servant. The former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation followed the distinction between part-time workers and regular workers under the Labor Standards Act as it is, and divided private job counselors into "part-time job counselors" and "regular job counselors," but apart from the difference in daily working hours, there was no difference between the two in terms of qualifications, status, or duties. The Labor Standards Act merely allows, within a certain scope, room for regulating the working conditions of "part-time workers" differently from those of regular workers by workplace, and does not provide that a "part-time worker" does not constitute a "full-time worker" (*sangeun geullojeu*). Therefore, the distinction made between the two by the former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation was merely intended to regulate the working conditions, such as holidays and leave, of "part-time job counselors" differently from those of "regular job counselors," and does not appear to have been intended to exclude the career experience of "part-time job counselors" from recognition as career experience when determining the initial step level of civil servants. Although the current Job Counselor Operation Regulation defines "part-time job counselor" somewhat more specifically as "a job counselor among job counselors who is employed with prescribed working hours of 5 hours per day and 25 hours per week," for the same reasons, the mere fact that a person falls under the "part-time job counselor" defined in the Job Counselor Operation Regulation cannot be deemed to have the effect of excluding that person from "a private job counselor who worked on a full-time basis (*sangeun*)" as defined in the provision in this case.

(4) When the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation was amended by Presidential Decree No. 23497 on January 6, 2012, in order to "improve the criteria for recognizing similar career experience," the phrase "who worked on a full-time basis (*sangeun*)" was added in several places in [Attached Table 16], [Attached Table 17], and [Attached Table 19], including the provision in this case. The reason for the amendment stated by the government at the time was that, whereas previously only some career experience among similar careers was recognized in a limited manner for non-regular employment experience prior to appointment as a civil servant, in order to actively attract excellent human resources from the private sector into public service, up to 100% of private-sector career experience in the same field would be recognized, and, in order to remedy discrimination against non-regular workers, "similar career experience of non-regular workers who worked on a full-time basis (*sangeun*)," in addition to that of regular workers, would be recognized and reflected in the determination and redetermination of step levels. As such, the reason for adding the phrase "who worked on a full-time basis (*sangeun*)" to the provision in this case was to actively recognize non-regular work experience prior to appointment as a civil servant in determining the civil servant's step level, not to limit the scope of recognition through the phrase "who worked on a full-time basis (*sangeun*)." Therefore, any attempt to strictly interpret the meaning of "full-time service" (*sangeun*) in [Attached Table 16], etc. of the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation so as to limit the scope of recognition is fundamentally contrary to the purpose of the 2012 amendment to the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation, and, absent special circumstances such as the drafter of the Enforcement Decree explicitly changing policy and amending the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation to a different effect, such an attempt cannot, in principle, be permitted.

(5) Meanwhile, according to the reasoning of the judgment below, it can be seen that, as the scope and rate of recognition of similar career experience for step-level purposes were expanded by the 2012 amendment to the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation, and in order to explain the amended content of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security's "Criteria for Handling Civil Servant Salary Affairs" that was likewise amended, materials titled "Major Amendments to the 'Criteria for Handling Civil Servant Salary Affairs'" prepared and distributed around May 2012 by the Performance Compensation Planning Division of the Personnel Management Office of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security described "full-time service" (*sangeun*) as "a case where a person is subject to the same working hours as a regular employee of the relevant institution and works full-time" (Exhibit A No. 8, p.7), and accordingly, the "Detailed Criteria for Recognition of Step Level for Similar Career Experience" prepared around October 2012 by the Operation Support Division of the Ministry of Employment and Labor described the concept of "full-time service" (*sangeun*) as "being subject to the same working hours as a regular employee of the relevant institution, receiving regular compensation not less than the minimum wage under the Labor Standards Act, and working full-time" (Exhibit B No. 9, p.8). However, this description is nothing more than an independent interpretive opinion on the concept of "full-time service" (*sangeun*) presented by some related departments without any basis in statute or regulation, and moreover, is contrary to the purpose of the 2012 amendment to the Public Officials Remuneration Regulation as examined above, and therefore cannot be accepted.

3. Determination as to This Case

A. As set forth above, since the former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation, like the former Job Counselor Regulation, was established pursuant to the delegation under Article 4-4(2) of the Employment Security Act, a "part-time job counselor" as defined in the former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation is one type of "private job counselor" under Article 4-4(1) of the Employment Security Act.

Article 28 of the former Part-Time Job Counselor Regulation, which applied to the plaintiffs during their period of career experience as "part-time job counselors," provided that working days shall be from Monday to Friday each week, and every Saturday shall be an unpaid non-working day (paragraph 1); working hours shall be from 10:00 to 16:00 (paragraph 2); and rest periods shall be governed by the Labor Standards Act, but shall be within a range separately designated during working hours in consideration of workload.

In light of the content of these provisions and the facts set forth above, since the plaintiffs, during their period of career experience as "part-time job counselors," worked regularly 5 hours a day (excluding rest periods) for 5 days a week, which is the ordinary number of working days for government offices, they should be deemed to have worked on a "full-time" (*sangeun*) basis, and therefore, pursuant to the provision in this case, the plaintiffs' career experience as "part-time job counselors" must be reflected in the determination of their initial step level as civil servants.

B. Nevertheless, the court below, based solely on the circumstances set forth in its reasoning, determined, on the premise that "full-time service" (*sangeun*) in the provision in this case means only "a form of full-time work performed 5 days a week, 40 hours a week," that the plaintiffs' career experience as "part-time job counselors" does not constitute "full-time service" (*sangeun*) and therefore does not constitute career experience to be reflected in the determination of the initial step level. This determination by the court below contains an error in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the meaning of "full-time service" (*sangeun*) in the provision in this case, which affected the judgment.

4. Conclusion

Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This Decision is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the Justices involved, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Park Jeong-hwa (Presiding Justice), Kwon Soon-il (Justice in charge), Lee Ki-taek, Kim Seon-su

【판결요지】

법해석의 방법에 관한 법리에 비추어 국가공무원법 제47조 제1항, 공무원보수규정 제8조 제2항 [별표 15], [별표 16] 제2호 (나)목 7), 직업안정법 제4조의4 제1항, 제2항, 직업안정법 시행규칙 제1조의2 제1항, 제2항, 구 직업상담원규정(2019. 1. 30. 고용노동부 훈령 제267호 직업상담원 운영규정으로 전부 개정되기 전의 것) 제2조, 구 단시간근로 직업상담원규정(2018. 10. 11. 고용노동부 훈령 제251호로 폐지) 제2조, 제3조, 직업상담원 운영규정 제2조, 근로기준법 제2조 제9호, 제18조 등의 내용과 체계 등을 살펴보면, 공무원보수규정 제8조 제2항 [별표 16] ‘일반직 공무원 등의 경력환산율표’ 제2호 (나)목 7)에서 정한 ‘상근’이란 해당 사업장의 취업규칙 등에서 정한 바에 따라 근무일마다 출근하여 일정한 시간을 규칙적으로 근무한 경우를 의미하는 것이고, 1일 8시간, 1주 40시간을 근무하는 이른바 ‘풀타임(Full-time)’만을 의미하는 것은 아니다.

【참조조문】

국가공무원법 제47조 제1항, 공무원보수규정 제8조 제2항 [별표 15], [별표 16] 제2호 (나)목 7), 직업안정법 제4조의4, 직업안정법 시행규칙 제1조의2, 근로기준법 제2조 제9호, 제18조

【주문】·【이유】 전문 7,482자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 1 외 1인 (소송대리인 변호사 차현일 외 2인)

【피고, 피상고인】 서울지방고용노동청장

【원심판결】 서울고법 2019. 12. 20. 선고 2019누53411 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 사건의 개요와 쟁점

가. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 다음과 같은 사정들을 알 수 있다.

(1) 원고 1은 2011. 3. 28.부터 2018. 1. 28.까지 ○○지방고용노동청에서, 원고 2는 2010. 3. 29.부터 2018. 1. 22.까지 ○○지방고용노동청○○△△지청에서 각각 주 25시간 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’으로 근무한 경력이 있다.

(2) 원고 1은 2018. 1. 29. ○○지방고용노동청의 시간선택제 채용 공무원(직업상담서기보)으로 임용되었고, 원고 2는 같은 날 ○○지방고용노동청○○□□지청의 시간선택제 채용 공무원(행정주사보)으로 임용되어 근무하고 있다.

(3) 피고는 2018. 5. 11. 시간선택제 신규 공무원들에 대한 호봉경력평가 심의회를 개최하여 원고들에 대한 초임호봉을 4호봉으로 획정하면서 원고들의 임용 전 경력 중 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’ 근무 경력을 호봉 획정에 반영하지 않았다.

(4) 원고들은 2018. 6. 26. 피고에게 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’ 근무 경력을 합산하여 원고들의 초임호봉을 재획정 해달라고 신청하였다. 이에 대하여 피고는, 공무원보수규정 제8조 제2항 [별표 16] ‘일반직 공무원 등의 경력환산율표’ 2. 나. 7)(이하 ‘이 사건 규정’이라고 한다)에서 정한 ‘상근’이란 ‘주 5일 주 40시간 풀타임으로 근무하는 형태’만을 의미하고, 원고들의 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’ 경력은 ‘상근’에 해당하지 않는다는 이유로, 2018. 7. 6. 원고들에 대하여 호봉 재획정을 거부하는 결정을 통보하였다(이하 ‘이 사건 처분’이라고 한다).

(5) 원고들은 2018. 7. 18. 소청심사를 청구하였으나, 인사혁신처 소청심사위원회는 2018. 9. 18. 원고들의 청구를 기각하였다.

나. 이 사건의 쟁점은, 원고들의 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’ 근무 경력이 이 사건 규정에서 정한 ‘상근’에 해당하는지 여부이다.

2. 관련 규정과 법리

가. 법은 원칙적으로 불특정 다수인에 대하여 동일한 구속력을 갖는 사회의 보편타당한 규범이므로 이를 해석할 때에는 법의 표준적 의미를 밝혀 객관적 타당성이 있도록 하여야 하고, 가급적 모든 사람이 수긍할 수 있는 일관성을 유지함으로써 법적 안정성이 손상되지 않도록 하여야 한다. 한편 법률은 보편적이고 전형적인 사안을 염두에 두고 규정되기 마련이므로 사회현실에서 일어나는 다양한 사안에서 그 법률을 적용할 때에는 구체적 사안에 맞는 가장 타당한 해결방안이 될 수 있도록 해석할 것도 요구된다. 요컨대 법해석의 목표는 어디까지나 법적 안정성을 저해하지 않는 범위 내에서 구체적 타당성을 찾는 데 두어야 한다. 그러기 위해서는 가능한 한 법률에 사용된 문언의 통상적인 의미에 충실하게 해석하는 것을 원칙으로 하면서, 법률의 입법 취지와 목적, 입법 연혁, 법질서 전체와의 조화, 다른 법령과의 관계 등을 고려하는 체계적·논리적 해석방법을 추가적으로 동원함으로써, 위와 같은 법해석의 요청에 부응하는 타당한 해석을 하여야 한다(대법원 2013. 1. 17. 선고 2011다83431 전원합의체 판결 참조).

나. (1) 국가공무원법 제47조 제1항은 공무원 호봉 및 승급에 관한 사항을 대통령령으로 정하도록 규정하고 있다. 그 위임에 따른 공무원보수규정(2012. 1. 6. 대통령령 제23497호로 개정된 것)은 제8조 제2항 제1문에서 공무원의 초임호봉은 [별표 15]에 따라 획정한다고 규정하고, [별표 15] ‘공무원의 초임호봉표’ 제1호에서 [별표 16]에 따라 경력을 계급별로 산정하여 초임호봉을 획정한다고 규정한 다음, [별표 16] ‘일반직공무원 등의 경력환산율표’ 중 이 사건 규정[2. 나. 7)]에서 ‘직업안정법 제4조의4 제1항에 따라 상근으로 근무한 민간직업상담원 경력’의 경우 동일분야 경력은 100% 인정하고, 비동일분야 경력은 80%는 인정한다고 규정하면서도, ‘상근’의 의미에 관하여 구체적으로 규정하고 있지는 않다.

(2) 직업안정법 제4조의4 제1항, 제2항은 고용노동부장관이 직업안정기관에 직업소개, 직업지도 및 고용정보 제공 등의 업무를 담당하는 공무원이 아닌 직업상담원(이하 ‘민간직업상담원’이라고 한다)을 배치할 수 있고, 민간직업상담원의 배치기준과 그 밖에 필요한 사항은 고용노동부령으로 정하도록 규정하고 있다. 그 위임에 따른 직업안정법 시행규칙 제1조의2 제1항, 제2항은 고용노동부장관이 민간직업상담원을 배치할 때에는 직업안정기관이 위치한 지역의 인구, 근로자 수 및 사업장 수 등을 고려하여야 하고, 민간직업상담원의 자격, 선발 절차, 채용, 그 밖에 인사관리에 필요한 사항은 고용노동부장관이 정하도록 규정하고 있다.

그 위임에 따라 고용노동부장관은 구 「직업상담원규정」(2010. 1. 20. 노동부훈령 제729호로 일부 개정된 것, 이하 같다)에 의하여 지방노동관서에 배치하는 민간직업상담원의 직무, 자격, 선발 절차, 채용, 그 밖에 인사관리에 필요한 사항을 규율하였다. 그런데 공공부문의 단시간일자리 창출을 선도하고 출산·육아에 부담을 가진 경력단절여성 등에 양질의 단시간일자리 제공을 위하여 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」(2010. 3. 1. 노동부훈령 제733호로 제정된 것, 이하 같다)에 의하여 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’ 제도를 도입하였다. 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」 제2조, 제3조는 공무원이 아닌 직업상담원을 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’과 ‘통상근로 직업상담원’으로 구분한 다음, ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’이란 근로기준법 제2조의 단시간근로자로서 공무원이 아닌 근로자를 말하고 이에 관해서는 다른 법령에서 정한 것을 제외하고는 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」에 따르며, ‘통상근로 직업상담원’이란 구 「직업상담원규정」 제2조의 직업상담원을 말한다고 규정하여 이에 관해서는 구 「직업상담원규정」에 따르도록 규정하였다.

한편 이 사건 처분이 있은 후, ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’과 ‘통상근로 직업상담원’은 동일한 신분으로 같은 직무를 수행하고 있음에도 별도의 규정으로 운영되고 있는 문제점을 해소하기 위하여 2018. 10. 11. 고용노동부 훈령 제251호로 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」이 폐지되었고, 양자를 통합하여 규율하기 위하여 구 「직업상담원규정」이 2019. 1. 30. 고용노동부 훈령 제267호로 전부 개정되어 현행「직업상담원 운영규정」이 되었다. 현행「직업상담원 운영규정」은 제2조에서 ‘통상근로 직업상담원’이란 직업상담원 중 소정근로시간이 1일 8시간, 1주 40시간으로 채용된 사람을 말하고, ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’이란 직업상담원 중 소정근로시간이 1일 5시간, 1주 25시간으로 채용된 사람을 말한다고 정의하고 있다.

(3) 근로기준법 제2조 제9호, 제18조는 ‘단시간근로자’란 1주 동안의 소정근로시간이 그 사업장에서 같은 종류의 업무에 종사하는 통상 근로자의 1주 동안의 소정근로시간에 비하여 짧은 근로자를 말한다고 정의한 다음, 단시간근로자의 근로조건은 그 사업장의 같은 종류의 업무에 종사하는 통상 근로자의 근로시간을 기준으로 산정한 비율에 따라 결정되어야 하고, 이를 결정할 때에 기준이 되는 사항이나 그 밖에 필요한 사항은 대통령령으로 정하며, 4주 동안(4주 미만으로 근로하는 경우에는 그 기간)을 평균하여 1주 동안의 소정근로시간이 15시간 미만인 근로자에 대하여는 제55조(유급휴일의 보장)와 제60조(연차 유급휴가의 보장)를 적용하지 아니한다고 규정하고 있다.

다. 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 관련 규정들의 내용과 체계 등을 살펴보면, 이 사건 규정에서 ‘상근’이란 해당 사업장의 취업규칙 등에서 정한 바에 따라 근무일마다 출근하여 일정한 시간을 규칙적으로 근무한 경우를 의미하는 것이고, 1일 8시간, 1주 40시간을 근무하는 소위 ‘풀타임(Full-time)’만을 의미하는 것은 아니라고 보아야 한다. 그 구체적인 이유는 다음과 같다.

(1) 공무원보수규정이 ‘상근’의 의미를 구체적으로 규정하지 않았으므로, 이 사건 규정에서 ‘상근’의 의미는 ‘상근’이란 용어의 통상적인 의미에 충실하게 해석하는 것을 원칙으로 하면서, 이 사건 규정의 제·개정 연혁과 입법 취지, 다른 법령과의 관계 등을 고려하여 타당한 해석을 도출할 수밖에 없다.

(2) ‘상근’이란 용어의 사전적 의미는 ‘날마다 일정한 시간에 출근하여 정해진 시간 동안 근무함 또는 그런 근무’를 뜻한다. 즉, ‘항상성’과 ‘규칙성’에 핵심이 있는 개념이지, 1일에 적어도 몇 시간 이상 근무하여야 한다는 ‘최소근무시간’과는 직접 관련이 없다. 국민건강보험법 제6조 제2항 제4호의 위임에 따른 국민건강보험법 시행령 제9조 제1호는 국민건강보험 직장가입자에서 제외되는 사람으로서 "비상근 근로자 또는 1개월 동안의 소정근로시간이 60시간 미만인 단시간근로자"를 규정하고 있는데, 여기에서도 ‘상근 여부’와 ‘소정근로시간’은 별개의 기준임을 전제로 하고 있다.

(3) 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」은 직업안정법의 하위 규정으로서 민간직업상담원의 인사관리에 필요한 사항을 정하기 위하여 만든 것일 뿐, 민간직업상담원을 공무원으로 채용하는 경우의 초임호봉 획정 시의 경력인정을 염두에 두고 만든 규정이 아니다. 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」은 근로기준법상 단시간근로자와 통상 근로자의 구분을 그대로 따라 민간직업상담원을 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’과 ‘통상근로 직업상담원’으로 구분하였으나, 1일 근무시간이 다르다는 점을 제외하고는 양자의 자격·신분·직무에서 차이가 없었다. 근로기준법은 사업장별로 ‘단시간근로자’의 근로조건에 관하여 통상 근로자와는 달리 규율할 수 있는 여지를 일정 범위 내에서 허용하고 있을 뿐이고, ‘단시간근로자’가 ‘상근 근로자’에 해당하지 않는다고 규정한 것이 아니다. 따라서 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」이 양자를 구분한 것은 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’의 휴일·휴가 등 근로조건에 관하여 ‘통상근로 직업상담원’과 달리 규율하기 위한 것이었을 뿐, ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’의 경력을 공무원 초임호봉 획정 시의 경력인정에서 제외하려는 의도였다고 보이지 않는다. 현행 「직업상담원 운영규정」은 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’을 좀 더 구체적으로 ‘직업상담원 중 소정근로시간이 1일 5시간, 1주 25시간으로 채용된 사람’을 말한다고 정의하고 있으나, 마찬가지 이유에서「직업상담원 운영규정」에서 정한 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’에 해당한다는 사정만으로 이 사건 규정에서 정한 ‘상근으로 근무한 민간직업상담원’에서 제외되는 효과가 발생한다고 볼 수 없다.

(4) 공무원보수규정이 2012. 1. 6. 대통령령 제23497호로 개정되면서 ‘유사경력 인정기준을 개선’하기 위하여 이 사건 규정을 포함하여 [별표 16], [별표 17], [별표 19]의 여러 군데에 ‘상근으로 근무한’이라는 문언이 추가되었다. 당시 정부에서 밝힌 개정이유는, 종전에는 공무원 임용 전 비정규직 경력에 대해서는 유사경력 중 일부 경력에 대해서만 제한적으로 인정하였으나, 민간의 우수인력을 공직에 적극 유치하기 위하여 동일분야의 민간 경력에 대해서 최대 100%를 인정하고, 비정규직에 대한 차별을 시정하는 차원에서 정규직 외에 ‘비정규직 중 상근으로 근무한 유사경력’을 인정하여 호봉 획정 및 재획정에 반영하기 위한 것이었다. 이처럼 이 사건 규정에 ‘상근으로 근무한’이라는 문언이 추가된 개정이유는 공무원 임용 전 비정규직 근무 경력을 공무원 호봉 획정에서 적극적으로 인정하여 주려는 것이었지, ‘상근으로 근무한’이라는 문언을 통해 그 인정범위를 제한하려는 의도가 아니었다. 따라서 공무원보수규정 [별표 16] 등에서 ‘상근’의 의미를 엄격하게 해석하여 그 인정범위를 제한하려는 시도는 2012년 공무원보수규정의 개정 취지에 근본적으로 배치되므로, 시행령 제정자가 명시적으로 정책변경을 하여 공무원보수규정을 이와 다른 내용으로 개정하였다는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한, 원칙적으로 허용될 수 없다.

(5) 한편 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 2012년 공무원보수규정의 개정으로 유사경력 호봉인정 범위 및 비율이 확대됨에 따라 행정안전부의 ‘공무원 봉급업무 처리기준’도 개정된 내용을 설명하기 위하여 행정안전부 인사실 성과급여기획과에서 2012. 5.경 작성하여 배포한 자료인 ‘「공무원 봉급업무 처리기준」주요 개정내용’에서는 ‘상근’을 "해당 기관의 정규직원과 동일한 근무시간을 적용받으며 Full-time으로 근무한 경우"라고 서술하였고(갑 제8호증 7쪽), 그에 따라 고용노동부 운영지원과에서 2012. 10.경 마련한「유사경력 호봉인정 세부인정기준」에서는 ‘상근’의 개념을 "해당 기관의 정규직원과 동일한 근무시간을 적용받으며, 근로기준법상 최저임금 이상의 정기적인 보수를 지급받고 풀타임(Full-time)으로 근무"하는 것이라고 서술하였음(을 제9호증 8쪽)을 알 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 서술은 일부 관련 부서에서 법령상 아무런 근거 없이 ‘상근’의 개념에 관하여 독자적인 법령해석의견을 제시한 것에 불과한 데다가, 앞서 살펴본 2012년 공무원보수규정의 개정 취지에 배치되므로 받아들일 수 없다.

3. 이 사건에 관한 판단

가. 앞서 본 바와 같이, 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」은 구 「직업상담원규정」과 마찬가지로 직업안정법 제4조의4 제2항의 위임에 따른 것이므로, 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」에서 정한 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’은 직업안정법 제4조의4 제1항에 따른 ‘민간직업상담원’의 하나이다.

원고들이 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’으로 근무한 경력 기간 동안에 원고들에게 적용된 구 「단시간근로 직업상담원규정」 제28조는 근로일은 매주 월요일부터 금요일까지로 하고, 매주 토요일은 무급휴무일로 하며(제1항), 근로시간은 10:00부터 16:00까지로 하고(제2항), 휴게시간은 근로기준법에 따르되, 업무량을 감안하여 근로시간 중 별도로 지정된 범위로 한다고 규정하였다.

앞서 본 사실관계를 이러한 규정 내용에 비추어 보면, 원고들은 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’으로 근무한 경력 기간 동안에 매주 관공서의 통상적인 근무일인 주 5일 동안, 매일 규칙적으로 1일 5시간씩(휴게시간 제외) 근무하였으므로 ‘상근’으로 근무한 것이라고 보아야 하고, 따라서 이 사건 규정에 따라 원고들의 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’ 근무 경력을 공무원 초임호봉 획정에 반영하여야 한다.

나. 그런데도 원심은, 그 판시와 같은 사정들만을 이유로, 이 사건 규정에서 ‘상근’이란 ‘주 5일 주 40시간 풀타임으로 근무하는 형태’만을 의미한다는 전제에서, 원고들의 ‘단시간근로 직업상담원’ 근무 경력은 ‘상근’에 해당하지 않아 초임호봉 획정에 반영할 경력에 해당하지 않는다고 판단하였다. 이러한 원심판단에는 이 사건 규정의 ‘상근’의 의미에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있다.

4. 결론

그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박정화(재판장) 권순일(주심) 이기택 김선수

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