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대법원 2017도9835

Aiding and Abetting Obstruction of Business (업무방해방조)업무방해방조

Decided2023. 06. 29. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the union officials' conviction for aiding and abetting was overturned
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addressed whether labor union officials who supported workers occupying a lighting tower in a sit-in protest could be held criminally liable for aiding and abetting obstruction of business (업무방해방조). The Supreme Court found that the union officials' supportive actions lacked a close causal connection to the actual commission of the obstruction offense, and therefore reversed and remanded the lower court's decision that had found them guilty of aiding and abetting.

Key takeaways
  • CaseUnion officials supported workers who occupied a lighting tower in a labor protest by organizing rallies and providing supplies.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that such support lacked a close causal link to the obstruction offense and did not amount to aiding and abetting.
  • LessonProviding humanitarian or expressive support to protesters is not automatically criminal complicity unless it substantially and directly contributes to the underlying unlawful act.
Issues
  • Whether providing support to workers occupying a lighting tower constitutes aiding and abetting obstruction of business (업무방해방조)
  • What degree of causal connection is required to establish liability as an accomplice (방조범)
  • The scope of protection for labor union activities and freedom of expression
Key reasoning

Under Korean criminal law, establishing liability for aiding and abetting (방조범) requires that the aiding conduct be closely related to and make a real, substantive contribution to the principal offender's commission of the crime. The Supreme Court held that the union officials' actions—such as organizing rallies and providing supplies to the protesters—were primarily exercises of freedom of expression (표현의 자유) and efforts to ensure the protesters' basic survival and safety, rather than acts substantially facilitating the obstruction of business. Because these supportive activities did not have a sufficiently close causal link to the actual disruption of business operations, the court concluded that the elements of aiding and abetting obstruction of business were not satisfied. This reasoning emphasizes that merely providing moral, logistical, or humanitarian support to protesters does not automatically amount to criminal complicity absent a direct causal contribution to the underlying offense.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,078 chars

[Defendant] Defendant 1 and 6 others
[Appellant] Defendants
[Defense Counsel] Law Firm Yeoneun, Attorney Kwon Doo-seop and 2 others
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul Western District Court Decision 2016No1700, decided June 8, 2017

[Order]

The judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul Western District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary brief on grounds of appeal submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, to the extent it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined.

1. Relevant legal principles
Article 32(1) of the Criminal Act (형법) provides, "A person who aids and abets another's crime shall be punished as an accessory." Aiding and abetting refers to an act of support that, with knowledge of the principal offender's specific preparation for or commission of the offense, makes the commission of the act possible, facilitates it, or makes it easier, or an act that strengthens or increases the infringement of legal interests by the principal offender before the principal offender's criminal act is completed, and which is closely related to the principal offender's realization of the crime. Since the offense of aiding and abetting is established as dependent upon the principal offense, there must be a causal relationship between the act of aiding and abetting and the principal offender's realization of the crime. For the offense of aiding and abetting to be established, the act of aiding and abetting must be closely related to the principal offender's realization of the crime, and it must be evaluated as having made a real contribution to the principal offender's realization of the crime, such as by causing the principal offender to realize a specific danger or by increasing the opportunity for the criminal result to occur. Where a person has merely assisted an act that is not closely related to the principal offender's realization of the crime, the offense of aiding and abetting is not established.

Where an industrial action (collective labor action) constitutes the crime of obstruction of business, if a third party facilitates the implementation of the industrial action while knowing of such circumstances, the offense of aiding and abetting obstruction of business may be established. However, in order to substantively guarantee the three labor rights (노동3권) provided for in Article 33(1) of the Constitution, it is necessary to ensure that workers or labor unions can broadly receive assistance from third parties when exercising their three labor rights; furthermore, since third parties who assist workers or labor unions also have the freedom of expression under Article 21 of the Constitution and the general freedom of action inherent in Article 10 of the Constitution, when determining whether an act of assistance in relation to an unlawful industrial action constitutes aiding and abetting obstruction of business, the scope of establishment of the offense of aiding and abetting obstruction of business must be carefully determined so as not to chill the aforementioned fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2017Do19025, decided September 9, 2021; Supreme Court Decision 2015Do12632, decided September 16, 2021, etc.).

2. Summary of the facts charged
The Defendants are the head of the ○○ Regional Headquarters and other officials of the ○○ Regional Headquarters of the Korean Railway Workers' Union (hereinafter "the Railway Union") (Defendant 7 is a former head of the Seoul Rolling Stock Branch).

Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2, who are members of the Railway Union, on the pretext of opposing the rotational transfer (순환전보) that Korea Railroad Corporation had decided to implement, climbed up, from around 06:20 on April 9, 2014, to a waiting area partway up a lighting tower approximately 15 meters in height installed at the Seoul Rolling Stock Depot, set up a two-person tent, hung a banner reading "Not even one person will be sent away. Withdraw the forced transfer," and occupied the site, thereby causing Korea Railroad Corporation, for the sake of their safety, to cut off the power to the lighting tower from around 08:35 on the same day until around 13:00 on May 2, 2014, rendering the lighting tower unable to be used for its intrinsic function of providing illumination during that period, and thereby obstructing Korea Railroad Corporation's nighttime shunting (marshalling) operations by force.

In order to support the above sit-in protest by Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2, the Defendants set up a tent at the foot of the lighting tower, held a solidarity rally (hereinafter "the rally in this case"), provided food, books, and other items needed by Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2, or climbed the lighting tower to comfort them, thereby facilitating the commission of the obstruction-of-business offense by Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2, and thereby aiding and abetting them.

3. Determination on the grounds of appeal
A. Examining the following circumstances ascertainable from the record in light of the legal principles set forth above, it is difficult to recognize a causal relationship between the Defendants' acts and the realization of the offense of obstruction of business by the principal offenders, Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2, and thus the Defendants' acts cannot be deemed to constitute the offense of aiding and abetting obstruction of business.

1) The Railway Union was preparing for a struggle opposing Korea Railroad Corporation's rotational transfer policy, but it appears that Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2 occupied the lighting tower independently of the Railway Union's prior plan, and it does not appear that the Defendants were involved in their initiation of the occupation.

2) The Defendants' act of setting up the tent and holding the rally in this case was fundamentally carried out as part of labor union activities aimed at expressing opposition to the company's rotational transfer policy and seeking its withdrawal. Even if there were some statements at the rally in this case supporting the occupation of the lighting tower, in light of their content and context, such statements cannot be said to have departed from the protected areas of freedom of expression, general freedom of action, or the right to organize, and it is difficult to view them as having made a real contribution to the realization of the crime by Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2 through the occupation of the lighting tower.

3) Considering the content of the items provided by the Defendants to Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2, the frequency, timing, and circumstances of the provision, and the characteristics of the place of occupation, it cannot be denied that the Defendants' provision of food and other items was an act required for the survival and safety of Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2, who were isolated for a long period in a narrow space installed high above the ground with no other means of receiving food; it appears that it was for this reason that the company, too, permitted the delivery of items each time after confirming their contents. Moreover, there is sufficient room to view Defendant 4's act of climbing the lighting tower on the first night of the occupation to meet Non-indicted 1 and Non-indicted 2 as having been carried out for the purpose of confirming their well-being.

4) Taking the foregoing circumstances together, even if the Defendants' acts, viewed as a whole, had some aspect of assisting the occupation of the lighting tower, it is difficult to conclude that they constitute an act of support for, or an act strengthening or increasing the infringement of legal interests arising from, the principal offenders' crime of obstructing nighttime shunting operations by rendering the lighting tower unable to be used for its intrinsic function—that is, an act closely related to the principal offenders' realization of the crime. Therefore, the Defendants' acts cannot be deemed to have a causal relationship with the act of obstruction of business sufficient to establish the offense of aiding and abetting.

B. Nevertheless, the court below, contrary to the foregoing, found the Defendants guilty of all the facts charged regarding aiding and abetting obstruction of business for the reasons stated in its judgment alone. The judgment of the court below thus contains an error affecting the judgment by misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the establishment of the offense of aiding and abetting obstruction of business, and the Defendants' grounds of appeal are therefore well-founded.

4. Conclusion
Accordingly, the judgment of the court below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination, this judgment being rendered by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Park Jeong-hwa (Presiding Justice), Justice Noh Tae-ak, Justice Oh Kyung-mi (Justice in charge)

【참조조문】

[1] 형법 제32조 제1항

[2] 헌법 제10조, 제21조, 제33조 제1항, 형법 제32조 제1항, 제314조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1][2] 대법원 2021. 9. 9. 선고 2017도19025 전원합의체 판결(공2021하, 1881), 대법원 2021. 9. 16. 선고 2015도12632 판결(공2021하, 2073)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,117자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인 1 외 6인

【상 고 인】 피고인들

【변 호 인】 법무법인 여는 담당변호사 권두섭 외 2인

【원심판결】 서울서부지법 2017. 6. 8. 선고 2016노1700 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울서부지방법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 지난 후에 제출된 상고이유보충서의 기재는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위에서)를 판단한다.

1. 관련 법리

형법 제32조 제1항은 “타인의 범죄를 방조한 자는 종범으로 처벌한다.”라고 정하고 있다. 방조란 정범의 구체적인 범행준비나 범행사실을 알고 그 실행행위를 가능·촉진·용이하게 하는 지원행위 또는 정범의 범죄행위가 종료하기 전에 정범에 의한 법익 침해를 강화·증대시키는 행위로서, 정범의 범죄 실현과 밀접한 관련이 있는 행위를 말한다. 방조범은 정범에 종속하여 성립하는 범죄이므로 방조행위와 정범의 범죄 실현 사이에는 인과관계가 필요하다. 방조범이 성립하려면 방조행위가 정범의 범죄 실현과 밀접한 관련이 있고 정범으로 하여금 구체적 위험을 실현시키거나 범죄 결과를 발생시킬 기회를 높이는 등으로 정범의 범죄 실현에 현실적인 기여를 하였다고 평가할 수 있어야 한다. 정범의 범죄 실현과 밀접한 관련이 없는 행위를 도와준 데 지나지 않는 경우에는 방조범이 성립하지 않는다.

쟁의행위가 업무방해죄에 해당하는 경우 제3자가 그러한 정을 알면서 쟁의행위의 실행을 용이하게 한 경우에는 업무방해방조죄가 성립할 수 있다. 다만 헌법 제33조 제1항이 규정하고 있는 노동3권을 실질적으로 보장하기 위해서는 근로자나 노동조합이 노동3권을 행사할 때 제3자의 조력을 폭넓게 받을 수 있도록 할 필요가 있고, 나아가 근로자나 노동조합에 조력하는 제3자도 헌법 제21조에 따른 표현의 자유나 헌법 제10조에 내재된 일반적 행동의 자유를 가지고 있으므로, 위법한 쟁의행위에 대한 조력행위가 업무방해방조에 해당하는지 판단할 때는 헌법이 보장하는 위와 같은 기본권이 위축되지 않도록 업무방해방조죄의 성립 범위를 신중하게 판단하여야 한다(대법원 2021. 9. 9. 선고 2017도19025 전원합의체 판결, 대법원 2021. 9. 16. 선고 2015도12632 판결 등 참조).

2. 공소사실의 요지

피고인들은 전국철도노동조합(이하 ‘철도노조’라고 한다) ○○본부 본부장 등 ○○본부 간부들(피고인 7은 전 서울차량지부장)이다.

철도노조 조합원인 공소외 1과 공소외 2는 한국철도공사에서 시행하기로 한 순환전보에 반대한다는 명분으로 2014. 4. 9. 06:20경부터 서울차량사업소에 설치된 높이 15m가량의 조명탑 중간 대기 장소에 올라가 2인용 텐트를 설치한 후, “단 한 명도 못 보낸다. 강제전출 철회”라고 쓴 현수막을 걸고 점거하여, 한국철도공사로 하여금 같은 날 08:35경부터 2014. 5. 2. 13:00경까지 그들의 안전을 위해 위 조명탑의 전원을 차단하게 하여 위 기간 동안 조명용도인 조명탑 본연의 기능을 사용할 수 없게 함으로써, 위력으로 한국철도공사의 야간 입환 업무를 방해하였다.

이에 피고인들은 공소외 1과 공소외 2의 위 농성을 지지하고자 조명탑 아래 천막을 설치하고, 지지집회(이하 ‘이 사건 집회’라고 한다)를 개최하고, 음식물·책 등 공소외 1과 공소외 2가 필요로 하는 물품을 제공하거나 조명탑에 올라 이들을 위로하는 방법으로 그들의 업무방해 범행을 용이하게 함으로써, 이를 방조하였다.

3. 상고이유에 관한 판단

가. 기록에 의하여 알 수 있는 다음 사정을 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 살펴보면, 피고인들의 행위와 정범인 공소외 1, 공소외 2의 업무방해죄의 실현 사이에 인과관계를 인정하기 어려우므로 피고인들의 행위가 업무방해방조죄를 구성한다고 볼 수 없다.

1) 철도노조는 한국철도공사의 순환전보 방침에 반대하는 투쟁을 준비하고 있었는데, 공소외 1과 공소외 2는 철도노조의 사전 계획과 무관하게 조명탑을 점거하였던 것으로 보이고, 이들이 점거행위를 개시하게 된 데에 피고인들이 관여하였다고 보이지 아니한다.

2) 피고인들이 천막을 설치하고 이 사건 집회를 개최한 행위는 기본적으로 회사의 순환전보 방침에 반대하는 의사를 표명하고 그 방침을 철회시키려는 노동조합 활동의 일환에서 이루어진 것이다. 이 사건 집회에서 조명탑 점거행위를 지지하는 발언이 일부 있었다고 하더라도 그 내용과 경위 등에 비추어 그러한 언행이 표현의 자유, 일반적 행동의 자유나 단결권의 보호 영역을 벗어났다고 볼 수 없고, 공소외 1과 공소외 2의 조명탑 점거행위를 통한 범죄 실현에 현실적인 기여를 하였다고 보기 어렵다.

3) 피고인들이 공소외 1과 공소외 2에게 제공한 물품의 내용, 제공의 횟수, 시기 및 경위, 점거 장소의 특성 등을 고려하여 볼 때, 피고인들이 음식물 등을 제공한 것은 고공에 설치된 좁은 공간에 장시간 고립되어 음식을 제공받을 수 있는 다른 경로가 없는 상황에 있던 공소외 1과 공소외 2의 생존과 안전을 위해 요구되는 행위임을 부정할 수 없고, 그러하기에 회사도 피고인들이 물품을 제공할 때마다 그 내용을 확인한 후 전달을 허용한 것으로 보인다. 그리고 피고인 4가 점거 첫날 밤 조명탑에 올라가 공소외 1, 공소외 2를 만난 행위는 그들의 안위를 확인하는 차원에서 이루어진 것으로 볼 여지가 충분하다.

4) 위와 같은 사정을 종합하여 보면, 피고인들의 행위가 전체적으로 보아 조명탑 점거에 일부 도움이 된 측면이 있었다고 하더라도, 조명탑 본연의 기능을 사용할 수 없게 함으로써 야간 입환 업무를 방해한다는 정범들의 범죄에 대한 지원행위 또는 그 법익 침해를 강화·증대시키는 행위로서 정범들의 범죄 실현과 밀접한 관련이 있는 행위에 해당한다고 단정하기 어렵다. 따라서 피고인들의 행위는 방조범의 성립을 인정할 정도로 업무방해 행위와 인과관계가 있다고 볼 수 없다.

나. 그런데도 원심은 이와 달리 판시와 같은 이유만으로 피고인들에 대한 업무방해방조의 공소사실을 모두 유죄로 인정하였다. 이러한 원심판결에는 업무방해방조죄의 성립에 관한 법리 등을 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있으므로, 피고인들의 상고이유 주장은 이유 있다.

4. 결론

그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박정화(재판장) 노태악 오경미(주심)

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