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대법원 2017다290613, 290620

Wages Dispute (임금·임금)임금·임금

Decided2020. 08. 27. Court대법원Case remanded (worker/instructor's position favored) - the Supreme Court found the disputed payments were wages, not valid severance pay installments, requiring recalculation of severance pay obligations
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addressed whether an academy's practice of accruing 1/12 of instructors' base salary monthly and paying it out once a year as a 'lecture completion payment' (강의종료금) constituted a legitimate severance pay installment agreement (퇴직금 분할약정) or was, in substance, ordinary wages. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that this arrangement was merely a formal device designed to circumvent the employer's severance pay (퇴직금) obligations, and that the payments were in reality wages. The case was remanded to the lower court (파기환송) for further proceedings consistent with this finding.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn academy paid instructors a 'lecture completion payment' once a year, calculated as 1/12 of their monthly base salary, claiming this was an installment payment of severance pay.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that this was merely a formal arrangement designed to avoid the employer's severance pay obligations, and that the payments were, in substance, ordinary wages.
  • LessonEmployers cannot evade severance pay (퇴직금) obligations by disguising installment payments under a different name; legitimate severance pay must still be calculated and paid separately based on actual average wages.
Issues
  • Whether an agreement to pay severance pay in installments is valid, or whether such payments are substantively wages
  • Whether the 'lecture completion payment' should be included in the calculation of average wages (평균임금) for severance pay purposes
  • Whether money paid under the guise of severance pay must be returned as unjust enrichment (부당이득)
Key reasoning

Under Korean law, agreements to pay severance pay in installments (퇴직금 분할 지급 약정) are generally invalid because severance pay must be calculated based on final average wages at the time of retirement, not paid out incrementally during employment. Where an employer structures such installment payments merely as a formal mechanism to avoid its severance pay obligations, the payments are treated as being substantively wages rather than actual severance pay. In this case, since the employment contract did not specify the calculation basis or legal ground for the 'lecture completion payment,' and the payment functioned in substance as additional compensation for work performed, the Court held it should be included in the calculation of average wages (평균임금) used to determine the proper severance pay amount.

Full text (English, AI translation) 12,792 chars

[Plaintiff(Counterclaim Defendant), Appellant] Plaintiff(Counterclaim Defendant) 1 and 1 other (Attorneys of the Law Firm Duksoo, Yoon Young-hwan and 2 others, for the Plaintiffs)
[Defendant(Counterclaim Plaintiff), Appellee] Time Contents Co., Ltd. (formerly: Time Education Co., Ltd.) (Attorney Yang Woo-bong, for the Defendant)
[Judgment Below] Seoul Eastern District Court Decision 2016Na28738, 28745 dated November 17, 2017

[Order]

The part of the judgment below against the Plaintiffs(Counterclaim Defendants) is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul Eastern District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. A. If an employer and an employee agree to pay a certain amount of money in advance as retirement pay together with the monthly salary or daily wages paid each month or each day (hereinafter referred to as the "retirement pay installment agreement"), such agreement, unless it is recognized as an interim settlement of retirement pay, constitutes a prior waiver by the employee of the right to claim retirement pay arising upon final retirement, and is therefore void as being contrary to mandatory statutory provisions. As a result, even if the employer pays money in the name of retirement pay to the employee pursuant to the retirement pay installment agreement, such payment has no effect as payment of retirement pay. Meanwhile, wages under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) mean all money paid by the employer to the employee as compensation for work, which is paid continuously and regularly to the employee, and for which the employer bears an obligation to pay pursuant to a collective agreement, work rules, salary regulations, employment contract, labor practice, etc. However, if, during the continuation of the employment relationship, money in the name of retirement pay was paid separately from the monthly salary or daily wages pursuant to a retirement pay installment agreement, but the retirement pay installment agreement is void and thus has no effect as payment of retirement pay for the reasons stated above, then the money already paid in the name of retirement pay pursuant to such agreement cannot be deemed to constitute "wages paid as compensation for work" either. Therefore, the employer has suffered damage equivalent to the amount by paying money in the name of retirement pay to the employee without legal cause, while the employee has gained a benefit equivalent to the same amount; accordingly, it is reasonable from the standpoint of equity to hold that the employee must return the money received in the name of retirement pay to the employer as unjust enrichment (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2007Da90760 dated May 20, 2010).

B. However, considering the legislative intent of establishing the retirement pay system as a mandatory statutory provision, the above legal principle applies only on the premise that a substantive retirement pay installment agreement exists between the employer and the employee. Accordingly, where the agreement concluded between the employer and the employee is in substance merely a determination of wages, but the employer has merely adopted the form of a retirement pay installment agreement in order to evade the payment of retirement pay, the above legal principle cannot be applied. That is, the above legal principle applies only where: there exists an agreement between the employer and the employee to the effect that retirement pay is included in the monthly salary or daily wages and that no separate retirement pay will be paid upon retirement; the amount of money in the name of retirement pay, as distinguished from wages, is specified; and considering the amount of wages excluding the money in the name of retirement pay, the content of the employment contract including the retirement pay installment agreement is not disadvantageous to the employee in light of the previous employment contract or the Labor Standards Act, etc. — in other words, only where the employer and the employee have agreed to substantively pay, in addition to and separately from wages, a certain amount of money in the name of retirement pay (see Supreme Court Decision 2008Da9150 dated May 27, 2010; Supreme Court Decision 2010Da95147 dated October 11, 2012, etc.).

2. The court below determined, for the reasons set forth below, that there was an agreement between the Plaintiffs(Counterclaim Defendants, hereinafter referred to as "Plaintiffs") and the Defendant to pay retirement pay in advance in installments once a year, and that the money at issue in this case (excluding the amount paid to Plaintiff 1 from November 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008) was money paid in the name of retirement pay pursuant to such agreement, and thus could not be included in the calculation of the Plaintiffs' average wages, and that the Plaintiffs must return the same to the Defendant as unjust enrichment.

A. Plaintiff 1, from July 1, 2008, and Plaintiff 2, from April 1, 2008, each received wages as determined under the wage agreement, and there is no basis to evaluate that the Plaintiffs' wage agreements became disadvantageous compared to before the merger of the Defendant(Counterclaim Plaintiff, hereinafter referred to as "Defendant").

B. The Plaintiffs' pay statements record the amount of wages calculated pursuant to the wage agreement, and separately from wages, an amount calculated as 1/12 of each wage, referred to as "lecture completion payment," is recorded in both the payment details column and the deduction details column, and the name was sometimes indicated as "retirement pay" or "contract termination payment."

C. The lecturers employed by the Defendant knew that an amount equivalent to 1/12 of the monthly wage was accumulated each month and that the total sum thereof was paid once a year.

D. Some of the Plaintiffs' service contracts state that no retirement pay, etc. may be demanded from the Defendant other than the lecture entrustment fee, and the above lecture completion payment is money not included within the scope of the wage agreement.

3. However, in light of the following circumstances recognized from the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, and applying the legal principles set forth above, there is sufficient room to find that the money at issue in this case, not only the portion paid from November 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008 which the court below recognized as wages for Plaintiff 1, but also the remaining portion, constitutes in substance the Plaintiffs' wages, as the Defendant merely adopted the form of a retirement pay installment agreement in order to evade the payment of retirement pay, and should also be included in the calculation of average wages.

A. In light of the following facts or circumstances, it can only be found that the Plaintiffs and the Defendant agreed to additionally pay the money at issue in this case in the name of actual wages, in addition to the amount stated in the wage items of the employment contract, and it cannot be found that an agreement was reached between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant to include retirement pay in the monthly salary or annual salary and not to separately pay retirement pay upon retirement.

1) The employment contracts prepared between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant do not state the basis for payment of the money at issue in this case, and only state the calculation rate of the "lecture entrustment fee (fee)" or the annual salary amount and the calculation rates of position allowance, overtime (special lecture) allowance, performance pay, variable pay, etc.; there is no separate statement that retirement pay is included in and paid together with the monthly salary or annual salary.

2) Rather, in the employment contracts prepared after 2010, a clause was added stating: "Since the Plaintiffs provide lectures under an entrustment contract in an independent capacity, they may not demand any allowance or retirement pay, etc. from the Defendant other than the lecture entrustment fee under this contract, and the Defendant likewise has no obligation to provide the same." (Article 5, Paragraph 5.5), which appears to be intended to deny the Defendant's obligation to pay retirement pay itself, on the premise of denying the Plaintiffs' status as employees.

3) In the lecture entrustment special agreement documents dated December 1, 2010 and January 27, 2012, prepared between Plaintiff 1 and the Defendant, following the agreed content regarding basic pay and variable pay, there is a statement that "the lecture completion payment for basic pay remains valid," but there is no statement regarding retirement pay.

4) The Defendant uniformly determined the amount of the money at issue in this case, accumulated monthly, as an amount equivalent to 1/12 of the lecture entrustment fee (fee) or basic pay stated among the wage items in the employment contract, without considering the Plaintiffs' average wages.

5) Meanwhile, although some of the pay statements cited by the court below as grounds for recognizing the retirement pay installment agreement contain statements to the effect that the money is in the name of "retirement pay," etc., this is merely a unilateral indication by the Defendant, and the existence of a retirement pay installment agreement cannot be recognized solely on the basis of such statement. Furthermore, since the same amount of the money at issue in this case is recorded in both the payment details section and the deduction details section of the above pay statements, this should be interpreted to mean that "the money at issue in this case is paid in the name of wages but is deducted and thus not included in the actual amount paid for the relevant month," and such circumstance likewise cannot serve as a basis for concluding that the money at issue in this case is not in the name of a portion of wages.

B. The employment contracts prepared between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant, rather than specifying an amount of money in the name of retirement pay distinguished from wages, exclude retirement pay from the subject of payment; and the pay statements prepared and delivered by the Defendant record the amount of the money at issue in this case up to the portion for February 2009, but do not indicate the specific basis for calculation, while from the portion for March 2009 onward, the amount is indicated simply as 0 won with no amount recorded at all. Considering that it is difficult to conclude that the Plaintiffs, who received wages in the form of a monthly salary, clearly distinguished between and received the portion paid as retirement pay and the portion not so paid, it likewise cannot be found that the amount of money in the name of retirement pay, distinguished from wages, was specified between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant.

C. After concluding the merger agreement around September 2007, the Defendant changed the previous method of wage payment, and from the wages for November 2007, in addition to the wage amount stated in the employment contract, accumulated an amount equivalent to 1/12 of the basic pay each month, and paid the total sum thereof once a year. The Plaintiffs admit that they received retirement pay for the period of service up to October 31, 2007 in the course of the Defendant's merger, and are claiming retirement pay for the period of service from November 1, 2007 onward. However, in Plaintiff 1's employment contract, the calculation rate of the lecture entrustment fee is stated as 35% up to October 31, 2007, 33.2% from November 1, 2007, and 34.7% from July 1, 2008. If it is found that the retirement pay installment agreement was included in the method of wage payment changed by the Defendant from the wages for November 2007, this would result in the wage amount being reduced compared to before the installment payment of retirement pay, becoming disadvantageous to the Plaintiffs, which is difficult to accept in light of the general upward trend of wage payment standards and the circumstances such as Plaintiff 1's promotion to team leader.

4. Nevertheless, the judgment below, which held otherwise based solely on the circumstances stated therein, contains an error of misapprehending the legal principles regarding retirement pay installment agreements, which affected the conclusion of the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

5. Therefore, the part of the judgment below against the Plaintiffs is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination, and it is so decided as per the Order by the unanimous consent of the Justices involved.

Justice Roh Jeong-hee (Presiding Justice), Park Sang-ok (Justice in charge), Ahn Cheol-sang, Kim Sang-hwan

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제5호, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조, 민법 제741조

[2] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제5호, 근로자퇴직급여 보장법 제8조, 민법 제741조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2010. 5. 20. 선고 2007다90760 전원합의체 판결(공2010상, 1132), 대법원 2010. 5. 27. 선고 2008다9150 판결, 대법원 2012. 10. 11. 선고 2010다95147 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,759자 · 펼쳐 보기

[원고(반소피고), 상고인] 원고(반소피고) 1 외 1인 (소송대리인 법무법인 덕수 담당변호사 윤영환 외 2인)

[피고(반소원고), 피상고인] 주식회사 타임컨텐츠(변경 전: 주식회사 타임교육) (소송대리인 변호사 양우봉)

[원심판결] 서울동부지법 2017. 11. 17. 선고 2016나28738, 28745 판결

[주 문]

원심판결 중 원고(반소피고)들 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울동부지방법원에 환송한다.

[이 유] 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 가. 사용자와 근로자가 매월 지급하는 월급이나 매일 지급하는 일당과 함께 퇴직금으로 일정한 금원을 미리 지급하기로 약정(이하 ‘퇴직금 분할 약정’이라 한다)하였다면, 그 약정은 퇴직금 중간정산으로 인정되는 경우가 아닌 한 최종 퇴직 시 발생하는 퇴직금청구권을 근로자가 사전에 포기하는 것으로서 강행법규에 위배되어 무효이고, 그 결과 퇴직금 분할 약정에 따라 사용자가 근로자에게 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급하였다 하더라도 퇴직금 지급으로서의 효력이 없다. 한편 근로기준법상 임금은 사용자가 근로의 대가로 근로자에게 지급하는 일체의 금원으로서, 근로자에게 계속적ㆍ정기적으로 지급하고 그 지급에 관하여 사용자가 단체협약, 취업규칙, 급여규정, 근로계약, 노동관행 등에 따라 지급의무를 부담하는 것을 의미한다. 그런데 근로관계의 계속 중에 퇴직금 분할 약정에 의하여 월급이나 일당과는 별도로 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급하였으나 퇴직금 분할 약정이 위와 같은 이유로 무효여서 퇴직금 지급으로서의 효력이 없다면 위 약정에 의하여 이미 지급한 퇴직금 명목의 금원은 ‘근로의 대가로 지급하는 임금’에도 해당한다고 할 수 없다. 따라서 사용자는 법률상 원인 없이 근로자에게 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 지급함으로써 그 금액 상당의 손해를 입은 반면 근로자는 같은 금액 상당의 이익을 얻은 셈이 되므로, 근로자는 수령한 퇴직금 명목의 금원을 부당이득으로 사용자에게 반환하여야 한다고 보는 것이 공평의 견지에서 합당하다(대법원 2010. 5. 20. 선고 2007다90760 전원합의체 판결 참조).

나. 다만 퇴직금 제도를 강행법규로 규정한 입법 취지를 감안할 때 위와 같은 법리는 사용자와 근로자 사이에 실질적인 퇴직금 분할 약정이 존재함을 전제로 하여 비로소 적용할 것이어서, 사용자와 근로자가 체결한 당해 약정이 실질은 임금을 정한 것에 불과함에도 불구하고 사용자가 퇴직금의 지급을 면탈하기 위하여 퇴직금 분할 약정의 형식만을 취한 것인 경우에는 위와 같은 법리를 적용할 수 없다. 즉 사용자와 근로자 사이에 월급이나 일당 등에 퇴직금을 포함시키고 퇴직 시 별도의 퇴직금을 지급하지 않는다는 취지의 합의가 존재할 뿐만 아니라, 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목 금원의 액수가 특정되고, 위 퇴직금 명목 금원을 제외한 임금의 액수 등을 고려할 때 퇴직금 분할 약정을 포함하는 근로계약의 내용이 종전의 근로계약이나 근로기준법 등에 비추어 근로자에게 불이익하지 않아야 하는 등, 사용자와 근로자가 임금과 구별하여 추가로 퇴직금 명목으로 일정한 금원을 실질적으로 지급할 것을 약정한 경우에 한하여 위와 같은 법리가 적용된다(대법원 2010. 5. 27. 선고 2008다9150 판결, 대법원 2012. 10. 11. 선고 2010다95147 판결 등 참조).

2. 원심은 아래와 같은 이유로, 원고(반소피고, 이하 ‘원고’라 한다)들과 피고 사이에 퇴직금을 연 1회씩 분할하여 미리 지급하기로 하는 합의가 있었고, 이 사건 돈(원고 1에 대하여 2007. 11. 1.부터 2008. 6. 30.까지 지급된 금액 제외)은 그러한 합의에 따라 퇴직금 명목으로 지급된 돈이어서 원고들의 평균임금 산정에 포함될 수 없고, 원고들은 피고에게 이를 부당이득으로 반환하여야 한다고 판단하였다.

가. 원고 1은 2008. 7. 1.부터, 원고 2는 2008. 4. 1.부터 각 임금약정에서 정해진 바대로 임금을 수령하였고, 원고들의 임금약정이 피고(반소원고, 이하 ‘피고’라고 한다)의 합병 전과 비교하여 불리해졌다고 평가할 부분이 없다.

나. 원고들의 급여명세서에는 임금약정에 따라 산정한 임금 액수가 기재되어 있고, 임금과 별도로 각 임금의 1/12에 해당하는 금액으로 산정된 강의종료금이 지급내역란과 공제내역란에 같이 기재되어 있으며, 명칭이 때로는 퇴직금이나 계약종료금으로 표시되기도 하였다.

다. 피고 소속 강사들은 매월 임금의 1/12에 해당하는 돈이 적립되어 연 1회 그 돈의 합계액을 지급받는다는 사실을 알고 있었다.

라. 원고들의 일부 용역계약서에 강의위탁료 외에 퇴직금 등을 피고에게 요구할 수 없다고 기재되어 있고, 위와 같은 강의종료금은 임금약정의 범위에 포함되지 않는 돈이다.

3. 그러나 원심판결 이유 및 기록에 의하여 인정되는 다음과 같은 사정을 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 보면, 이 사건 돈은 원심이 원고 1에 대한 임금으로 인정한 2007. 11. 1.부터 2008. 6. 30.까지 지급된 부분뿐 아니라, 나머지 부분 역시 피고가 퇴직금의 지급을 면탈하기 위하여 퇴직금 분할 약정의 형식만을 취한 것으로서 실질적으로 원고들의 임금에 해당하고 평균임금의 산정에도 포함된다고 볼 여지가 충분하다.

가. 아래 사실 또는 사정에 의하면, 원고들과 피고는 이 사건 돈을 근로계약서 기재 액수의 임금항목에 더하여 실질 임금 명목으로 추가지급하기로 하였다고 볼 수 있을 뿐이고, 이와 달리 원고들과 피고 사이에 월급 또는 연봉에 퇴직금을 포함시키고 퇴직 시 별도로 퇴직금을 지급하지 않기로 하는 합의가 성립되었다고 볼 수 없다.

1) 원고들과 피고 사이에 작성된 근로계약서에 이 사건 돈의 지급근거가 기재되어 있지 않고, ‘강의위탁(수수)료’의 산정비율 또는 연봉액수 및 직책수당, 초과(특강)수당, 성과급, 변동급 등의 산정비율만이 기재되어 있을 뿐이며, 달리 퇴직금을 월급 또는 연봉에 포함하여 지급한다는 기재는 없다.

2) 오히려 2010년 이후에 작성된 근로계약서에는 "원고들은 독립된 자격으로 위탁계약에 따른 강의를 제공하는 것이므로 피고에게 본 계약에 따른 강의위탁료 이외에는 수당이나 퇴직금 등을 요구할 수 없으며, 피고 또한 이를 제공할 의무가 없다."라는 조항이 추가되었고(제5조 5.5항), 이는 원고들의 근로자성을 부정하는 전제에서 피고의 퇴직금지급의무 자체를 인정하지 않는 취지로 보인다.

3) 원고 1과 피고 사이에 작성된 2010. 12. 1.자 및 2012. 1. 27.자 각 강의위탁특약사항서에 기본급 및 변동급에 관한 합의내용에 이어 ‘기본급에 대한 강의종료금 유효’라는 문구가 기재되어 있고, 퇴직금에 관한 기재는 없다.

4) 피고는 매월 적립하는 이 사건 돈의 액수를 원고들의 평균임금을 고려하지 않은 채 근로계약서에 기재된 임금항목 중 강의위탁(수수)료 또는 기본급의 1/12에 해당하는 금액으로 일률적으로 정하였다.

5) 한편 원심이 퇴직금 분할 약정의 인정 근거로 들고 있는 일부 급여명세서에 ‘퇴직금’ 등의 명목이라는 취지의 기재가 있으나, 이는 피고가 일방적으로 표시한 것에 불과하여 그 기재만을 이유로 퇴직금 분할 약정의 존재가 인정된다고 볼 수 없다. 또한 위 급여명세서의 급여지급내역 부분 및 공제내역 부분 양쪽에 모두 같은 금액의 이 사건 돈이 기재되어 있는데, 이는 ‘이 사건 돈은 급여 명목으로 지급되나 공제되어 해당 월의 실지급액수에는 포함되지 않는다’는 의미로 해석되므로, 위와 같은 사정 역시 이 사건 돈의 명목이 임금의 일부가 아니라는 근거로 삼기 어렵다.

나. 원고들과 피고 사이에 작성된 근로계약서는 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목의 금액을 특정하지 않은 채 오히려 퇴직금을 지급대상에서 제외하고 있고, 피고가 작성하여 교부한 급여명세서에도 2009. 2.분까지는 이 사건 돈의 액수가 기재되어 있으나 구체적인 산정근거는 표시되어 있지 않으며 2009. 3.분부터는 아예 0원으로 표시하였을 뿐 액수가 전혀 기재되어 있지 않다. 월급의 형태로 임금을 지급받는 원고들의 입장에서 퇴직금으로 지급되는 부분과 그렇지 않은 부분을 명확히 구별하여 지급받았다고 단정하기 어려운 점 등을 고려하면, 원고들과 피고 사이에 임금과 구별되는 퇴직금 명목의 금원의 액수가 특정되어 있다고 볼 수도 없다.

다. 피고는 2007. 9.경 합병계약을 체결한 후 종전의 임금지급방식을 변경하여 2007. 11.분 임금부터는 근로계약서에 기재된 임금 액수에 더하여 매월 기본급의 1/12에 해당하는 금액을 적립한 후 이를 합하여 매년 1회 일시 지급하였고, 원고들은 2007. 10. 31.까지의 재직기간에 대한 퇴직금은 피고의 합병 과정에서 지급받았다고 자인하며 2007. 11. 1.부터의 재직기간에 대한 퇴직금을 청구하고 있다. 그런데 원고 1의 근로계약서에 강의위탁수수료의 산정비율이 2007. 10. 31.까지는 35%로, 2007. 11. 1.부터는 33.2%로, 2008. 7. 1.부터는 34.7%로 각 기재되어 있는바, 2007. 11.분부터 피고가 변경한 임금지급방식에 퇴직금 분할 약정이 포함되어 있다고 보면 오히려 임금의 액수가 퇴직금 분할 지급 전보다 삭감되어 원고들에게 불리해진 결과가 되어 일반적인 임금지급기준의 상승 추세 및 원고 1의 팀장 승진 등의 사정에 비추어 납득하기 어렵다.

4. 그럼에도 판시와 같은 사정만을 들어 이와 달리 본 원심의 판단에는 퇴직금 분할 약정에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다. 이를 지적하는 상고이유는 이유 있다.

5. 그러므로 원심판결 중 원고들 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리ㆍ판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 노정희(재판장) 박상옥(주심) 안철상 김상환

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