Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2002도2211

Violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법위반)근로기준법위반

Decided2002. 07. 12. Court대법원Case remanded to the lower court (파기환송) — a decision favorable to the worker, as the Supreme Court rejected the employer's practice of pre-paying severance through monthly wages.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This is a Supreme Court (대법원) ruling addressing whether an employer can satisfy its severance pay (퇴직금) obligation by including a fixed amount labeled 'severance pay' in the employee's monthly wages throughout their employment. The Court held that even if an employer does this, it must still pay a separate, full severance payment when the employee actually retires or resigns. This is because severance pay only comes into existence upon termination of employment, meaning any amount paid in advance during active employment does not legally qualify as genuine severance pay.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employer included a set amount labeled 'severance pay' within employees' monthly wages instead of paying it upon retirement.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that since severance pay obligations only arise at the time of actual retirement, amounts paid monthly during employment do not count as valid severance pay.
  • LessonSeverance pay (퇴직금) must be paid separately and in full at the time an employee actually retires or resigns — employers cannot lawfully substitute this obligation by folding it into regular monthly wages in advance.
Issues
  • Whether an amount labeled 'severance pay' but paid monthly as part of regular wages has legal effect as severance pay under the Labor Standards Act
  • What are the legal requirements and proper timing for severance pay obligations under the Labor Standards Act
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, severance pay (퇴직금) is a payment obligation that arises only upon the termination of the employment relationship (i.e., when an employee retires or resigns). Because this obligation does not exist while the employment contract is still ongoing, there is no legal basis for an employer to fulfill it in advance. Consequently, any amount included in monthly wages under the label 'severance pay' during the course of employment has no legal effect as an actual severance payment under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). As a result, the employer remains fully liable to pay the complete severance amount separately at the time of actual retirement, regardless of amounts previously paid under that name.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

Article 34(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) requires an employer to establish a system whereby retirement allowances may be paid to employees upon their retirement, and since a retirement allowance arises only upon satisfaction of the requirement of retirement, i.e., the termination of the employment relationship, there is, in principle, no room for an obligation to pay a retirement allowance to arise while the employment contract remains in existence. Therefore, even if an employer and employees agree to pay a certain amount under the name of a "retirement allowance" as part of the monthly wages, and the employer actually pays such amount, this does not have the effect of payment of a retirement allowance as provided for in Article 34(1) of the Labor Standards Act.

Full text (English, AI translation) 4,505 chars

[Defendant] Defendant
[Appellant] Prosecutor
[Judgment Below] Seoul District Court Decision 2001No11117, decided April 17, 2002

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Seoul District Court.

[Reasoning]

1. The gist of the facts charged in this case is that the Defendant, as an employer who has employed six regular employees on a continuous basis to operate a vehicle management service business, failed to pay, within 14 days from the date of payment of retirement allowance, without any agreement between the parties to extend the payment deadline, the retirement allowance of 1,355,169 won owed to Non-Indicted 1, an employee who retired on February 11, 2001, and the retirement allowance of 2,173,516 won owed to Non-Indicted 2, an employee who retired on March 1, 2001.
As to this, the court below found that, at the time the employment contract was concluded, the Defendant and the employees in this case, Non-Indicted 1 and Non-Indicted 2 (hereinafter referred to as "the employees in this case"), agreed on a one-year term of employment and, in determining the wages for the one year, determined a total amount inclusive of bonuses, retirement allowance, performance pay, and all other amounts accordingly, and agreed to divide this total by 12 and pay it monthly. Based on this finding, the court below held that the employees in this case had already been paid retirement allowance equivalent thereto, and therefore no separate obligation to pay retirement allowance to them arose for the Defendant, thereby affirming as proper the fact-finding and judgment of the court of first instance, and maintained as is the judgment of the first instance court which had acquitted the Defendant.
2. However, the judgment of the court below, which held that retirement allowance had already been paid to the employees in this case and that no separate obligation to pay retirement allowance to them arose for the Defendant, cannot be upheld for the following reasons.
Article 34(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) provides that an employer shall establish a system to pay retirement allowance to an employee upon retirement, and retirement allowance is something that arises only upon the requirement of retirement, i.e., termination of the employment relationship; in principle, no obligation to pay retirement allowance arises while the employment contract remains in existence (see Supreme Court Decisions 90Da14560, decided June 28, 1991, and 95Da19256, decided May 14, 1996, etc.). Therefore, even if the Defendant and the employees in this case agreed that a certain amount would be paid under the name of retirement allowance included within the monthly wages, and even if the Defendant paid such amount, this does not have the effect of payment of retirement allowance as provided under Article 34(1) of the Labor Standards Act. (Article 34(3) of the Labor Standards Act provides for a so-called interim settlement system for retirement allowance, under which an employer may, upon the request of an employee, settle and pay in advance, before the employee's retirement, the retirement allowance for the period of continuous service rendered by the employee up to that point; however, no material can be found in the record to indicate that the agreement regarding retirement allowance set forth in the employment contract between the Defendant and the employees in this case constitutes an agreement on interim settlement of retirement allowance as provided under Article 34(3) of the Labor Standards Act.)
Nevertheless, the court below erred in finding facts in violation of the rules of evidence, or committed an error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the retirement allowance payment provisions under the Labor Standards Act, by determining that retirement allowance had already been paid to the employees in this case and that no separate obligation to pay retirement allowance to them arose for the Defendant, and by rendering an acquittal on the above facts charged against the Defendant. Accordingly, the argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.
3. Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination, and it is so decided as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Song Jin-hoon (Presiding Justice), Byun Jae-seung, Yoon Jae-sik (Justice in Charge), Lee Kyu-hong

【판결요지】

근로기준법 제34조 제1항은 사용자에 대하여 퇴직하는 근로자에게 퇴직금을 지급할 수 있는 제도를 마련할 것을 규정하고 있고, 퇴직금이란 퇴직이라는 근로관계의 종료를 요건으로 하여 비로소 발생하는 것으로 근로계약이 존속하는 동안에는 원칙으로 퇴직금 지급의무는 발생할 여지가 없는 것이므로, 사용자와 근로자들 사이에 매월 지급받는 임금 속에 퇴직금이란 명목으로 일정한 금원을 지급하기로 약정하고 사용자가 이를 지급하였다고 하여도 그것은 근로기준법 제34조 제1항에서 정하는 퇴직금 지급으로서의 효력은 없다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제34조 제1항

【참조판례】

대법원 1973. 10. 10. 선고 73다278 판결(집21-3, 민57), 대법원 1991. 6. 28. 선고 90다14560 판결(공1991, 2015), 대법원 1996. 5. 14. 선고 95다19256 판결(공1996하, 1837), 대법원 1998. 3. 24. 선고 96다24699 판결(공1998상, 1131)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,739자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인

【상 고 인】 검 사

【원심판결】 서울지법 2002. 4. 17. 선고 2001노11117 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이 유】 1. 이 사건 공소사실의 요지는, 피고인이 상시근로자 6명을 고용하여 차량관리용역업을 행하여 온 사용자로서 2001. 2. 11. 퇴직한 근로자인 공소외 1의 퇴직금 1,355,169원 및 2001. 3. 1. 퇴직한 근로자 공소외 2의 퇴직금 2,173,516원을 당사자 간의 지급기일 연장에 관한 합의 없이 퇴직금 지급일로부터 14일 이내에 각 지급하지 아니하였다는 것이다.

이에 대하여 원심은, 피고인과 이 사건 근로자들인 공소외 1, 공소외 2(이하 ‘이 사건 근로자들’이라 한다)는 근로계약을 체결할 당시 근로기간은 1년으로 약정하고 1년의 임금을 정함에 있어 총액을 기준으로 보너스, 퇴직금, 성과급과 그에 따른 모든 금액을 포함하여 결정한 후 이를 12분하여 매월 지급하기로 약정한 사실을 인정한 다음, 위 사실에 기초하여 이 사건 근로자들에게는 그에 상당하는 퇴직금이 지급되었다고 할 것이므로 피고인에게는 그와는 별도로 이들에 대한 퇴직금지급의무가 발생하지 아니한다고 할 것이라고 판단한 제1심의 사실인정과 판단은 정당하다고 하여 피고인에 대하여 무죄를 선고한 제1심판결을 그대로 유지하고 있다.

2. 그러나 이 사건 근로자들에게 퇴직금이 이미 지급되었고, 피고인에게는 그와는 별도로 이들에 대한 퇴직금지급의무가 발생하지 아니한다고 한 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 점에서 수긍할 수 없다.

근로기준법 제34조 제1항은 사용자에 대하여 퇴직하는 근로자에게 퇴직금을 지급할 수 있는 제도를 마련할 것을 규정하고 있고, 퇴직금이란 퇴직이라는 근로관계의 종료를 요건으로 하여 비로소 발생하는 것으로 근로계약이 존속하는 동안에는 원칙으로 퇴직금 지급의무는 발생할 여지가 없는 것이므로(대법원 1991. 6. 28. 선고 90다14560 판결, 1996. 5. 14. 선고 95다19256 판결 등 참조), 피고인과 이 사건 근로자들 사이에 매월 지급받는 임금 속에 퇴직금이란 명목으로 일정한 금원을 지급하기로 약정하고 피고인이 이를 지급하였다고 하여도 그것은 근로기준법 제34조 제1항에서 정하는 퇴직금 지급으로서의 효력은 없다고 할 것이다(근로기준법 제34조 제3항은 사용자는 근로자의 요구가 있는 경우에는 근로자가 퇴직하기 전에 당해 근로자가 계속 근로한 기간에 대한 퇴직금을 미리 정산하여 지급할 수 있다고 규정하여 이른바 퇴직금 중간정산제를 두고 있으나, 피고인과 이 사건 근로자들과의 근로계약에서 정한 위 퇴직금에 관한 약정이 근로기준법 제34조 제3항이 규정하고 있는 퇴직금 중간정산에 관한 약정이라고 볼 아무런 자료도 기록상 발견할 수 없다).

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심이 이 사건 근로자들에게 퇴직금이 이미 지급되었고, 피고인에게는 그와는 별도로 이들에 대한 퇴직금지급의무가 발생하지 아니한다고 판단하여 피고인에 대한 위 공소사실에 대하여 무죄를 선고한 것은 채증법칙에 위배하여 사실을 잘못 인정하였거나 근로기준법 소정의 퇴직금지급규정에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법을 저지른 경우에 해당한다 할 것이므로, 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유의 주장은 그 이유 있다 할 것이다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 송진훈(재판장) 변재승 윤재식(주심) 이규홍

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