Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2014다74254

Wages (임금) Case임금

Decided2017. 12. 05. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In a case where a security guard disputed whether rest periods during his shift should count as working hours (근로시간), the Supreme Court of Korea (대법원) ruled in favor of the employer. The Court held that since the guard could freely rest in the duty room without direct supervision or control from the employer, that time qualified as a rest period (휴게시간) rather than working hours. The Court emphasized that whether rest time counts as working hours must be determined case-by-case, based on factors such as the degree of employer supervision and the availability of independent resting facilities, regardless of industry type.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA security guard claimed unpaid wages, arguing that rest time spent in the duty room during his shift should be counted as working hours.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that since the guard could rest freely in the duty room without direct supervision from the employer, this time qualified as a rest period, not working hours.
  • LessonWhether rest time counts as working hours depends primarily on the actual degree of employer supervision and whether an independent resting space was provided.
Issues
  • Whether rest periods and sleep time during a shift qualify as working hours (근로시간)
  • The legal characterization of standby time in surveillance-type work (감시적 근로)
Key reasoning

The core criterion for distinguishing working hours from rest periods is whether the employer exercised supervision and control (지휘감독) over the employee during that time. In this case, the security guard had access to an independent duty room where he could rest freely, and the workplace operated an unmanned electronic security system, meaning his presence was not strictly required for active monitoring. Given these circumstances, the Court found that the guard was substantially free from the employer's direct control during the disputed hours. Therefore, this time was properly classified as a rest period rather than compensable working time, even though the guard remained on the premises.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

Working hours refer to the time during which an employee provides labor pursuant to the employment contract while being subject to the employer's direction and supervision, and rest hours refer to the time during working hours during which the employee is released from the employer's direction and supervision and may freely use as he or she wishes. Accordingly, even standby time or time spent resting or sleeping during which the employee is not actually engaged in work should be deemed included in working hours if such time is not guaranteed to be freely used by the employee but is, in substance, time during which the employee remains under the employer's direction and supervision. Whether rest time or sleep time stipulated in an employment contract falls under working hours or rest hours should not be determined uniformly according to the particular industry or type of work involved. Rather, it must be determined specifically on a case-by-case basis by comprehensively considering various circumstances, including the content of the employment contract, the provisions of the rules of employment and collective agreement applicable at the relevant workplace, the content of the duties provided by the employee and the specific manner in which work is performed at the relevant workplace, whether the employer interferes with or supervises the employee during rest periods, whether a place of rest that can be freely used is provided, and other circumstances—and the degree thereof—that may indicate interference with the employee's substantive rest or the existence of the employer's direction and supervision.

Full text (English, AI translation) 5,085 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Security Co., Ltd. (Attorney Hwang Byeong-gi of Myeongdeok Law Firm, as Litigation Representative)
[Judgment Below] Seoul Eastern District Court Decision 2013Na3226 Decided September 3, 2014

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Article 50, Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) provide that working hours per week, excluding rest hours, shall not exceed 40 hours, and working hours per day, excluding rest hours, shall not exceed 8 hours. Paragraph 3 of the same Article provides that, in calculating working hours under Paragraphs 1 and 2, standby time during which an employee remains under the direction and supervision of the employer for the purpose of work shall be deemed working hours.

Working hours refer to the time during which an employee provides labor pursuant to the employment contract while under the direction and supervision of the employer, and rest hours refer to the time during working hours during which the employee is released from the employer's direction and supervision and is free to use as he or she wishes. Accordingly, even standby time or rest/sleep time during which an employee is not actually engaged in work during working hours must be regarded as included in working hours if the employee is not guaranteed free use of such time but is, in substance, under the direction and supervision of the employer (see Supreme Court Decision 2006Da41990, decided November 23, 2006, among others). Whether rest hours or sleep hours stipulated in an employment contract fall under working hours or rest hours should not be determined uniformly according to a particular industry or type of work. Rather, this must be determined specifically in each individual case by comprehensively considering various circumstances, including the content of the employment contract, the provisions of the rules of employment and collective agreement applicable to the workplace concerned, the content of the work provided by the employee and the specific manner of performing such work at the workplace concerned, whether the employer interferes with or supervises the employee during rest periods, whether a rest area that the employee can freely use is provided, and other circumstances that may indicate interference with the employee's actual rest or the existence and degree of the employer's direction and supervision.

2. The court below, citing the following circumstances, determined that it is difficult to view the substance of the rest hours stipulated in the employment contract at issue in this case as constituting working hours or standby time that may be deemed working hours.

A. The Plaintiff entered into the employment contract at issue with the Defendant, which was established for purposes including night-duty security, and worked as a security guard at ○○ Elementary School from June 1, 2009 to December 21, 2009, and at △△ Library from January 1, 2010 to November 21, 2010. The Plaintiff's duties consisted of security or patrol for crime prevention and protection purposes after regular working hours on weekdays and on weekends, which constitutes monitoring-type labor (감시적 근로).

B. Both ○○ Elementary School and △△ Library were equipped with a duty room where rest or sleep was possible, and the Plaintiff was able to take rest in a spatially independent area during the rest hours.

C. Both ○○ Elementary School and △△ Library were equipped with unmanned electronic security systems that primarily handled security duties, and once the unmanned electronic security system was activated, it appears that there was little else for the Plaintiff to do.

D. There is no indication that the Defendant, as the employer, individually and specifically instructed the Plaintiff to perform security or patrol duties during work, supervised the Plaintiff's work status, or requested separate reports during work, and it does not appear that any emergency situation such as a fire or theft occurred during the Plaintiff's period of employment.

3. In light of the legal principles set forth above, the judgment of the court below is justified. There is no error in the judgment of the court below, such as failing to conduct the necessary examination or misunderstanding the legal principles concerning working hours and rest hours, or violating Supreme Court precedent, as alleged in the grounds of appeal. Supreme Court Decision 99Da7367, decided September 22, 2000, cited as a ground of appeal, involves facts different from those of the present case and is therefore not appropriate to invoke in this case.

4. Since the Plaintiff's appeal is without merit, it is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This Judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.

Justice Kim Chang-seok (Presiding Justice), Park Bo-yeong, Lee Ki-taek, Kim Jae-hyeong (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

근로시간이란 근로자가 사용자의 지휘·감독을 받으면서 근로계약에 따른 근로를 제공하는 시간을 말하고, 휴게시간이란 근로시간 도중에 사용자의 지휘·감독으로부터 해방되어 근로자가 자유로이 이용할 수 있는 시간을 말한다. 따라서 근로자가 작업시간 도중에 실제로 작업에 종사하지 않은 대기시간이나 휴식·수면시간이라 하더라도 근로자에게 자유로운 이용이 보장된 것이 아니라 실질적으로 사용자의 지휘·감독을 받고 있는 시간이라면 근로시간에 포함된다고 보아야 한다. 근로계약에서 정한 휴식시간이나 수면시간이 근로시간에 속하는지 휴게시간에 속하는지는 특정 업종이나 업무의 종류에 따라 일률적으로 판단할 것이 아니다. 이는 근로계약의 내용이나 해당 사업장에 적용되는 취업규칙과 단체협약의 규정, 근로자가 제공하는 업무의 내용과 해당 사업장에서의 구체적 업무 방식, 휴게 중인 근로자에 대한 사용자의 간섭이나 감독 여부, 자유롭게 이용할 수 있는 휴게 장소의 구비 여부, 그 밖에 근로자의 실질적 휴식을 방해하거나 사용자의 지휘·감독을 인정할 만한 사정이 있는지와 그 정도 등 여러 사정을 종합하여 개별 사안에 따라 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제50조, 제54조

【참조판례】

대법원 2006. 11. 23. 선고 2006다41990 판결(공2007상, 36)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,909자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 주식회사 한국경비 (소송대리인 법무법인 명덕 담당변호사 황병기)

【원심판결】 서울동부지법 2014. 9. 3. 선고 2013나3226 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 근로기준법 제50조 제1, 2항은 1주간의 근로시간은 휴게시간을 제외하고 40시간을 초과할 수 없고, 1일의 근로시간은 휴게시간을 제외하고 8시간을 초과할 수 없다고 정하고 있다. 같은 조 제3항은 제1, 2항에 따른 근로시간을 산정함에 있어 작업을 위하여 근로자가 사용자의 지휘·감독 아래에 있는 대기시간 등은 근로시간으로 본다고 정하고 있다.

근로시간이란 근로자가 사용자의 지휘·감독을 받으면서 근로계약에 따른 근로를 제공하는 시간을 말하고, 휴게시간이란 근로시간 도중에 사용자의 지휘·감독으로부터 해방되어 근로자가 자유로이 이용할 수 있는 시간을 말한다. 따라서 근로자가 작업시간 도중에 실제로 작업에 종사하지 않은 대기시간이나 휴식·수면시간이라 하더라도 근로자에게 자유로운 이용이 보장된 것이 아니라 실질적으로 사용자의 지휘·감독을 받고 있는 시간이라면 근로시간에 포함된다고 보아야 한다(대법원 2006. 11. 23. 선고 2006다41990 판결 등 참조). 근로계약에서 정한 휴식시간이나 수면시간이 근로시간에 속하는지 휴게시간에 속하는지는 특정 업종이나 업무의 종류에 따라 일률적으로 판단할 것이 아니다. 이는 근로계약의 내용이나 해당 사업장에 적용되는 취업규칙과 단체협약의 규정, 근로자가 제공하는 업무의 내용과 해당 사업장에서의 구체적 업무 방식, 휴게 중인 근로자에 대한 사용자의 간섭이나 감독 여부, 자유롭게 이용할 수 있는 휴게 장소의 구비 여부, 그 밖에 근로자의 실질적 휴식을 방해하거나 사용자의 지휘·감독을 인정할 만한 사정이 있는지와 그 정도 등 여러 사정을 종합하여 개별 사안에 따라 구체적으로 판단하여야 한다.

2. 원심은 다음과 같은 사정 등을 들어 이 사건 고용계약에서 정한 휴게시간의 실질이 근로시간 또는 근로시간으로 간주할 수 있는 대기시간에 해당한다고 보기 어렵다고 판단하였다.

가. 원고는 숙직경비 등을 목적으로 설립된 피고와 이 사건 고용계약을 체결한 다음, 2009. 6. 1.부터 2009. 12. 21.까지는 ○○초등학교에서, 2010. 1. 1.부터 2010. 11. 21.까지는 △△도서관에서 경비원으로 근무하였다. 원고의 업무는 평일 일과 후와 주말에 방범, 방호를 위한 경비 또는 순찰을 하는 것으로서 감시적(監視的) 근로에 해당한다.

나. ○○초등학교와 △△도서관에는 휴식이나 수면이 가능한 당직실이 마련되어 있어 원고는 휴게시간 동안 장소적으로 독립된 공간에서 휴식을 취할 수 있었다.

다. ○○초등학교와 △△도서관에는 1차적으로 경비 업무를 담당하는 무인전자경비시스템이 설치되어 있어, 무인전자경비시스템이 작동되면 원고로서는 달리 할 일이 거의 없었을 것으로 보인다.

라. 사용자인 피고가 근무 중에 원고에게 개별적·구체적으로 경비 또는 순찰을 지시하거나 근무상황을 감독하거나 별도의 보고를 요구한 흔적이 없고, 원고의 근무기간 동안 화재, 도난 등 긴급한 상황이 발생한 경우도 없는 것으로 보인다.

3. 위에서 본 법리에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 판단은 정당하다. 원심의 판단에 상고이유 주장과 같이 필요한 심리를 다하지 않은 채 근로시간과 휴게시간에 관한 법리를 오해하거나 대법원판례를 위반하는 등의 잘못이 없다. 상고이유로 들고 있는 대법원 2000. 9. 22. 선고 99다7367 판결은 이 사건과는 사안이 다르므로 이 사건에 원용하기에 적절하지 않다.

4. 원고의 상고는 이유 없으므로 이를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김창석(재판장) 박보영 이기택 김재형(주심)

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