Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2003다63029

Wage Claim Case임금등

Decided2005. 02. 18. Court대법원Reversed and remanded (파기환송) - the case was sent back to the lower court for further proceedings, favoring the worker's position on the invalidity of the continued leave of absence.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This is a Supreme Court (대법원) ruling addressing a worker who was detained (구속) in connection with a criminal case and subsequently released after the detention was canceled (구속취소). The Court held that once the worker was released, there was no longer valid justification for the employer to continue the ordered leave of absence (명령휴직), making it invalid. Additionally, the Court ruled that a standby assignment (대기발령) must be evaluated by weighing business necessity against the disadvantage to the employee, within the scope of the employer's personnel authority (인사권).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company continued to enforce an ordered leave of absence (명령휴직) and standby assignment (대기발령) against a worker even after he was released from detention related to a criminal case.
  • OutcomeThe Court ruled that once the worker was released following cancellation of detention, there was no valid justification for continuing the leave of absence, rendering it invalid; standby assignments must be evaluated by balancing business necessity against employee disadvantage.
  • LessonEmployers must promptly lift a leave of absence order once a worker's detention is canceled and released, and any personnel action such as standby assignment must be carefully justified by weighing business needs against the harm to the employee.
Issues
  • Whether an employer's ordered leave of absence (명령휴직) remains valid after a criminally detained worker is released following cancellation of the detention
  • Whether an employer's standby assignment (대기발령) falls within the legitimate scope of personnel authority (인사권)
  • Whether the worker is entitled to claim unpaid wages during the period of the ordered leave of absence and standby assignment
Key reasoning

The Court reasoned that after the worker's detention was canceled and he was released, he was no longer unable to perform work for a substantial period, nor was his ability to perform work severely inadequate. Therefore, there was no valid justification for the employer to continue enforcing the ordered leave of absence (명령휴직), and continuing it was deemed invalid. Regarding the standby assignment (대기발령), the Court held that such personnel actions fall within the employer's discretionary personnel authority (인사권), but must be justified by weighing the business necessity of the assignment against the resulting disadvantage to the employee. This balancing test is essential to determine whether the standby assignment was a legitimate exercise of managerial discretion or an abuse of that authority.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In light of the purport of Article 30(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), which restricts an employer from placing an employee on leave without justifiable cause, even where a leave-of-absence provision in the employer's rules of employment or collective agreement grants the employer the authority to order a leave of absence upon the occurrence of a specified cause for leave, such authority should be deemed to have justifiable cause only where, taking into account all the specific circumstances—including the purpose and actual function of the relevant leave-of-absence provision, the reasonableness of the exercise of the authority to order leave, and the disadvantages in status and economic terms that the employee would suffer as a result—it is found that the employee is unable to provide labor for a considerable period, or that it is very inappropriate for the employee to provide labor.

[2] Where an employee was detained in connection with a criminal case and then indicted without detention, the cause itself for an order of leave of absence as provided in the employer's personnel regulations shall be deemed to have occurred, and since the employee falls under the case of being unable to provide labor for a considerable period until released, the employer's disposition of ordering leave of absence with respect to that employee can be deemed to have had justifiable cause; however, in a case holding that, after the employee was released due to cancellation of the detention, the employee no longer falls under the case of being unable to provide labor for a considerable period, and in light of all the circumstances including the purpose of the leave-of-absence order provision, it cannot be said that it is very inappropriate for the employee to provide labor, and thus there was no justifiable cause for continuing to maintain the said leave-of-absence disposition.

[3] Since it is indispensable for an enterprise to redeploy its labor force or adjust the supply and demand thereof in order to continuously maintain its activities, personnel orders, including a standby order (waiting-for-order disposition), in principle belong to the inherent authority of the employer who holds the power of personnel management; accordingly, considerable discretion must be recognized in the employer with respect to such personnel orders within the scope necessary for business operations, and such orders cannot be deemed unlawful absent special circumstances such as a violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or the like, or constituting an abuse of rights. Whether a standby order falls within the scope of a legitimate exercise of personnel authority should be determined by weighing the business necessity of the standby order against the disadvantages to the employee's living conditions resulting therefrom, and by considering whether procedures required under the principle of good faith, such as consultation with the employee, were followed in the process of issuing the standby order. Whether a sincere consultation procedure was conducted with the employee concerned can be considered one factor in determining whether the exercise of personnel authority was legitimate, but the mere fact that such a procedure was not followed cannot, in itself, render the standby order an abuse of rights and thus automatically invalid.

Full text (English, AI translation) 21,873 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Kim Won-jin, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] National Agricultural Cooperative Federation
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2003Na29427 rendered on October 23, 2003

[Order]

The part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff concerning the wage claim for the period from January 1, 2000 to August 19, 2001 is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. The Plaintiff's remaining appeal is dismissed.

[Reasoning]

1. Facts
According to the facts lawfully established by the court below by citing the reasoning of the first instance judgment and the record, the following facts may be known.

A. The Plaintiff was newly employed by the National Livestock Cooperatives Federation (hereinafter "Livestock Cooperatives") on November 3, 1987, and while working there, was arrested on August 6, 1998 on suspicion of occupational breach of trust. The suspected facts were as follows: "While the Plaintiff was working as the finance manager at the Seoul Branch of the Livestock Cooperatives, in conspiracy with a non-party who was the sales manager of the said branch, in extending a loan from the Livestock Development Fund to Bukwon Agricultural Products Co., Ltd. around September 1997, in breach of his occupational duty to confirm that Bukwon Agricultural Products had invested its own contribution and to secure sufficient collateral before extending the loan, while recognizing the possibility that the receipt for advance construction payment, which served as the basis for the claim that Bukwon Agricultural Products had invested KRW 2 billion of its own contribution, had been falsely prepared, nevertheless extended a loan of KRW 3.62 billion while securing only real estate collateral with an appraised value of KRW 1.225 billion without obtaining any other collateral, thereby causing property damage to the Livestock Cooperatives equivalent to the amount of the said loan."

B. Article 32, Item 3 and Article 33, Item 3 of the Personnel Regulations of the Livestock Cooperatives classified the types of leave of absence into sick leave, military service leave, ordered leave, childcare leave, requested leave, study abroad leave, etc., and provided that "when a person is detained or indicted for a criminal case, ordered leave may be granted until one month after the judgment becomes final." When the Plaintiff was detained as above, the Livestock Cooperatives, applying the said Personnel Regulations, placed the Plaintiff on ordered leave on August 14, 1998.

C. The Plaintiff was released on September 1 of the same year upon the prosecutor's cancellation of detention, and when he was indicted without detention for violation of the Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crimes (Breach of Trust), he applied to the Livestock Cooperatives for reinstatement around that time, but the Livestock Cooperatives did not accept this.

D. In the said criminal case, the Plaintiff was sentenced to 2 years' imprisonment with 3 years' suspension of execution at the first instance on November 6, 1998, and to 1 year and 6 months' imprisonment with 3 years' suspension of execution at the appellate instance on February 23, 1999, both guilty verdicts. However, the Supreme Court reversed and remanded the said appellate judgment on April 27, 2001, and upon remand, the appellate court, on July 20 of the same year, rendered a not-guilty verdict for the Plaintiff on the ground that, apart from whether the Plaintiff was negligent in connection with the said loan to Bukwon Agricultural Products, he did not intentionally breach his occupational duty, and that judgment became final on the 28th of the same month.

E. Meanwhile, on January 28, 1999, the Livestock Cooperatives convened a Compensation Adjudication Committee regarding the Plaintiff, but decided to reserve the decision until the amount of the Livestock Cooperatives' loss was accurately calculated, to be reconsidered later.

F. The Defendant, established pursuant to the Agricultural Cooperatives Act (농업협동조합법), which was enacted as Act No. 6018 on September 7, 1999 and took effect on July 1, 2000, comprehensively succeeded to the rights and obligations of the Livestock Cooperatives pursuant to Article 7, Paragraph 1 of the Addenda to the said Act, and also succeeded to the employment relationships with the employees of the Livestock Cooperatives, including the Plaintiff.

G. After the not-guilty judgment against the Plaintiff became final, the Defendant reinstated the Plaintiff on August 20, 2001, but on the same day, in order to convene a Personnel Committee to determine whether to impose disciplinary action or compensation measures against the Plaintiff, placed the Plaintiff on standby assignment. On January 3, 2002, when the grounds for the standby assignment were resolved, the standby assignment was lifted and the Plaintiff was ordered to work at the Defendant's Mokpo-Sinan-gun Branch.

H. Article 15, Paragraph 2, Item 1 and Article 16, Paragraph 1, Item 1 of the Defendant's Personnel Regulations, applicable to the Plaintiff from July 1, 2000, provide that "when a person is indicted for a criminal case, ordered leave may be granted until one month after the judgment becomes final," and Article 24, Paragraph 1, Item 4 provides that "when a matter falls under grounds for disciplinary action and is referred to the Personnel Committee, standby assignment may be ordered."

I. Article 7, Paragraph 2, Item 6 of the Livestock Cooperatives' Salary Regulations, which applied to the Plaintiff until March 31, 2001, provides that "no salary shall be paid during the period of ordered leave," while Article 8, Paragraph 2, Item 6 and Paragraph 4 of the Defendant's Employee Salary Regulations, applicable to the Plaintiff from April 1, 2001, provide that "an amount equivalent to 80% of the fixed salary shall be paid to those on ordered leave and those on standby assignment." The Defendant, pursuant to the Defendant's Employee Salary Regulations applicable to the Plaintiff from April 1, 2001, paid the Plaintiff an amount equivalent to 80% of the fixed salary, being the base salary plus position allowance, for the period of ordered leave and standby assignment from that date until January 2, 2002.

2. Judgment of the Court Below
The court below, with respect to this claim in which the Plaintiff sought payment of unpaid wages for the period from January 1, 2000 to January 2, 2002, arguing that after the cancellation of detention and release on September 1, 1998, the Plaintiff no longer fell under a case where he would be unable to provide labor for a considerable period or where it would be found very inappropriate for him to provide labor, and that therefore the measures of the Livestock Cooperatives and the Defendant in not accepting the Plaintiff's application for reinstatement and continuing to maintain the ordered leave lacked justifiable grounds and were void, held as follows. In light of the facts as shown above — namely, that the Plaintiff was detained on suspicion of causing damage to the Livestock Cooperatives by extending a loan from the Livestock Development Fund to Bukwon Agricultural Products in breach of his occupational duty; that the detention was not cancelled on the ground that the Plaintiff was not suspected; that the Plaintiff was found guilty at the first instance and appellate court in connection with the said loan; that the ground for the not-guilty verdict was that the Plaintiff lacked intent to commit occupational breach of trust in connection with the said loan, without any determination being made as to the existence of negligence; and that the Defendant's Personnel Committee was convened to discuss whether to take disciplinary action or compensation measures against the Plaintiff — the court below held that the Personnel Regulations of the Livestock Cooperatives and the Defendant, which allow ordered leave for employees indicted for criminal cases, cannot be interpreted as applying only to cases of indictment with detention and not to cases of indictment without detention. Accordingly, the court below held that the ordered leave and standby assignment imposed on the Plaintiff by the Livestock Cooperatives and the Defendant in accordance with the Personnel Regulations applicable to the Plaintiff were justified, and further that the restricted payment of salary in accordance with the Salary Regulations was also justified, and thus rejected the Plaintiff's claim in its entirety.

3. Judgment of This Court
However, it is difficult to accept the measure of the court below in rejecting the Plaintiff's claim in its entirety, for the following reasons.

A. Regarding the wage claim for the period of ordered leave

Leave of absence refers to a disposition by the employer whereby, when a cause arises making it impossible or inappropriate for a certain employee to perform his duties, the employee's status is maintained while he is prohibited from performing his duties for a certain period; such a leave system is customarily provided for in the employer's rules of employment or collective bargaining agreement. However, in light of the purport of Article 30, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), which restricts an employer from placing an employee on leave without justifiable grounds, even where such leave-authorizing provisions grant the employer the power to order leave upon the occurrence of certain grounds for leave, and even where the prescribed grounds exist, justifiable grounds should be found to exist only where, taking into account all specific circumstances such as the purpose and actual function of the leave provision at issue, the reasonableness of the exercise of the power to order leave, and the disadvantages in status and economic terms that the employee would suffer as a result, it is found that the employee would be unable to provide labor for a considerable period, or that it would be very inappropriate for the employee to provide labor (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da16690 rendered on November 13, 1992).

In this case, the Plaintiff was detained on August 6, 1998, released on September 1 of the same year upon the prosecutor's cancellation of detention, and then indicted without detention. Since the Personnel Regulations of the Livestock Cooperatives and the Defendant provide that ordered leave may be granted until one month after the judgment becomes final "when a person is detained or indicted for a criminal case (Livestock Cooperatives)" or "when a person is indicted for a criminal case (Defendant)," insofar as the Plaintiff was detained for a criminal case and then indicted without detention, the ground for ordered leave prescribed in the Personnel Regulations of the Livestock Cooperatives or the Defendant itself had arisen. Furthermore, insofar as the Livestock Cooperatives regarded the Plaintiff, who was detained on suspicion of occupational breach of trust causing damage of KRW 3.62 billion, as falling under a case where he would be unable to provide labor for a considerable period, the ordered leave imposed by the Livestock Cooperatives may be viewed, absent other special circumstances, as having had justifiable grounds until the Plaintiff was released.

However, since the Plaintiff was not detained again after being released on September 1, 1998 upon the prosecutor's cancellation of detention, it is clear that the Plaintiff no longer fell under a case where he would be unable to provide labor for a considerable period, and the only remaining issue is whether it would be very inappropriate for the Plaintiff to provide labor. Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the Livestock Cooperatives' Personnel Regulations provides that "when an employee applies for reinstatement, reinstatement shall be ordered within 10 days absent special grounds," and Paragraph 2 of the same Article provides that "if reinstatement is not ordered within the period set forth in Paragraph 1, it shall be deemed an extension of the leave period." Since the Plaintiff, as noted above, applied to the Livestock Cooperatives for reinstatement after his release, taking into account all specific circumstances such as the purpose and actual function of the ordered leave provision, the reasonableness of the exercise of the power to order leave, and the disadvantages in status and economic terms that the Plaintiff would suffer as a result, only where it is found that it would be very inappropriate for the Plaintiff to provide labor for a considerable period could the measures of the Livestock Cooperatives in not accepting the Plaintiff's application for reinstatement, and of the Livestock Cooperatives and the Defendant in continuing to maintain the previous ordered leave, be evaluated as having justifiable grounds.

However, since the Salary Regulations of the Livestock Cooperatives provide that no salary shall be paid at all during the period of ordered leave, the continued maintenance of ordered leave for the Plaintiff, who was indicted without detention around September 1998, until around August 20, 2001, after the not-guilty verdict became final on July 28, 2001, can be seen as tantamount to dismissal in substance. Meanwhile, Article 35, Paragraph 1 of the Livestock Cooperatives' Personnel Regulations provides that standby assignment may be ordered when a person falls under one of the following: "a person whose work performance is extremely poor or whose work attitude is extremely unfaithful (Item 1), a person for whom disciplinary referral is being requested or who has been referred for disciplinary action (Item 3), a person in connection with a serious fraud or unusual accident where such measure is necessary for handling the matter or preventing its expansion and who is deemed likely to destroy evidence (Item 4), or other cases deemed unavoidable due to administrative circumstances (Item 7)," and Article 7, Paragraph 3 of the Livestock Cooperatives' Salary Regulations provides that a person who has received such standby assignment shall be paid the base salary. Even though there may be room to view that, since the Plaintiff was even detained on suspicion of occupational breach of trust allegedly causing KRW 3.62 billion in damage to the Livestock Cooperatives, and was indicted without detention and found guilty at both the first instance and appellate court, it was not appropriate to entrust the Plaintiff with the duties of the Livestock Cooperatives or the Defendant, Article 27, Paragraph 4 of the Constitution (헌법) provides that "a criminal defendant shall be presumed innocent until a guilty verdict is finalized," and the Plaintiff was ultimately found not guilty and that judgment became final, on the ground that intent to commit occupational breach of trust was not recognized. Furthermore, although the Plaintiff's negligence became an issue and the Plaintiff was referred to the Personnel Committee and the Compensation Adjudication Committee, there is no material to show that the Plaintiff actually received any disciplinary or compensation disposition thereafter. Considering all specific circumstances appearing in the record, including the fact that, under the Personnel Regulations and Salary Regulations of the Livestock Cooperatives, a person subjected to ordered leave under the ordered leave provision at issue in this case would, with respect to salary, etc., suffer a highly disadvantageous disposition tantamount to dismissal, and the period of approximately three years of the ordered leave at issue in this case, together with the purpose and actual function of the ordered leave provision at issue in this case, the reasonableness of the exercise of the power to order leave, and the disadvantages in status and economic terms that the Plaintiff would suffer as a result, the measure of exercising the power to order leave — thereby prohibiting the Plaintiff from providing any labor whatsoever — on the sole ground that the Plaintiff was indicted without detention for the aforementioned criminal facts, judging that it would be very inappropriate for the Plaintiff to provide labor, cannot but be regarded as a disposition lacking reasonableness under social norms. Furthermore, in light of the fact that although guilty verdicts were subsequently rendered at the first instance and appellate court, they were suspended-sentence judgments that did not impede the actual provision of labor, the mere fact that such judgments were rendered cannot be seen as giving rise to justifiable grounds for the ordered leave disposition. Moreover, even though the Plaintiff came to be subject, from April 1, 2001, to the Defendant's Employee Salary Regulations providing for payment of an amount equivalent to 80% of the fixed salary, being the base salary plus position allowance, to persons on leave, insofar as there was no change in the grounds for the ordered leave, this circumstance alone cannot be said to provide justifiable grounds for continuing to maintain the ordered leave disposition against the Plaintiff. Therefore, the ordered leave for the period from January 1, 2000, as sought by the Plaintiff, must be deemed void.

If so, since the Plaintiff cannot but be regarded as having been unable to perform his obligation under the employment contract to provide labor due to causes attributable to the Livestock Cooperatives or the Defendant during the period from January 1, 2000 until August 19, 2001, immediately before the standby assignment at issue in this case, the Plaintiff may claim payment of the wages he would have received had he continued to work during the said period.

Nevertheless, the court below, for the reasons stated in its judgment alone, determined that the ordered leave at issue in this case against the Plaintiff was justified, and rejected the Plaintiff's wage claim for the said period without further examination. Accordingly, the judgment below is illegal in that it misapprehended the legal principles concerning the effect of ordered leave and thereby failed to conduct the necessary examination, and it is clear that this illegality of the court below affected the judgment.

B. Regarding the wage claim for the period of standby assignment

Since it is indispensable for an enterprise, in order to continuously maintain its activities, to redeploy its workforce or adjust its labor supply and demand, personnel orders including standby assignment fall, in principle, within the inherent authority of the employer who holds the power of personnel management. Accordingly, considerable discretion must be recognized for the employer with respect to such personnel orders within the scope necessary for business purposes, and such orders cannot be deemed unlawful absent special circumstances such as violation of the Labor Standards Act or constituting an abuse of rights. Whether a standby assignment falls within the scope of a legitimate exercise of personnel authority must be determined by weighing the business necessity of the standby assignment against the disadvantages to the employee's living conditions resulting therefrom, and by considering whether procedures required under the good faith principle, such as consultation with the employee, were followed in the process of ordering the standby assignment. Whether a sincere consultation procedure was conducted with the employee concerned may be considered one factor in determining whether the exercise of personnel authority was legitimate, but the mere fact that such a procedure was not followed cannot be said to necessarily render the standby assignment void as constituting an abuse of rights (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2000Du8011 rendered on December 26, 2002).

Examining the record in light of these legal principles, the Defendant's Personnel Regulations provide that standby assignment may be ordered when a matter falls under grounds for disciplinary action and is referred to the Personnel Committee. In this case, the Plaintiff was found not guilty in the criminal case on the ground that, apart from whether the Plaintiff was negligent, he did not intentionally breach his occupational duty; the Plaintiff was referred to the Personnel Committee in order to determine whether disciplinary action or compensation measures should be taken; and a person on standby assignment is to be paid an amount equivalent to 80% of the fixed salary, being the base salary plus position allowance. Under these circumstances, there are no special circumstances to find that the Defendant's standby assignment of August 20, 2001, imposed on the ground that the Plaintiff fell under grounds for disciplinary action and was referred to the Personnel Committee, violated the Labor Standards Act or constituted an abuse of rights. Therefore, the said standby assignment must be regarded as a legitimate and lawful exercise of personnel authority. In the same vein, the measure of the court below in rejecting the Plaintiff's wage claim for the period from the date of the said standby assignment until its lifting is justified, and there is no illegality therein, such as misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the effect of standby assignment, as asserted in the grounds of appeal.

4. Conclusion
Therefore, the part of the judgment below against the Plaintiff concerning the wage claim for the period from January 1, 2000 to August 19, 2001 is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination. The Plaintiff's remaining appeal is without merit and is therefore dismissed. This Judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Kang Sin-uk (Presiding Justice), Byun Jae-seung, Park Jae-yun, Ko Hyun-cheol (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항에서 사용자는 근로자에 대하여 정당한 이유 없이 휴직하지 못한다고 제한하고 있는 취지에 비추어 볼 때, 사용자의 취업규칙이나 단체협약 등의 휴직근거규정에 의하여 사용자에게 일정한 휴직사유의 발생에 따른 휴직명령권을 부여하고 있다 하더라도 그 정해진 사유가 있는 경우 당해 휴직규정의 설정 목적과 그 실제 기능, 휴직명령권 발동의 합리성 여부 및 그로 인하여 근로자가 받게 될 신분상·경제상의 불이익 등 구체적인 사정을 모두 참작하여 근로자가 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로의 제공을 할 수 없다거나, 근로제공을 함이 매우 부적당하다고 인정되는 경우에만 정당한 이유가 있다고 보아야 한다.

[2] 근로자가 형사사건으로 구속되었다가 불구속 기소된 이상 사용자의 인사규정에서 정한 명령휴직의 사유 그 자체는 발생하였다고 할 것이고 근로자가 석방되기 전까지는 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로의 제공을 할 수 없는 경우에 해당하므로 위 근로자에 대한 사용자의 명령휴직처분에는 정당한 이유가 있다고 볼 수 있으나, 구속취소로 석방된 후에는 근로자가 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로의 제공을 할 수 없는 경우에 해당한다고 할 수 없고 명령휴직규정의 설정 목적 등 제반 사정에 비추어 볼 때 근로자가 근로를 제공함이 매우 부적당한 경우라고도 볼 수 없어 위 명령휴직처분을 계속 유지하는 것에 정당한 이유가 없다고 한 사례.

[3] 기업이 그 활동을 계속적으로 유지하기 위하여는 노동력을 재배치하거나 그 수급을 조절하는 것이 필요불가결하므로, 대기발령을 포함한 인사명령은 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 고유권한에 속한다 할 것이고, 따라서 이러한 인사명령에 대하여는 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서 사용자에게 상당한 재량을 인정하여야 하며, 이것이 근로기준법 등에 위반되거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 위법하다고 할 수 없고, 대기발령이 정당한 인사권의 범위 내에 속하는지 여부는 대기발령의 업무상의 필요성과 그에 따른 근로자의 생활상의 불이익과의 비교교량, 근로자와의 협의 등 대기발령을 하는 과정에서 신의칙상 요구되는 절차를 거쳤는지의 여부 등에 의하여 결정되어야 하며, 근로자 본인과 성실한 협의절차를 거쳤는지의 여부는 정당한 인사권의 행사인지의 여부를 판단하는 하나의 요소라고는 할 수 있으나 그러한 절차를 거치지 아니하였다는 사정만으로 대기발령이 권리남용에 해당되어 당연히 무효가 된다고는 볼 수 없다.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항

[3] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항

【참조판례】

[2] 대법원 1997. 7. 22. 선고 97다18165, 18172 판결(공1997하, 2647), 대법원 1997. 12. 12. 선고 97다36316 판결(공1998상, 275), 대법원 2002. 12. 26. 선고 2000두8011 판결(공2003상, 518)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 7,862자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 김원진)

【피고, 피상고인】 농업협동조합중앙회

【원심판결】 서울고법 2003. 10. 23. 선고 2003나29427 판결

【주 문】

원심판결의 원고 패소 부분 중 2000. 1. 1.부터 2001. 8. 19.까지의 기간에 대한 임금청구 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다. 원고의 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

【이 유】 1. 사실관계

원심이 제1심판결 이유를 인용하여 적법하게 확정한 사실관계 및 기록에 의하면 다음과 같은 사실을 알 수 있다.

가. 원고는 1987. 11. 3. 축산업협동조합중앙회(이하 '축협'이라 한다)에 신규채용되어 근무하던 중 1998. 8. 6. 업무상 배임의 혐의사실로 구속되었는데, 그 혐의사실은 "원고가 축협 서울시지회에서 금융과장으로 근무하던 중 위 지회 영업부장이던 소외인과 공모하여 1997. 9.경 주식회사 북원농산에 축산발전기금을 대출함에 있어 북원농산이 자기부담금을 투자한 사실을 확인하고 충분한 담보를 확보한 후 대출하여 줄 업무상 임무에 위배하여, 북원농산이 자기부담금 20억 원을 투자하였다는 근거가 되는 공사선급금 영수증이 허위로 작성되었을 가능성을 인식하면서도 다른 담보를 확보하지 아니한 채 감정가 12억 2,500만 원 상당의 부동산만을 담보로 확보하고 36억 2,000만 원을 대출하여 줌으로써 축협에 위 대출액 상당의 재산상 손해를 가하였다."라는 것이었다.

나. 축협의 인사규정 제32조 제3호, 제33조 제3호는 휴직의 종류를 질병휴직·병역휴직·명령휴직·육아휴직·청원휴직·유학휴직 등으로 구분하면서, "형사사건으로 구속 또는 기소되었을 때에는 판결확정 후 1월까지 명령휴직을 할 수 있다."고 규정하고 있었는바, 원고가 위와 같이 구속되자 축협은 1998. 8. 14. 위 인사규정을 적용하여 원고에게 명령휴직을 하였다.

다. 원고는 같은 해 9. 1. 검사의 구속취소로 석방된 후 특정경제범죄가중처벌등에관한법률위반(배임)죄로 불구속 기소되자 그 무렵 축협에 복직을 신청하였으나 축협은 이를 받아들이지 아니하였다.

라. 원고는 위 형사사건의 제1심에서 1998. 11. 6. 징역 2년, 집행유예 3년의, 항소심에서 1999. 2. 23. 징역 1년 6월, 집행유예 3년의 유죄판결을 각 선고받았으나, 대법원은 2001. 4. 27. 위 항소심판결을 파기환송하였고, 환송 후 항소심은 같은 해 7. 20. 북원농산에 대한 위 대출과 관련하여 원고에게 과실이 있는지 여부는 별론으로 하고 고의로 업무상 임무에 위배한 것은 아니라는 이유로 원고에 대하여 무죄를 선고하였으며, 그 판결은 같은 달 28. 확정되었다.

마. 한편, 축협은 1999. 1. 28. 원고에 대한 변상판정위원회를 개최하였으나 축협의 손실액이 정확하게 산출될 때 재부의하도록 한다는 내용의 의결보류결정을 하였다.

바. 1999. 9. 7. 법률 제6018호로 제정되어 2000. 7. 1.부터 시행된 농업협동조합법에 의하여 설립된 피고는 위 법 부칙 제7조 제1항에 의하여 축협의 권리·의무를 포괄적으로 승계하면서 원고를 비롯한 축협 직원들에 대한 고용관계도 승계하였다.

사. 피고는 원고에 대한 무죄판결이 확정된 후 2001. 8. 20. 원고를 복직시켰으나, 인사위원회를 개최하여 원고에 대한 징계 및 변상조치 여부를 확정하기 위하여 같은 날 원고에 대하여 대기발령을 하였다가, 2002. 1. 3. 대기발령 사유가 해소되자 대기발령을 해제하고 원고를 피고의 목포신안군 지부에서 근무하도록 명하였다.

아. 2000. 7. 1.부터 원고에게 적용되는 피고의 인사규정 제15조 제2항 제1호, 제16조 제1항 제1호는 "형사사건으로 기소되었을 때에는 판결확정 후 1월까지 명령휴직을 할 수 있다."고 규정하고, 제24조 제1항 제4호는 "징계사유에 해당되어 인사위원회에 부의될 때에는 대기발령을 할 수 있다."고 규정하고 있다.

자. 원고에게 2001. 3. 31.까지 적용되던 축협의 급여규정 제7조 제2항 제6호는 "명령휴직기간 중에는 급여를 지급하지 아니한다."고 규정하고 있고, 원고에게 2001. 4. 1.부터 적용되는 피고의 직원급여규정 제8조 제2항 제6호, 제4항은 "명령휴직자와 대기발령중인 직원에 대하여는 고정급여의 80% 해당액을 지급한다."고 규정하고 있는바, 피고는 2001. 4. 1.부터 원고에게 적용되는 피고의 직원급여규정에 의하여 같은 날부터 2002. 1. 2.까지의 명령휴직 및 대기발령의 기간에 대하여 본봉에 직책수당을 합한 고정급여의 80% 해당액을 지급하였다.

2. 원심의 판단

원심은, 원고가 1998. 9. 1. 구속취소로 석방된 후에는 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로의 제공을 할 수 없다거나 근로제공을 함이 매우 부적당하다고 인정되는 경우에 해당하지 않게 되었으므로 원고의 복직신청을 받아들이지 아니하고 명령휴직을 계속하여 유지한 축협 및 피고의 조치는 정당한 이유가 없어 무효라고 주장하면서 2000. 1. 1.부터 2002. 1. 2.까지의 기간에 대한 미지급 임금의 지급을 구하는 이 사건 청구에 대하여, 위 사실관계에서 나타난 바와 같이, 원고는 업무상 임무에 위배하여 북원농산에 대한 축산발전기금의 대출을 실행하여 축협에 손해를 가하였다는 혐의로 구속되었는데, 원고에게 혐의가 없다는 이유로 구속이 취소된 것이 아닌 점, 위 대출과 관련하여 원고가 제1심과 항소심에서 유죄판결을 선고받은 점, 무죄판결의 사유가 위 대출과 관련하여 원고에게 업무상 배임의 고의가 없다는 것이고 과실의 존부에 대해서는 판단하지 않은 점, 원고에 대한 징계 및 변상조치 여부에 관하여 논의하는 피고의 인사위원회가 개최된 점 등에 비추어 보면, 형사사건으로 기소된 직원에 대하여 명령휴직을 할 수 있다는 축협 및 피고의 인사규정은 구속기소된 경우에만 적용되고 불구속기소된 경우에는 적용되지 않는다고 해석할 수 없고, 따라서 축협과 피고가 원고에게 적용되는 인사규정에 따라 원고에게 한 명령휴직 및 대기발령은 정당하고, 나아가 급여규정에 따라 급여를 제한하여 지급한 것도 정당하다는 이유로, 원고의 청구를 전부 배척하였다.

3. 이 법원의 판단

그러나 원심이 원고의 청구를 전부 배척한 조치는 다음과 같은 이유에서 수긍하기 어렵다.

가. 명령휴직 기간 동안의 임금청구에 대하여

휴직이라 함은 어떤 근로자를 그 직무에 종사하게 하는 것이 불능이거나 또는 적당하지 아니한 사유가 발생한 때에 그 근로자의 지위를 그대로 두면서, 일정한 기간 그 직무에 종사하는 것을 금지시키는 사용자의 처분을 말하며, 통례적으로 이러한 휴직제도는 사용자의 취업규칙이나 단체협약 등에 의하여 규정되고 있다. 그런데 근로기준법 제30조 제1항에서 사용자는 근로자에 대하여 정당한 이유 없이 휴직하지 못한다고 제한하고 있는 취지에 비추어 볼 때, 위와 같은 휴직근거규정에 의하여 사용자에게 일정한 휴직사유의 발생에 따른 휴직명령권을 부여하고 있다 하더라도 그 정해진 사유가 있는 경우, 당해 휴직규정의 설정 목적과 그 실제 기능, 휴직명령권 발동의 합리성 여부 및 그로 인하여 근로자가 받게 될 신분상·경제상의 불이익 등 구체적인 사정을 모두 참작하여 근로자가 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로의 제공을 할 수 없다거나, 근로제공을 함이 매우 부적당하다고 인정되는 경우에만 정당한 이유가 있다고 보아야 할 것이다(대법원 1992. 11. 13. 선고 92다16690 판결 참조).

이 사건에서 원고는 1998. 8. 6. 구속되었다가 같은 해 9. 1. 검사의 구속취소로 석방된 후 불구속 기소되었고, 축협과 피고의 인사규정은 '형사사건으로 구속 또는 기소되었을 때(축협)' 또는 '형사사건으로 기소되었을 때(피고)'에는 판결확정 후 1월까지 명령휴직을 할 수 있다고 규정하고 있으므로, 원고가 형사사건으로 구속되었다가 불구속 기소된 이상 축협이나 피고의 인사규정에서 정한 명령휴직의 사유 그 자체는 발생하였다고 할 것이고, 나아가 36억 2,000만 원의 손해를 가하였다는 업무상 배임의 혐의사실로 구속된 원고가 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로의 제공을 할 수 없는 경우에 해당한다고 본 축협의 명령휴직은 원고가 석방되기 전까지는 다른 특별한 사정이 없는 한 정당한 이유가 있었다고 볼 수 있을 것이다.

그러나 원고가 1998. 9. 1. 검사의 구속취소로 석방된 후 재차 구속되지는 않았으므로, 원고가 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로의 제공을 할 수 없는 경우에는 더 이상 해당하지 않게 되었음이 분명하고, 다만 원고가 근로제공을 함이 매우 부적당하다고 인정되는 경우에 해당하는지 여부만이 문제된다고 할 것인바, 축협의 인사규정 제34조 제1항은 "직원이 복직을 신청한 때에는 특별한 사유가 없는 한 10일 이내에 복직을 명하여야 한다.", 같은 조 제2항은 "제1항의 기일 내에 복직을 명하지 아니하였을 때에는 휴직기간의 연장으로 본다."고 규정하고 있고, 원고는 석방된 후 앞서 본 바와 같이 축협에 복직을 신청하였으므로, 명령휴직규정의 설정 목적과 그 실제 기능, 명령휴직권 발동의 합리성 여부 및 그로 인하여 원고가 받게 될 신분상·경제상의 불이익 등 구체적인 사정을 모두 참작하여 원고가 상당한 기간에 걸쳐 근로제공을 함이 매우 부적당하다고 인정되는 경우에 한하여 축협이 원고의 복직신청을 받아들이지 아니하고, 또 축협과 피고가 종전의 명령휴직을 계속 유지한 조치가 정당한 이유가 있는 것으로 평가될 수 있을 것이다.

그런데 축협의 급여규정은 명령휴직기간 중에는 급여를 전혀 지급하지 아니한다고 규정하고 있으므로, 1998. 9.경 불구속 기소된 원고에 대하여 2001. 7. 28. 무죄판결이 확정된 후인 같은 해 8. 20.경까지 명령휴직을 계속 유지한 것은 그 실질에 있어 해고나 마찬가지라고 볼 수 있고, 한편 축협의 인사규정은 제35조 제1항에서 '근무성적이 극히 불량하거나 근무태도가 심히 불성실한 자(제1호), 징계 부의를 요구 중이거나 징계 부의된 자(제3호), 중대한 부정, 불상 사고와 관련하여 사건의 수습 또는 확대방지에 필요한 경우와 증거를 인멸시킬 우려가 있다고 인정되는 자(제4호), 기타 사무형편상 부득이하다고 인정될 때(7호)' 등의 하나에 해당하는 때에는 대기를 명할 수 있다고 규정하고 있으며, 축협의 급여규정은 제7조 제3항에서 이러한 대기발령을 받은 자에게는 본봉을 지급한다고 규정하고 있는바, 비록 원고가 축협에 36억 2,000만 원의 손해를 가하였다는 업무상 배임의 혐의사실로 구속되기까지 하였다가 불구속 기소되어 제1심 및 항소심에서 유죄의 판결을 선고받음에 따라 원고에게 축협 또는 피고의 업무를 맡기는 것이 적절하지 않았다고 볼 여지가 있었다고 하더라도, 헌법 제27조 제4항은 "형사피고인은 유죄의 판결이 확정될 때까지는 무죄로 추정된다."고 규정하고 있고, 원고는 업무상 배임의 고의가 인정되지 않는다는 이유로 궁극적으로 무죄판결을 선고받아 확정되었으며, 더 나아가 원고의 과실이 문제되어 원고가 인사위원회 및 변상판정위원회 등에 회부되기는 하였으나 그 후 원고가 실제로 징계처분이나 변상처분을 받았다고 볼 자료도 없고, 축협의 인사규정이나 급여규정에 의하면, 이 사건 명령휴직규정에 의하여 명령휴직처분을 받게 되는 경우, 급여 등에 있어서 해고와 마찬가지의 매우 불이익한 처분을 받는 결과가 된다는 점과 약 3년에 걸친 이 사건 명령휴직의 기간 등 기록에 나타난 이 사건 명령휴직규정의 설정 목적과 그 실제 기능, 명령휴직권 발동의 합리성 여부 및 그로 인하여 원고가 받게 될 신분상·경제상의 불이익 등 구체적인 사정을 모두 참작하여 보면, 원고가 앞서 본 범죄사실로 불구속 기소되었다는 사정만으로 원고가 근로를 제공함이 매우 부적당하다고 판단하여 일체의 근로제공을 하지 못하도록 명령휴직권을 발동한 조치는 사회통념상 합리성을 결여한 처분이라고 아니할 수 없고, 그 후 제1심 및 항소심에서 유죄의 판결이 선고되기는 하였으나 근로의 현실적인 제공에 지장이 없는 집행유예의 판결이었다는 점에 비추어 그러한 판결이 선고되었다는 사정만으로 명령휴직처분에 정당한 이유가 생기는 것이라고 볼 수도 없으며, 나아가 원고가 휴직자에 대하여 본봉에 직책수당을 합한 고정급여의 80% 해당액을 지급한다는 피고의 직원급여규정을 2001. 4. 1.부터 적용받게 되었다고 하더라도 명령휴직의 사유에 변동이 없는 이상 그러한 사정만으로 원고에 대한 명령휴직처분을 계속 유지하는 것에 정당한 이유가 있다고 보기도 어려우므로, 원고가 구하는 2000. 1. 1.부터의 기간에 대한 명령휴직은 무효라고 보아야 할 것이다.

그렇다면 원고는 위 2000. 1. 1.부터 이 사건 대기발령이 있기 전인 2001. 8. 19.까지는 축협 또는 피고의 귀책사유로 인하여 자신의 근로계약상의 의무인 근로제공을 하지 못하게 된 것이라고 볼 수밖에 없으므로, 원고는 위 기간 동안 계속 근로하였을 경우에 받을 수 있는 임금의 지급을 청구할 수 있다고 할 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 그 판시와 같은 이유만으로 원고에 대한 이 사건 명령휴직이 정당하다고 판단하여 원고의 위 기간 동안의 임금청구에 대하여 더 나아가 판단하지 아니한 채 이를 배척하고 말았으니, 원심판결에는 명령휴직의 효력에 관한 법리를 오해한 나머지 필요한 심리를 제대로 하지 아니한 위법이 있다고 할 것이고, 이러한 원심의 위법은 판결에 영향을 미쳤음이 분명하다.

나. 대기발령 기간 동안의 임금청구에 대하여

기업이 그 활동을 계속적으로 유지하기 위하여는 노동력을 재배치하거나 그 수급을 조절하는 것이 필요불가결하므로, 대기발령을 포함한 인사명령은 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 고유권한에 속한다 할 것이고, 따라서 이러한 인사명령에 대하여는 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서 사용자에게 상당한 재량을 인정하여야 하며, 이것이 근로기준법 등에 위반되거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 위법하다고 할 수 없고, 대기발령이 정당한 인사권의 범위 내에 속하는지 여부는 대기발령의 업무상의 필요성과 그에 따른 근로자의 생활상의 불이익과의 비교교량, 근로자와의 협의 등 대기발령을 하는 과정에서 신의칙상 요구되는 절차를 거쳤는지의 여부 등에 의하여 결정되어야 하며, 근로자 본인과 성실한 협의절차를 거쳤는지의 여부는 정당한 인사권의 행사인지의 여부를 판단하는 하나의 요소라고는 할 수 있으나 그러한 절차를 거치지 아니하였다는 사정만으로 대기발령이 권리남용에 해당되어 당연히 무효가 된다고는 볼 수 없다(대법원 2002. 12. 26. 선고 2000두8011 판결 등 참조).

이러한 법리와 기록에 의하여 살펴보면, 피고의 인사규정은 징계사유에 해당하여 인사위원회에 부의될 때에는 대기발령을 할 수 있다고 규정하고 있고, 원고는 형사사건에서 원고에게 과실이 있는지 여부는 별론으로 하고 고의로 업무상 임무에 위배한 것은 아니라는 이유로 무죄판결을 선고받았으며, 원고는 징계 및 변상조치 여부를 확정하기 위하여 인사위원회에 부의되었고, 대기발령을 받은 자에게는 본봉에 직책수당을 합한 고정급여의 80%에 해당하는 금액을 지급하도록 되어 있는 이 사건에서, 원고가 징계사유에 해당하여 인사위원회에 부의되었음을 이유로 한 피고의 2001. 8. 20. 자 이 사건 대기발령이 근로기준법 등에 위반되거나 권리남용에 해당한다고 볼 특별한 사정이 있다고 할 수 없으므로, 위 대기발령은 정당한 인사권의 행사로서 적법하다고 보아야 할 것인바, 같은 취지에서 위 대기발령 일자부터 그 해제시까지의 기간에 대한 원고의 임금청구를 배척한 원심의 조치는 정당하고, 거기에 대기발령의 효력에 관한 법리오해 등 상고이유로 주장하는 바와 같은 위법이 없다.

4. 결 론

그러므로 원심판결의 원고 패소 부분 중 2000. 1. 1.부터 2001. 8. 19.까지의 기간에 대한 임금청구 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하며, 원고의 나머지 상고는 이유 없으므로 이를 기각하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 강신욱(재판장) 변재승 박재윤 고현철(주심)

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