Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2011다44276

Severance Pay Claim Case퇴직금등

Decided2013. 06. 27. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

Insurance managers (보험관리사) who had signed service/consignment contracts (위탁계약) demanded severance pay (퇴직금), claiming they were actually employees. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that because they performed their duties independently under consignment contracts, they did not qualify as 'workers' (근로자) under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). The Court emphasized that whether someone is a worker should be judged by the actual substance of the dependent relationship rather than the form of the contract, but cautioned that worker status should not be too easily denied merely because certain contract terms were set using the employer's superior bargaining position. As a result, the severance pay claim was dismissed.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: Insurance managers who worked under consignment contracts (위탁계약) claimed severance pay, arguing they were actually employees.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court looked past the contract's form to how the work was actually performed and found they worked independently, so they were not employees.
  • LessonLesson: Worker status should be judged by real factors like whether the person was actually supervised and bound by set hours/location, not just by what the contract says.
Issues
  • Whether insurance managers (보험관리사) qualify as 'workers' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
  • The proper standard for determining worker status and the scope of recognizing a subordinate employment relationship
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that worker status under the Labor Standards Act must be determined based on the substantive nature of the subordinate relationship between the parties, not merely the form of the contract they signed. Relevant factors include whether the employer directed and supervised the work, whether the worker was bound by set working hours and location, whether the worker could run an independent business, who bore business risk, the nature of the compensation, the continuity of the relationship, and the degree of exclusivity to one employer. However, the Court clarified that worker status should not be readily denied solely because certain contractual terms were unilaterally set by the employer using its superior economic position. Applying these criteria, the Court found the insurance managers operated with sufficient independence to fall outside the definition of 'worker.'

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Whether a person constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) should be determined not by whether the form of the contract is an employment contract or a service contract, but by whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages within a business or workplace. Whether such a subordinate relationship exists should be determined by comprehensively considering the following economic and social conditions: whether the employer determines the content of the work, whether the worker is subject to rules of employment or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the employer exercises substantial direction and supervision over the performance of the work; whether the employer designates working hours and place of work and the worker is bound by them; whether the person providing labor can independently operate a business on his or her own account, such as by owning equipment, raw materials, or work tools, or by hiring a third party to perform the work on his or her behalf; whether the person bears the risks inherent in the generation of profit and loss through the provision of labor; matters relating to remuneration, such as whether the nature of the remuneration is compensation for the labor itself, whether a base pay or fixed wage was set, and whether income tax was withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; and whether employee status is recognized under statutes concerning the social security system. However, since matters such as whether a base pay or fixed wage was set, whether income tax was withheld at source, and whether the person is recognized as an employee under the social security system are matters that the employer, using its economically superior position, has considerable room to determine unilaterally, employee status should not be readily denied merely because such circumstances are not established.

[2] In a case where Gap and others, who had worked as and retired from □□ managers (□□관리사) at △△△, sought payment of retirement allowances and other benefits, the court held as follows: the □□ managers, who had entered into a delegation agreement (위탁계약) with △△△, brokered the conclusion of □□ contracts handled by △△△, performed contract-maintenance work such as management of existing customers and collection of □□ fees, along with related ancillary duties, and received compensation and allowances in accordance with the △△△ □□ Manager Operation Guidelines (△△△□□관리사 운영지침) and the like, were difficult to recognize as having provided labor to △△△ for the purpose of wages in a subordinate relationship. On this ground, the court affirmed the lower court's determination that Gap and others did not constitute employees under the Labor Standards Act.

Full text (English, AI translation) 5,038 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants] As listed in the attached list. (Attorneys for the plaintiffs: Kim & Chang LLC, Attorney Choi Jong-gil and 3 others)
[Defendant, Appellee] Republic of Korea (Attorneys for the defendant: Attorney Ju Han-il and 3 others)
[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 2010Na3094 Decided May 4, 2011

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of appeal shall be borne by the plaintiffs.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal (including the supplementary brief on grounds of appeal submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, to the extent that it supplements the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.

1. Whether a person constitutes a worker under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) should be determined not by the form of the contract, i.e., whether it is an employment contract or a service contract, but by the substance of the relationship, that is, whether the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages in a business or workplace. Whether such a subordinate relationship exists should be determined by comprehensively considering the following economic and social factors: whether the employer determines the content of the work, whether the worker is subject to the rules of employment or service (personnel) regulations, and whether the employer exercises substantial direction and supervision over the performance of the work; whether the employer designates the working hours and place of work and the worker is bound by such designation; whether the person providing labor can independently operate a business at his or her own risk, such as by owning equipment, raw materials, or work tools, or by hiring a third party to perform the work on his or her behalf; whether the person bears the risks inherent in generating profit or incurring loss through the provision of labor; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the nature of the remuneration is compensation for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage was set, and whether income tax was withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-providing relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive dependence on the employer; and whether the person is recognized as a worker under statutes concerning the social security system. However, since matters such as whether a basic or fixed wage was set, whether income tax was withheld at source, and whether the person is recognized as a worker under the social security system are matters that the employer, using its economically superior position, has considerable latitude to determine as it pleases, the absence of such circumstances alone should not readily be used to deny the status as a worker (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2004Da29736 Decided December 7, 2006, and others).

2. The court below, after finding the facts as indicated in its reasoning based on the evidence it adopted, determined that the □□ managers, such as the plaintiffs, who entered into entrustment contracts with each △△△ (hereinafter referred to as “△△△”) affiliated with the defendant’s ○○○○○○, and who mediated the conclusion of □□ contracts handled by the △△△, performed duties such as managing existing customers, collecting □□ fees, and other related ancillary duties to maintain such contracts, and who received compensation and allowances from the defendant in accordance with the △△△ □□ Manager Operation Guidelines, could not readily be found to have provided labor to the △△△ in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages. Accordingly, the court below rejected the plaintiffs’ claims for retirement allowances and other payments in this case, which were premised on the plaintiffs being workers under the Labor Standards Act.

Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the legal principles set forth above and the record, the above determination by the court below is justified and may be upheld, and there is no error in the judgment, such as a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the recognition of a worker under the Labor Standards Act as argued in the grounds of appeal, or a departure from the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence in violation of logic and the rules of experience. As for the remaining grounds of appeal asserted by the plaintiffs in relation to the fact-finding of the court below, they merely amount to criticism of the court below’s selection and evaluation of evidence and its fact-finding, which fall within the exclusive authority of the court below as the court of fact, and therefore do not constitute legitimate grounds of appeal.

3. Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal shall be borne by the losing parties, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

[Attachment] List of Plaintiffs: Omitted

Justice Yang Chang-soo (Presiding Justice), Park Byong-dae, Ko Young-han (Justice in Charge), Kim Chang-seok

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법상 근로자에 해당하는지 아닌지는 계약의 형식이 고용계약인지 도급계약인지보다 그 실질에 있는 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지에 따라 판단하여야 한다. 여기에서 종속적인 관계가 있는지는, 업무 내용을 사용자가 정하고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무 수행 과정에서 사용자가 상당한 지휘·감독을 하는지, 사용자가 근무시간과 근무 장소를 지정하고 근로자가 이에 구속을 당하는지, 노무제공자가 스스로 비품·원자재나 작업도구 등을 소유하거나 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행하게 하는 등 독립하여 자신의 계산으로 사업을 영위할 수 있는지, 노무 제공을 통한 이윤의 창출과 손실의 초래 등 위험을 스스로 안고 있는지와, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체의 대상적 성격인지, 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여졌는지 및 근로소득세를 원천징수하는지 등의 보수에 관한 사항, 근로 제공 관계의 계속성과 사용자에 대한 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령에서의 근로자 지위 인정 여부 등의 경제적·사회적 여러 조건을 종합하여 판단하여야 한다. 다만 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여졌는지, 근로소득세를 원천징수하였는지, 사회보장제도에 관하여 근로자로 인정받는지 등의 사정은 사용자가 경제적으로 우월한 지위를 이용하여 마음대로 정할 여지가 크다는 점에서, 그러한 점들이 인정되지 않는다는 것만으로 근로자성을 쉽게 부정하여서는 안 된다.

[2] △△△에서 □□관리사로 근무하다가 퇴직한 甲 등이 퇴직금 등 지급을 구한 사안에서, △△△과 위탁계약을 체결하고 △△△에서 취급하는 □□의 계약 체결을 중개하며, 보유고객관리, □□료 수금 등 계약을 유지하는 업무와 관련 부수업무를 수행하면서 △△△□□관리사 운영지침 등에 따라 보상금과 수당을 받아 온 □□관리사는 △△△과 종속적인 관계에서 임금을 목적으로 근로를 제공하였다고 인정하기 어렵다는 이유로, 甲 등이 근로기준법상 근로자에 해당하지 않는다고 본 원심판단을 수긍한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제1호

[2] 근로기준법 제2조 제1항 제1호, 우체국예금·보험에 관한 법률 시행규칙 제61조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 2006. 12. 7. 선고 2004다29736 판결(공2007상, 104), 대법원 2010. 4. 15. 선고 2009다99396 판결(공2010상, 890), 대법원 2012. 1. 12. 선고 2010다50601 판결(공2012상, 245)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,725자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 별지 기재와 같다. (소송대리인 법무법인 케이씨엘 담당변호사 최종길 외 3인)

【피고, 피상고인】 대한민국 (소송대리인 변호사 주한일 외 3인)

【원심판결】 부산고법 2011. 5. 4. 선고 2010나3094 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고들이 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간이 지난 후에 제출된 상고이유보충서의 내용은 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 내에서)를 판단한다.

1. 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 아닌지는 계약의 형식이 고용계약인지 도급계약인지보다 그 실질에 있는 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지에 따라 판단하여야 한다. 여기에서 종속적인 관계가 있는지는, 업무 내용을 사용자가 정하고 취업규칙 또는 복무(인사)규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무 수행 과정에서 사용자가 상당한 지휘·감독을 하는지, 사용자가 근무시간과 근무 장소를 지정하고 근로자가 이에 구속을 당하는지, 노무제공자가 스스로 비품·원자재나 작업도구 등을 소유하거나 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행하게 하는 등 독립하여 자신의 계산으로 사업을 영위할 수 있는지, 노무 제공을 통한 이윤의 창출과 손실의 초래 등 위험을 스스로 안고 있는지와, 보수의 성격이 근로 자체의 대상적 성격인지, 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여졌는지 및 근로소득세를 원천징수하는지 여부 등의 보수에 관한 사항, 근로 제공 관계의 계속성과 사용자에 대한 전속성의 유무와 그 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령에서의 근로자 지위 인정 여부 등의 경제적·사회적 여러 조건을 종합하여 판단하여야 한다. 다만 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여졌는지, 근로소득세를 원천징수하였는지, 사회보장제도에 관하여 근로자로 인정받는지 등의 사정은 사용자가 경제적으로 우월한 지위를 이용하여 마음대로 정할 여지가 크다는 점에서, 그러한 점들이 인정되지 않는다는 것만으로 근로자성을 쉽게 부정하여서는 안 된다(대법원 2006. 12. 7. 선고 2004다29736 판결 등 참조).

2. 원심은 그 채택 증거들에 의하여 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고 산하 ○○○○○○ 소속의 각 △△△(이하 ‘△△△’이라 한다)과 사이에 위탁계약을 체결하고 △△△에서 취급하는 □□의 계약 체결을 중개하며, 보유고객관리, □□료 수금 등 계약을 유지하는 업무 및 관련 부수업무를 수행하면서 피고로부터 △△△□□관리사 운영지침 등에 따라 보상금 및 수당을 받아 온 원고들과 같은 □□관리사는 △△△과 종속적인 관계에서 임금을 목적으로 근로를 제공하였다고 인정하기는 어렵다고 판단하여 원고들이 근로기준법상 근로자임을 전제로 한 이 사건 퇴직금 등 청구를 배척하였다.

원심판결 이유를 앞서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 정당하여 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 상고이유에 주장하는 바와 같은 근로기준법상 근로자 인정에 관한 법리를 오해하거나 논리와 경험칙에 반하여 자유심증주의의 한계를 벗어나는 등의 위법이 없다. 그 밖에 원심의 사실인정과 관련하여 원고들이 주장하는 나머지 상고이유 주장 요지는 결국 사실심인 원심의 전권에 속하는 증거의 취사선택과 사실의 인정을 탓하는 취지에 불과하므로 적법한 상고이유가 되지 못한다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자들이 부담하도록 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

[[별 지] 원고 목록: 생략]

대법관 양창수(재판장) 박병대 고영한(주심) 김창석

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