Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2011두242

Case Seeking Cancellation of Disposition Denying Retirement Benefits Payment퇴직금 부지급 처분 취소

Decided2011. 05. 26. Court대법원Government agency won (case remanded for further proceedings consistent with this ruling)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A civil servant was automatically dismissed from office (당연퇴직) in 1999 due to a criminal conviction, but continued working afterward and only filed for retirement benefits after actually leaving in 2009. By that time, the 5-year statute of limitations (소멸시효) for claiming retirement benefits had already expired. While the lower court ruled in favor of the civil servant on the grounds of abuse of rights (권리남용) by the government, the Supreme Court (대법원) reversed and remanded the case.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A civil servant was automatically dismissed in 1999 due to a criminal conviction but kept working, then applied for retirement benefits only after formally leaving in 2009.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that the 5-year statute of limitations began running from the date of automatic dismissal in 1999, meaning the claim had already expired by 2009.
  • LessonLesson: If grounds for automatic dismissal arise, you should file for retirement benefits immediately, regardless of whether you continue actually working afterward.
Issues
  • When does the statute of limitations begin to run for a retirement benefits claim under the Public Officials Pension Act (공무원연금법)?
  • Does asserting that the statute of limitations has expired constitute an abuse of rights (권리남용)?
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that the statute of limitations for a retirement benefits claim under the Public Officials Pension Act (공무원연금법) begins running from the moment automatic dismissal (당연퇴직) occurs due to a criminal sentence—not from the date the person actually stops working. The Court found that the mere fact that the government issued a written warning (불문경고) instead of formally dismissing the employee, allowed the person to continue working, or excluded them from applying under a special law, was not enough to establish that the government's assertion of the expired statute of limitations amounted to an abuse of rights (권리남용). Absent special circumstances, invoking a legitimately expired statute of limitations does not constitute abuse of rights.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,485 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Government Employees Pension Service

[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul High Court Judgment 2010Nu17108, decided November 25, 2010

[Order]

The part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1.
The statute of limitations runs from the time a right objectively arises and can be exercised, and does not run while the right cannot be exercised. Here, the inability to exercise a right refers to cases where there is a legal impediment to exercising the right, such as the non-arrival of a period or non-fulfillment of a condition. Even if a person was factually unaware of the existence of the right or the possibility of exercising it, and even if such unawareness was not due to negligence, this does not constitute a legal impediment (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 84Nu572, decided December 26, 1984; Supreme Court en banc Decision 91Da32053, decided March 31, 1992). Accordingly, the right to claim retirement benefits under the Public Officials Pension Act (공무원연금법), which arises at the time a public official is automatically dismissed upon receiving a criminal sentence, must be deemed to run from the time of the automatic dismissal (see Supreme Court Decision 98Du16118, decided December 23, 1998).

Meanwhile, the exercise of a defense based on the statute of limitations by an obligor is also governed by the principle of good faith and the prohibition of abuse of rights, which are fundamental principles of our Civil Act. Thus, where there are special circumstances such as: the obligor having made it impossible or significantly difficult for the obligee to exercise the right or interrupt the running of the statute of limitations before its completion; the obligor having engaged in conduct that led the obligee to believe that such measures were unnecessary; the existence of an objective impediment preventing the obligee from exercising the right; the obligor, after the completion of the limitation period, having displayed an attitude suggesting that it would not invoke the statute of limitations, thereby causing the right holder to reasonably rely on such belief; or circumstances where the need to protect the obligee is great and other obligees under the same conditions have received payment of their obligations, such that recognizing a refusal to perform the obligation would be manifestly unjust or inequitable — in such cases, the obligor's assertion of the completion of the statute of limitations may be held impermissible as an abuse of rights, contrary to the principle of good faith. However, since applying such general principles to exclude the operation of specific systems established by law risks undermining legal stability, which is another fundamental principle in legal interpretation, caution must be exercised in its application (see Supreme Court Decision 2004Da71881, decided May 13, 2005; Supreme Court Decision 2009Da86147, decided March 11, 2010, among others).

2. According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment, the lower court, based on the evidence it adopted, found the facts as stated in its judgment, and then determined as follows: that the right to claim retirement benefits of an automatically dismissed public official does not run for the statute of limitations at least during the period the person was factually working as a public official, and it is reasonable to view that the statute of limitations begins to run only from the time an order of retirement is issued to the automatically dismissed public official; and that even assuming the statute of limitations for the right to claim retirement benefits began running from November 5, 1999, when the grounds for the Plaintiff's automatic dismissal arose, such that the five-year limitation period prescribed in Article 81(1) of the Public Officials Pension Act had elapsed, in light of the following circumstances: (1) the head of the Dongjak-gu Office, the Plaintiff's supervising agency head, issued the Plaintiff an unrecorded warning (불문경고) on December 21, 1999, regarding the criminal judgment that constituted the ground for automatic dismissal, and thereafter the Plaintiff was reinstated of civil rights with respect to the criminal judgment and was granted amnesty for the unrecorded warning, and, in recognition of his faithful service, went on a six-month meritorious service leave; (2) the Plaintiff was notified by the Defendant of an estimated amount of retirement pay, or was able to check the estimated retirement pay on the Defendant's website; and (3) the Special Act on Payment of Retirement Compensation, etc. to Public Officials Disqualified from Appointment, etc. (임용결격공무원 등에 대한 퇴직보상금지급 등에 관한 특례법, hereinafter the "Special Act") was enacted, providing that retirement compensation shall be paid to persons who, despite grounds for automatic dismissal arising from disqualification for appointment while serving as public officials, continued to work de facto as public officials and satisfy certain requirements; however, in the Plaintiff's case, because his period of de facto service ended after the period of application of the Special Act, he failed to satisfy the requirements for payment of retirement compensation under the Special Act, and there is room to view that he was placed at a significantly unfavorable or inequitable position compared to other automatically dismissed public officials who are subject to the Special Act. In light of these circumstances, the lower court found that the need to protect the Plaintiff as obligee was great, and that there existed special circumstances such that other obligees under the same conditions had received payment of their obligations, such that recognizing the refusal of performance of the obligation would be manifestly unjust or inequitable; therefore, the Defendant's assertion of the completion of the statute of limitations against the Plaintiff was held to be impermissible as an abuse of rights contrary to the principle of good faith. Accordingly, the lower court determined that either the statute of limitations for the right to claim retirement benefits for the Plaintiff's period of service from July 5, 1976, when he was first appointed, until November 5, 1999, does not begin to run until after the Plaintiff's actual retirement, or, alternatively, that the Defendant's assertion of the completion of the statute of limitations constitutes an abuse of rights and is thus impermissible; and that, consequently, the part of the Defendant's disposition in this case denying payment of retirement benefits for the period of service from July 5, 1976, to November 5, 1999, is unlawful.

3. However, the lower court's determination as above is difficult to accept for the following reasons.

A. First, in light of the legal principles set forth above, the Plaintiff's right to claim retirement benefits under the Public Officials Pension Act must be deemed to run from November 5, 1999, the date of the Plaintiff's automatic dismissal.

B. Next, the circumstances cited by the lower court as grounds for determining that the Defendant's assertion of the statute of limitations constitutes an abuse of rights are problematic for the following reasons: (1) the Plaintiff was automatically dismissed upon the finalization of the aforementioned criminal judgment, and the subsequent unrecorded warning disposition is void ab initio; the mere fact that the Plaintiff continued to work after receiving only the unrecorded warning disposition from his supervising agency head cannot be deemed to constitute an implied reappointment or a cure of the defect constituting the ground for automatic dismissal; and it cannot be deemed unjust or unlawful for the Defendant to have refused to pay retirement benefits to the Plaintiff, who, for the aforementioned reasons, did not hold lawful status as a public official; (2) the Defendant's notification to the Plaintiff of an estimated amount of retirement pay, or the provision enabling the Plaintiff to check the estimated retirement pay on the Defendant's website, merely presupposed that the Plaintiff held lawful status as a public official, and this did not definitively give rise to the Plaintiff's right to claim retirement benefits or fix the amount thereof; and (3) the differing outcomes between the Plaintiff and other automatically dismissed public officials subject to the Special Act arose because the Special Act was enacted in the form of a temporary statute (한시법), and while the Plaintiff was also subject to the Special Act, he merely failed to obtain relief because he himself did not properly recognize that he fell within the scope of grounds for automatic dismissal, which he could have easily ascertained through the statutory provisions; it is difficult to view the retirement compensation received by other automatically dismissed public officials under the Special Act as constituting receipt of payment in satisfaction of the right to claim retirement benefits; and the Plaintiff himself may claim, as unjust enrichment, the amount equivalent to retirement pay under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) for his work performed after the automatic dismissal. In light of these matters, it is difficult to find that there exist special circumstances such that recognizing the Defendant's refusal to perform the obligation would be manifestly unjust or inequitable.

Nevertheless, the lower court determined, based solely on the above reasoning, that the statute of limitations for the Plaintiff's right to claim retirement benefits for the period from July 5, 1976, to November 5, 1999, had not been completed, or that the Defendant's assertion of the statute of limitations constitutes an abuse of rights. This determination by the lower court erroneously construed the legal principles concerning the statute of limitations and abuse of rights, thereby affecting the outcome of the judgment.

4. Therefore, the part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the lower court for further hearing and determination. This judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Lee Hong-hoon (Presiding Justice), Kim Neung-hwan, Min Il-young (Justice in charge), Lee In-bok

【참조조문】

[1] 공무원연금법 제81조 제1항

[2] 공무원연금법 제81조 제1항, 민법 제2조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1984. 12. 26. 선고 84누572 전원합의체 판결(공1985, 272), 대법원 1992. 3. 31. 선고 91다32053 전원합의체 판결(공1992, 1406), 대법원 1998. 12. 23. 선고 98두16118 판결

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,773자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 공무원연금공단

【원심판결】 서울고법 2010. 11. 25. 선고 2010누17108 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 살펴본다.

1. 소멸시효는 객관적으로 권리가 발생하여 그 권리를 행사할 수 있는 때로부터 진행하고 그 권리를 행사할 수 없는 동안은 진행하지 않는바, 여기서 권리를 행사할 수 없다고 함은 그 권리행사에 법률상의 장애사유, 예컨대 기간의 미도래나 조건 불성취 등이 있는 경우를 말하고, 권리의 존재나 권리행사의 가능성을 사실상 알지 못하였고 알지 못함에 과실이 없다고 하여도 이러한 사유는 법률상 장애사유에 해당하지 않는다고 할 것이므로( 대법원 1984. 12. 26. 선고 84누572 전원합의체 판결, 대법원 1992. 3. 31. 선고 91다32053 전원합의체 판결 각 참조), 공무원이 형의 선고를 받아 당연퇴직할 당시 발생한 공무원연금법상의 퇴직급여 지급청구권은 당연퇴직 시로부터 그 소멸시효가 진행한다고 보아야 한다( 대법원 1998. 12. 23. 선고 98두16118 판결 참조).

한편 채무자의 소멸시효에 기한 항변권의 행사도 우리 민법의 대원칙인 신의성실의 원칙과 권리남용금지의 원칙의 지배를 받는 것이어서, 채무자가 시효 완성 전에 채권자의 권리행사나 시효 중단을 불가능 또는 현저히 곤란하게 하였거나, 그러한 조치가 불필요하다고 믿게 하는 행동을 하였거나, 객관적으로 채권자가 권리를 행사할 수 없는 장애사유가 있었거나, 또는 일단 시효 완성 후에 채무자가 시효를 원용하지 아니할 것 같은 태도를 보여 권리자로 하여금 그와 같이 신뢰하게 하였거나, 채권자 보호의 필요성이 크고, 같은 조건의 다른 채권자가 채무의 변제를 수령하는 등의 사정이 있어 채무이행의 거절을 인정함이 현저히 부당하거나 불공평하게 되는 등의 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 채무자가 소멸시효의 완성을 주장하는 것이 신의성실의 원칙에 반하여 권리남용으로서 허용될 수 없으나, 위와 같은 일반적 원칙을 적용하여 법이 두고 있는 구체적인 제도의 운용을 배제하는 것은 법해석에 있어 또 하나의 대원칙인 법적 안정성을 해할 위험이 있으므로 그 적용에 신중을 기하여야 한다( 대법원 2005. 5. 13. 선고 2004다71881 판결, 대법원 2010. 3. 11. 선고 2009다86147 판결 등 참조).

2. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 채택 증거에 의하여 그 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 당연퇴직 공무원의 퇴직급여 지급청구권은 적어도 사실상 공무원으로 근무하고 있는 동안에는 소멸시효에 걸리지 아니하고, 당연퇴직 공무원에 대하여 퇴직발령을 한 때부터 비로소 소멸시효가 진행한다고 봄이 상당하고, 가사 원고에게 당연퇴직 사유가 발생한 1999. 11. 5.부터 퇴직급여 지급청구권의 소멸시효가 기산되어 공무원연금법 제81조 제1항에서 정한 5년의 시효기간이 경과한 것으로 보더라도, ① 원고의 소속 기관장인 동작구청장이 1999. 12. 21. 원고에게 당연퇴직 사유인 형사판결에 관하여 불문경고를 하였고, 그 후 원고가 형사판결에 대한 복권 및 위 불문경고에 대한 사면을 받았으며, 성실한 근무태도를 인정받아 6개월간 공로연수를 다녀온 점, ② 원고가 피고로부터 퇴직금 개산액을 통보받거나 피고의 인터넷사이트에서 예상퇴직금을 확인하여 온 점, ③ 임용결격공무원 등에 대한 퇴직보상금지급 등에 관한 특례법(이하 ‘특례법’이라 한다)이 제정되어 공무원으로 재직 중 임용결격사유로 인한 당연퇴직사유가 발생한 이후에도 사실상 공무원으로 근무한 자로서 일정한 요건을 갖춘 경우에는 퇴직보상금을 지급하도록 규정하고 있는데, 원고의 경우에는 특례법의 적용기간 이후에 사실상 근무기간이 종료하였기 때문에 특례법이 정하는 퇴직보상금 지급요건을 충족하지 못하게 되어 특례법의 적용을 받는 다른 당연퇴직 공무원에 비하여 현저히 불리하거나 불공평하다고 볼 여지가 있는 점 등의 사정에 비추어 보면, 채권자인 원고에 대한 보호의 필요성이 크고, 같은 조건의 다른 채권자가 채무의 변제를 수령하는 등의 사정이 있어 채무이행의 거절을 인정함이 현저히 부당하거나 불공평하게 되는 등의 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 해당한다고 봄이 상당하므로, 피고가 원고에 대하여 소멸시효의 완성을 주장하는 것이 신의성실의 원칙에 반하여 권리남용으로서 허용될 수 없고, 따라서 원고가 1976. 7. 5. 임용된 이래 1999. 11. 5.까지 근무한 기간에 대한 퇴직급여 지급청구권은 원고가 실제로 퇴직한 후에 비로소 그 소멸시효가 기산된다고 보거나, 아니면 피고가 시효소멸을 주장하는 것이 권리남용에 해당하여 허용되지 않는다고 할 것이므로, 결국 피고의 이 사건 처분 중 1976. 7. 5.부터 1999. 11. 5.까지 근무한 기간에 대한 퇴직급여 부지급 부분은 위법하다고 판단하였다.

3. 그러나 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 수긍하기 어렵다.

가. 먼저 원고의 공무원연금법상의 퇴직급여 지급청구권은 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 원고의 당연퇴직 시인 1999. 11. 5.부터 그 소멸시효가 진행한다고 보아야 한다,

나. 다음으로 원심이 위와 같이 피고의 소멸시효 주장을 권리남용으로 판단한 근거로 든 사정들은, ① 원고는 위 형사판결의 확정으로써 당연퇴직한 것이고 그 후에 행하여진 불문경고 처분은 당연무효이며, 원고가 소속 기관장으로부터 불문경고 처분만을 받고 계속 근무하였다고 하여 묵시의 재임용이 이루어졌다거나 당연퇴직 사유의 하자가 치유된 것으로 볼 수 없고, 위와 같은 사유로 공무원으로서의 적법한 신분을 갖지 아니한 원고에 대하여 퇴직급여의 지급을 거부한 것이 부당하거나 위법하다고 볼 수 없는 점, ② 피고가 원고에게 퇴직금 개산액을 통보하거나 피고의 인터넷사이트에서 예상퇴직금을 확인할 수 있도록 한 것은 원고가 공무원으로서의 적법한 신분을 가지고 있음을 전제로 한 것에 불과하고, 이로써 원고의 퇴직급여 지급청구권이 확정적으로 발생하거나 금액이 확정되는 것도 아닌 점, ③ 원고와 특례법의 적용을 받는 다른 당연퇴직 공무원 사이에 다른 결과가 발생하는 것은 특례법이 한시법의 형태로 제정되었고, 원고도 특례법의 적용 대상이었으나 원고가 법령 규정을 통하여 쉽게 알 수 있는 당연퇴직사유의 범위 등을 제대로 파악하지 못함으로써 스스로 당연퇴직사유에 해당함을 알지 못하여 구제받지 못한 것에 불과하며, 다른 당연퇴직 공무원이 특례법에 의하여 수령하는 퇴직보상금을 퇴직급여 지급청구권의 변제수령이라고 보기 어렵고, 원고로서는 당연퇴직 이후의 근로에 대해서는 근로기준법상의 퇴직금 상당 금액을 부당이득으로서 반환 청구할 수 있는 점 등에 비추어 피고의 채무이행의 거절을 인정함이 현저히 부당하거나 불공평하게 되는 등의 특별한 사정에 해당한다고 보기 어렵다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 위와 같은 이유만으로 원고의 1976. 7. 5.부터 1999. 11. 5.까지의 퇴직급여 지급청구권의 시효가 완성되지 않았거나 피고의 소멸시효 주장이 권리남용에 해당한다고 판단하였는바, 이러한 원심판결에는 소멸시효 및 권리남용에 관한 법리 등을 오해하여 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 잘못이 있다.

4. 그러므로 원심판결 중 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이홍훈(재판장) 김능환 민일영(주심) 이인복

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
2001두205 · 대법원 2002-07-26
퇴직급여지급처분취소
#2
95누9617 · 대법원 1996-02-27
퇴직급여청구반려처분취소
#3
95누5905 · 대법원 1995-10-12
퇴직급여제한지급처분취소
#4
2020두40693 · 대법원 2021-08-12
퇴직급여환수및제한지급처분취소
#5
95누6496 · 대법원 1995-09-15
Revocation of Disposition Rejecting Retirement Pension Claim

Cases citing this decision

2018두66456, 66463 · 대법원 2019-09-09
퇴직금및퇴직수당거부처분무효확인등·재직기간합산확인등

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)