[Plaintiffs, Appellants] Plaintiff 1 and 2 others (Attorneys for the plaintiffs: Law Firm Seyoung, Attorney Jeon Ha-eun and 4 others)
[Defendant, Appellee] Successor in litigation of the receiver of the reorganizing company Non-party 1, receiver of the reorganizing company ○○ Co., Ltd., Defendant (Attorney for the defendant: Attorney Lee Min-su)
[Judgment Below] Daegu High Court Judgment 2001Na9596 rendered on October 11, 2002
[Order]
The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daegu High Court.
[Reasoning]
1. Judgment of the court below
A. Findings of fact by the court below
(1) ○○ Co., Ltd. (hereinafter “the reorganizing company”), as the parent company of the ○○ Group, which as of the end of 1997 was composed of 16 affiliated companies with total assets of approximately 2,085,400,000,000 won, received a decision commencing corporate reorganization proceedings from the Daegu District Court on August 17, 1998, and received a decision approving the reorganization plan on July 13, 1999.
(2) The reorganizing company's articles of incorporation and the "Regulations on the Treatment of Executives" provide as follows: ① persons who serve on a full-time basis in the positions of Chairman, Vice Chairman, President, Vice President, Managing Director, Executive Director, Director, Assistant Director, and full-time Auditor shall be deemed executives; ② the authority to appoint and dismiss executives who have gone through a resolution of the general shareholders' meeting (executives registered in the corporate register; hereinafter "registered executives") shall be exercised by the representative director, while the authority to appoint executives who have not gone through a resolution of the general shareholders' meeting (executives not registered in the corporate register; hereinafter "unregistered executives") shall be exercised by the representative director pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors; and ③ for the effective promotion of business, the duties in charge of executives may be allocated, and such duties in charge shall be assigned by appointment.
(3) ① Plaintiff 1 joined the reorganizing company on December 1, 1989 as an unregistered executive, Managing Director in charge of Finance, and was in charge of fund management, then became a registered executive, Director, through a resolution of the general shareholders' meeting on February 28, 1995, retired from the position of Director on March 28, 1998 while simultaneously assuming the position of Auditor, and retired on May 9, 1998 (the corporate register records the date of retirement as December 24, 1998). ② Plaintiff 2 joined the reorganizing company on August 16, 1991 as an unregistered executive, Director in charge of Technology, and from that time worked as Director and then Managing Director in charge of civil engineering in the Daegu region, retiring on June 24, 1998. ③ Plaintiff 3 joined the reorganizing company as a department head on January 4, 1989, and was promoted on January 3, 1993 and January 3, 1994, respectively, to the unregistered executive positions of Assistant Director and Director in charge of Technology, working as Director in charge of construction in the Daegu region (Daegu Regional Site PM), and retired on June 24, 1998.
(4) The reorganizing company's "Regulations on the Treatment of Executives" provide that ① the total amount of executive remuneration shall be determined by the general shareholders' meeting, and ② executive retirement allowances shall be paid pursuant to a separate Executive Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation, and the "Executive Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation" provides, with respect to executive retirement allowances, that ① the retirement allowance of a full-time executive, whether registered or unregistered, shall be calculated by multiplying the average monthly remuneration based on the final position held at the time of retirement by a payment rate of 4 months per year of service (period from the date of promotion to Assistant Director to the date of the retirement order) for Chairman and Vice Chairman, 3 months per year of service for President, Vice President, and Managing Director, and 2 months per year of service for Executive Director, Director, Assistant Director, and Auditor, and ② as a principle, the retirement allowance shall be paid within one month from the date of retirement.
(5) The reorganizing company's "Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation" provides, with respect to the retirement allowance of employees, that ① it shall be calculated by multiplying the average wage at the time of retirement by the number of years of service (the period from the date of joining to the date of the retirement order), ② as a principle, the retirement allowance shall be paid within 14 days from the date of retirement, and ③ where an employee is appointed as an executive, such appointment shall be deemed a retirement and a retirement allowance shall be paid accordingly.
(6) In preparing the reorganization plan, the receiver of the reorganizing company classified the unpaid retirement allowances, as of July 13, 1999, of 555 executives and employees, including the plaintiffs, as common benefit claims (공익채권), and specified that efforts would be made to pay such allowances in two equal installments, one-half each in the preparatory year of 1999 and the first year of 2000, after consultation with the parties concerned; and the reorganization plan was finalized by the decision of approval of the Daegu District Court on July 13, 1999.
B. Judgment of the court below
The court below, with respect to the plaintiffs' argument that, although the plaintiffs nominally held the positions of executives of the reorganizing company, namely Director or Auditor, they were in substance merely in an employment relationship in which they provided a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of the representative director, etc., and received a certain amount of remuneration in return, such that they were workers under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and therefore their retirement allowance claims constituted common benefit claims under the Company Reorganization Act (회사정리법), and the defendant was accordingly obligated to pay the plaintiffs retirement allowances calculated pursuant to the reorganizing company's "Executive Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation," found, based on the evidence adduced, that the plaintiffs had been assigned certain duties allocated for the effective promotion of business by the reorganizing company, and had performed their duties with discretion and authority as the executive in charge of such duties, including attending executive meetings, and that there was no discrimination whatsoever between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company with respect to the authority to perform duties, remuneration, and other treatment. Having rejected the evidence to the contrary, the court below, taking into account the above findings together with the circumstances of the plaintiffs' appointment as unregistered or registered executives of the reorganizing company, the scale of the reorganizing company's assets, the fact that where a general employee is appointed as an executive, such appointment is deemed a retirement and a retirement allowance is paid accordingly, and the fact that the payment rate and timing of payment of executive retirement allowances differ from those of general employees, held that it could not be found that the content of the plaintiffs' duties was determined by the employer or that the plaintiffs were subject to specific and individual direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing their duties, and that the remuneration received by the plaintiffs did not have the character of consideration for labor itself; and on these grounds rejected the plaintiffs' above argument, which was premised on the plaintiffs being workers under the Labor Standards Act.
2. Judgment of this Court
A. However, the court below's finding of fact that there was no difference whatsoever in the authority to perform duties between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company, and its judgment based thereon that the plaintiffs were not workers under the Labor Standards Act, are difficult to accept for the following reasons.
B. Under the Commercial Act (상법), directors and auditors are appointed through a resolution of appointment at the general shareholders' meeting (Article 382(1) and Article 409(1) of the Commercial Act) and must be registered; the statutory authority of directors and auditors may be exercised only by directors and auditors who have been duly appointed as described above, and a person who has merely been formally and nominally given the title of director by the company without going through such appointment procedure cannot exercise the duties and authority of a director under the Commercial Act. According to the facts established by the court below, it is clear that the reorganizing company's registered executives are directors or auditors who satisfy the appointment requirements under the Commercial Act, while unregistered executives are directors given only a formal and nominal title, and therefore it cannot be concluded that there was no difference in the authority to perform duties between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company.
Meanwhile, according to the record, it can be found that: the reorganizing company classified executives, according to their positions, into Chairman, Vice Chairman, President, Vice President, Managing Director, Executive Director, Director, Assistant Director, and full-time Auditor, etc., and divided them into registered executives who satisfied the appointment requirements for directors and auditors under the Commercial Act and unregistered executives who did not satisfy such appointment requirements under the Commercial Act; the said registered executives and unregistered executives were treated equally, distinct from general employees, with respect to the payment of wages and retirement allowances; however, the reorganizing company's articles of incorporation limited the term of office to three years only for registered directors, and granted them qualification to be appointed as representative director, authority to assist the representative director and to allocate and execute the company's business as determined by the board of directors, and authority to act on behalf of the representative director in the event of the representative director's incapacity, as well as authority to participate as a member of the board of directors in resolutions on important matters concerning the company's business, whereas no provision at all was made regarding the allocation of duties of unregistered executives, thus treating registered executives and unregistered executives differently with respect to term of office, content of duties, and authority, etc. (see pages 132-133 of the record). According to the above findings, although the reorganizing company gives equal treatment to registered executives and unregistered executives with respect to retirement allowances and remuneration, it is apparent that the reorganizing company clearly distinguishes between registered executives and unregistered executives with respect to the authority to perform duties, by granting only registered executives the authority to attend board of directors' meetings under the Commercial Act and to participate in resolutions on important matters concerning the company's business.
If so, the court below's finding of fact and judgment that there was no discrimination whatsoever between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company with respect to the authority to perform duties constitutes an error of law in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the duties and authority of directors under the Commercial Act, and simultaneously constitutes an unlawful misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence.
C. Since executives such as directors and auditors of a stock company have been entrusted by the company with the handling of certain affairs, they are not in an employment relationship in which they provide a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of an employer and receive prescribed wages in return; accordingly, even where they receive a certain amount of remuneration, such remuneration cannot be deemed wages under the Labor Standards Act, and even where a retirement allowance is paid to a director or other executive pursuant to the company's regulations, such retirement allowance is not a retirement allowance under the Labor Standards Act but merely remuneration paid as consideration for the execution of duties during the term of office (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2000Da61312 rendered on February 23, 2001). However, whether a person falls under a worker subject to the Labor Standards Act must be determined, regardless of the form of the contract, according to whether, in substance, the person provided labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages; therefore, even a company's director or auditor or other executive, if his or her position or title is merely formal and nominal, and he or she in fact commutes to work daily and provides a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of the representative director who has authority over the execution of business, or of an employer, and receives remuneration in return, or if, in addition to handling the affairs entrusted by the company, he or she takes charge of certain duties under the direction and supervision of the representative director, etc., and receives a certain amount of remuneration in return, such executive falls under a worker under the Labor Standards Act (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decisions 97Da44393 rendered on December 23, 1997, and 2000Da22591 rendered on September 8, 2000).
According to the facts established by the court below, it can be found that: Plaintiff 1 joined the company as an unregistered director and, as Managing Director in charge of Finance, was in charge of fund management, and continued to perform the same duties even after being appointed as a registered director, and thereafter, until the date of retirement, was appointed as Auditor and served in that capacity for a little over one month; Plaintiff 2, as an unregistered executive, served as Director and then Managing Director in charge of civil engineering in the Daegu region, and Plaintiff 3, likewise as an unregistered executive, served as Director in charge of construction in the Daegu region; meanwhile, the plaintiffs, while serving as executives of the reorganizing company as described above, received a fixed monthly salary and bonuses each month; among the executives of the reorganizing company, the Chairman was Non-party 2, the majority shareholder, and the Chairman and Vice Chairman, as representative directors of the reorganizing company, held the authority to execute the company's business and represent the company. Considering the above findings together with the status of unregistered executives of the reorganizing company as discussed above and the difference in the authority to perform duties between directors under the Commercial Act and nominal directors, (1) first, with respect to the period during which Plaintiff 1 served as an unregistered director, and the entire period during which Plaintiffs 2 and 3 were employed, it appears that the plaintiffs' status as director or assistant director was not a delegation relationship equivalent to that of a director under the Commercial Act, but was formal and nominal in nature, such that, in substance, the plaintiffs, while holding the title of director or assistant director, handled the duties of the company assigned to each of them under the direction and supervision of the representative director, such as the Chairman, and received a certain amount of remuneration in return; and (2) meanwhile, with respect to the period during which Plaintiff 1 served after being appointed as registered director and auditor, Plaintiff 1 was entrusted by the reorganizing company with certain affairs as a director or auditor under the Commercial Act, and, absent special circumstances, this would not constitute an employment relationship in which he provided a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of an employer and received prescribed wages in return; however, according to the record, Plaintiff 1 asserts that, even after being appointed as registered director and auditor, he continued, in addition to his duties as director or auditor, to take charge of certain duties in accordance with the instructions of the representative director, etc., and received remuneration in return; and it can be found that the reorganizing company's articles of incorporation give equal treatment, as fellow executives, to unregistered directors and registered directors with respect to remuneration, and accordingly, Plaintiff 1 received a fixed amount of remuneration without any significant change in his status within the company even after being appointed, successively, from unregistered director to registered director and then to auditor. Given these circumstances, there is room to find that, even after Plaintiff 1 was appointed as registered director and auditor, he continued to maintain, under a relationship of subordination and dependence with the representative director, the duties he had previously handled, in addition to the delegated affairs of a director or auditor under the Commercial Act (the said plaintiff's tenure as auditor was only a little over one month); therefore, the court below should have specifically examined the indirect facts that serve as the premise for determining worker status, such as whether Plaintiff 1, even during the period when he served as registered director and auditor, was actually in charge of the same company duties as before, whether there existed a relationship of subordination and dependence with the representative director in this regard, and whether remuneration was paid in consideration for such labor, and should have determined, on that basis, whether Plaintiff 1 falls under a worker under the Labor Standards Act.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the court below, without reaching such a determination, dismissed all of the plaintiffs' claims against the reorganizing company, which were premised on the retirement allowance claims in this case being common benefit claims, on the sole ground of the circumstances stated in its judgment, holding that the plaintiffs did not fall under workers under the Labor Standards Act; and in doing so, the court below committed an unlawful error affecting the outcome of the judgment by failing to conduct the necessary examination, thereby misapprehending the facts and, as a result, misapprehending the legal principles concerning the interpretation of "worker" under the Labor Standards Act.
3. Accordingly, without the need to determine the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination; and it is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as set forth in the Order.
Justice Yoo Ji-dam (Presiding Justice), Justice Cho Mu-je, Justice Lee Kyu-hong, Justice Son Ji-yeol (Justice in charge)