Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2002다64681

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided2003. 09. 26. Court대법원Case remanded to the lower court (reversed and remanded)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addressed whether a company executive qualifies as an 'employee' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). The Supreme Court (대법원) reversed and remanded the lower court's decision because it failed to distinguish between the differing scopes of authority held by registered executives (등기임원) and non-registered executives (비등기임원). The Court held that the determination should be based on whether the executive actually performed work under the direction and supervision of the company, rather than on their formal title alone.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company executive claimed severance pay (퇴직금), arguing that he was in fact an employee under the Labor Standards Act.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that an executive can be considered an employee if they actually worked under the company's direction and supervision in a subordinate relationship.
  • LessonEven someone holding an executive title may be legally recognized as an employee if their actual work involves receiving instructions like a regular staff member, so the real nature of the working relationship must be examined.
Issues
  • Criteria for determining whether a company executive qualifies as an 'employee' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
  • Differences in job authority between registered executives (등기임원) and non-registered executives (비등기임원)
  • The legal nature of severance pay (퇴직금) for company executives
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court emphasized that employee status must be determined based on the substance of the working relationship, not merely the form of the contract or job title. Even if a person holds the title of executive, if they in fact provided labor in a subordinate relationship under the company's direction and supervision, they qualify as an employee under the Labor Standards Act. The Court also noted that there is a meaningful legal difference in the scope of authority between registered executives (등기임원), who exercise statutory powers as officially registered directors, and non-registered executives (비등기임원), who typically lack such formal authority. Because the lower court did not properly consider this distinction in assessing the plaintiff's actual role, its judgment could not stand.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Under the Sangbeop (Commercial Act), directors and auditors must be appointed through a resolution of the shareholders’ general meeting and must be registered accordingly, and the statutory authority of directors and auditors may be exercised only by directors and auditors who have been lawfully appointed in this manner; a person who has not gone through such an appointment procedure but has merely been formally and nominally given the title of director by the company cannot exercise the functions and authority of a director under the Sangbeop.

[2] Officers of a stock company, such as directors and auditors, are entrusted by the company with the handling of certain affairs, and thus they are not in an employment relationship in which they provide a fixed amount of labor under the direction and supervision of an employer in return for a prescribed wage; therefore, even where they receive certain remuneration, such remuneration cannot be regarded as wages under the Geunlogijunbeop (Labor Standards Act), and even where retirement allowances are paid to officers such as directors pursuant to company regulations, such retirement allowances are not retirement allowances under the Geunlogijunbeop but merely remuneration paid as consideration for the performance of duties during their tenure.

[3] Whether a person qualifies as a worker subject to the Geunlogijunbeop should be determined, regardless of the form of the contract, according to whether the person, in substance, provided labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages; therefore, even a company officer such as a director or auditor, if his or her status or title is formal and nominal, and if he or she in fact reports to work daily and provides a fixed amount of labor under the direction and supervision of a representative director who holds the authority to execute business, or of an employer, in return for remuneration, or if, in addition to handling affairs entrusted by the company, he or she performs certain duties under the direction and supervision of the representative director, etc., and receives certain remuneration in return, such an officer qualifies as a worker under the Geunlogijunbeop.

Full text (English, AI translation) 19,681 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants] Plaintiff 1 and 2 others (Attorneys for the plaintiffs: Law Firm Seyoung, Attorney Jeon Ha-eun and 4 others)
[Defendant, Appellee] Successor in litigation of the receiver of the reorganizing company Non-party 1, receiver of the reorganizing company ○○ Co., Ltd., Defendant (Attorney for the defendant: Attorney Lee Min-su)
[Judgment Below] Daegu High Court Judgment 2001Na9596 rendered on October 11, 2002

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daegu High Court.

[Reasoning]

1. Judgment of the court below
A. Findings of fact by the court below
(1) ○○ Co., Ltd. (hereinafter “the reorganizing company”), as the parent company of the ○○ Group, which as of the end of 1997 was composed of 16 affiliated companies with total assets of approximately 2,085,400,000,000 won, received a decision commencing corporate reorganization proceedings from the Daegu District Court on August 17, 1998, and received a decision approving the reorganization plan on July 13, 1999.
(2) The reorganizing company's articles of incorporation and the "Regulations on the Treatment of Executives" provide as follows: ① persons who serve on a full-time basis in the positions of Chairman, Vice Chairman, President, Vice President, Managing Director, Executive Director, Director, Assistant Director, and full-time Auditor shall be deemed executives; ② the authority to appoint and dismiss executives who have gone through a resolution of the general shareholders' meeting (executives registered in the corporate register; hereinafter "registered executives") shall be exercised by the representative director, while the authority to appoint executives who have not gone through a resolution of the general shareholders' meeting (executives not registered in the corporate register; hereinafter "unregistered executives") shall be exercised by the representative director pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors; and ③ for the effective promotion of business, the duties in charge of executives may be allocated, and such duties in charge shall be assigned by appointment.
(3) ① Plaintiff 1 joined the reorganizing company on December 1, 1989 as an unregistered executive, Managing Director in charge of Finance, and was in charge of fund management, then became a registered executive, Director, through a resolution of the general shareholders' meeting on February 28, 1995, retired from the position of Director on March 28, 1998 while simultaneously assuming the position of Auditor, and retired on May 9, 1998 (the corporate register records the date of retirement as December 24, 1998). ② Plaintiff 2 joined the reorganizing company on August 16, 1991 as an unregistered executive, Director in charge of Technology, and from that time worked as Director and then Managing Director in charge of civil engineering in the Daegu region, retiring on June 24, 1998. ③ Plaintiff 3 joined the reorganizing company as a department head on January 4, 1989, and was promoted on January 3, 1993 and January 3, 1994, respectively, to the unregistered executive positions of Assistant Director and Director in charge of Technology, working as Director in charge of construction in the Daegu region (Daegu Regional Site PM), and retired on June 24, 1998.
(4) The reorganizing company's "Regulations on the Treatment of Executives" provide that ① the total amount of executive remuneration shall be determined by the general shareholders' meeting, and ② executive retirement allowances shall be paid pursuant to a separate Executive Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation, and the "Executive Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation" provides, with respect to executive retirement allowances, that ① the retirement allowance of a full-time executive, whether registered or unregistered, shall be calculated by multiplying the average monthly remuneration based on the final position held at the time of retirement by a payment rate of 4 months per year of service (period from the date of promotion to Assistant Director to the date of the retirement order) for Chairman and Vice Chairman, 3 months per year of service for President, Vice President, and Managing Director, and 2 months per year of service for Executive Director, Director, Assistant Director, and Auditor, and ② as a principle, the retirement allowance shall be paid within one month from the date of retirement.
(5) The reorganizing company's "Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation" provides, with respect to the retirement allowance of employees, that ① it shall be calculated by multiplying the average wage at the time of retirement by the number of years of service (the period from the date of joining to the date of the retirement order), ② as a principle, the retirement allowance shall be paid within 14 days from the date of retirement, and ③ where an employee is appointed as an executive, such appointment shall be deemed a retirement and a retirement allowance shall be paid accordingly.
(6) In preparing the reorganization plan, the receiver of the reorganizing company classified the unpaid retirement allowances, as of July 13, 1999, of 555 executives and employees, including the plaintiffs, as common benefit claims (공익채권), and specified that efforts would be made to pay such allowances in two equal installments, one-half each in the preparatory year of 1999 and the first year of 2000, after consultation with the parties concerned; and the reorganization plan was finalized by the decision of approval of the Daegu District Court on July 13, 1999.
B. Judgment of the court below
The court below, with respect to the plaintiffs' argument that, although the plaintiffs nominally held the positions of executives of the reorganizing company, namely Director or Auditor, they were in substance merely in an employment relationship in which they provided a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of the representative director, etc., and received a certain amount of remuneration in return, such that they were workers under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and therefore their retirement allowance claims constituted common benefit claims under the Company Reorganization Act (회사정리법), and the defendant was accordingly obligated to pay the plaintiffs retirement allowances calculated pursuant to the reorganizing company's "Executive Retirement Allowance Payment Regulation," found, based on the evidence adduced, that the plaintiffs had been assigned certain duties allocated for the effective promotion of business by the reorganizing company, and had performed their duties with discretion and authority as the executive in charge of such duties, including attending executive meetings, and that there was no discrimination whatsoever between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company with respect to the authority to perform duties, remuneration, and other treatment. Having rejected the evidence to the contrary, the court below, taking into account the above findings together with the circumstances of the plaintiffs' appointment as unregistered or registered executives of the reorganizing company, the scale of the reorganizing company's assets, the fact that where a general employee is appointed as an executive, such appointment is deemed a retirement and a retirement allowance is paid accordingly, and the fact that the payment rate and timing of payment of executive retirement allowances differ from those of general employees, held that it could not be found that the content of the plaintiffs' duties was determined by the employer or that the plaintiffs were subject to specific and individual direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing their duties, and that the remuneration received by the plaintiffs did not have the character of consideration for labor itself; and on these grounds rejected the plaintiffs' above argument, which was premised on the plaintiffs being workers under the Labor Standards Act.

2. Judgment of this Court
A. However, the court below's finding of fact that there was no difference whatsoever in the authority to perform duties between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company, and its judgment based thereon that the plaintiffs were not workers under the Labor Standards Act, are difficult to accept for the following reasons.
B. Under the Commercial Act (상법), directors and auditors are appointed through a resolution of appointment at the general shareholders' meeting (Article 382(1) and Article 409(1) of the Commercial Act) and must be registered; the statutory authority of directors and auditors may be exercised only by directors and auditors who have been duly appointed as described above, and a person who has merely been formally and nominally given the title of director by the company without going through such appointment procedure cannot exercise the duties and authority of a director under the Commercial Act. According to the facts established by the court below, it is clear that the reorganizing company's registered executives are directors or auditors who satisfy the appointment requirements under the Commercial Act, while unregistered executives are directors given only a formal and nominal title, and therefore it cannot be concluded that there was no difference in the authority to perform duties between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company.
Meanwhile, according to the record, it can be found that: the reorganizing company classified executives, according to their positions, into Chairman, Vice Chairman, President, Vice President, Managing Director, Executive Director, Director, Assistant Director, and full-time Auditor, etc., and divided them into registered executives who satisfied the appointment requirements for directors and auditors under the Commercial Act and unregistered executives who did not satisfy such appointment requirements under the Commercial Act; the said registered executives and unregistered executives were treated equally, distinct from general employees, with respect to the payment of wages and retirement allowances; however, the reorganizing company's articles of incorporation limited the term of office to three years only for registered directors, and granted them qualification to be appointed as representative director, authority to assist the representative director and to allocate and execute the company's business as determined by the board of directors, and authority to act on behalf of the representative director in the event of the representative director's incapacity, as well as authority to participate as a member of the board of directors in resolutions on important matters concerning the company's business, whereas no provision at all was made regarding the allocation of duties of unregistered executives, thus treating registered executives and unregistered executives differently with respect to term of office, content of duties, and authority, etc. (see pages 132-133 of the record). According to the above findings, although the reorganizing company gives equal treatment to registered executives and unregistered executives with respect to retirement allowances and remuneration, it is apparent that the reorganizing company clearly distinguishes between registered executives and unregistered executives with respect to the authority to perform duties, by granting only registered executives the authority to attend board of directors' meetings under the Commercial Act and to participate in resolutions on important matters concerning the company's business.
If so, the court below's finding of fact and judgment that there was no discrimination whatsoever between the registered executives and unregistered executives of the reorganizing company with respect to the authority to perform duties constitutes an error of law in misapprehending the legal principles concerning the duties and authority of directors under the Commercial Act, and simultaneously constitutes an unlawful misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence.
C. Since executives such as directors and auditors of a stock company have been entrusted by the company with the handling of certain affairs, they are not in an employment relationship in which they provide a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of an employer and receive prescribed wages in return; accordingly, even where they receive a certain amount of remuneration, such remuneration cannot be deemed wages under the Labor Standards Act, and even where a retirement allowance is paid to a director or other executive pursuant to the company's regulations, such retirement allowance is not a retirement allowance under the Labor Standards Act but merely remuneration paid as consideration for the execution of duties during the term of office (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2000Da61312 rendered on February 23, 2001). However, whether a person falls under a worker subject to the Labor Standards Act must be determined, regardless of the form of the contract, according to whether, in substance, the person provided labor to an employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages; therefore, even a company's director or auditor or other executive, if his or her position or title is merely formal and nominal, and he or she in fact commutes to work daily and provides a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of the representative director who has authority over the execution of business, or of an employer, and receives remuneration in return, or if, in addition to handling the affairs entrusted by the company, he or she takes charge of certain duties under the direction and supervision of the representative director, etc., and receives a certain amount of remuneration in return, such executive falls under a worker under the Labor Standards Act (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decisions 97Da44393 rendered on December 23, 1997, and 2000Da22591 rendered on September 8, 2000).
According to the facts established by the court below, it can be found that: Plaintiff 1 joined the company as an unregistered director and, as Managing Director in charge of Finance, was in charge of fund management, and continued to perform the same duties even after being appointed as a registered director, and thereafter, until the date of retirement, was appointed as Auditor and served in that capacity for a little over one month; Plaintiff 2, as an unregistered executive, served as Director and then Managing Director in charge of civil engineering in the Daegu region, and Plaintiff 3, likewise as an unregistered executive, served as Director in charge of construction in the Daegu region; meanwhile, the plaintiffs, while serving as executives of the reorganizing company as described above, received a fixed monthly salary and bonuses each month; among the executives of the reorganizing company, the Chairman was Non-party 2, the majority shareholder, and the Chairman and Vice Chairman, as representative directors of the reorganizing company, held the authority to execute the company's business and represent the company. Considering the above findings together with the status of unregistered executives of the reorganizing company as discussed above and the difference in the authority to perform duties between directors under the Commercial Act and nominal directors, (1) first, with respect to the period during which Plaintiff 1 served as an unregistered director, and the entire period during which Plaintiffs 2 and 3 were employed, it appears that the plaintiffs' status as director or assistant director was not a delegation relationship equivalent to that of a director under the Commercial Act, but was formal and nominal in nature, such that, in substance, the plaintiffs, while holding the title of director or assistant director, handled the duties of the company assigned to each of them under the direction and supervision of the representative director, such as the Chairman, and received a certain amount of remuneration in return; and (2) meanwhile, with respect to the period during which Plaintiff 1 served after being appointed as registered director and auditor, Plaintiff 1 was entrusted by the reorganizing company with certain affairs as a director or auditor under the Commercial Act, and, absent special circumstances, this would not constitute an employment relationship in which he provided a certain amount of labor under the direction and supervision of an employer and received prescribed wages in return; however, according to the record, Plaintiff 1 asserts that, even after being appointed as registered director and auditor, he continued, in addition to his duties as director or auditor, to take charge of certain duties in accordance with the instructions of the representative director, etc., and received remuneration in return; and it can be found that the reorganizing company's articles of incorporation give equal treatment, as fellow executives, to unregistered directors and registered directors with respect to remuneration, and accordingly, Plaintiff 1 received a fixed amount of remuneration without any significant change in his status within the company even after being appointed, successively, from unregistered director to registered director and then to auditor. Given these circumstances, there is room to find that, even after Plaintiff 1 was appointed as registered director and auditor, he continued to maintain, under a relationship of subordination and dependence with the representative director, the duties he had previously handled, in addition to the delegated affairs of a director or auditor under the Commercial Act (the said plaintiff's tenure as auditor was only a little over one month); therefore, the court below should have specifically examined the indirect facts that serve as the premise for determining worker status, such as whether Plaintiff 1, even during the period when he served as registered director and auditor, was actually in charge of the same company duties as before, whether there existed a relationship of subordination and dependence with the representative director in this regard, and whether remuneration was paid in consideration for such labor, and should have determined, on that basis, whether Plaintiff 1 falls under a worker under the Labor Standards Act.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the court below, without reaching such a determination, dismissed all of the plaintiffs' claims against the reorganizing company, which were premised on the retirement allowance claims in this case being common benefit claims, on the sole ground of the circumstances stated in its judgment, holding that the plaintiffs did not fall under workers under the Labor Standards Act; and in doing so, the court below committed an unlawful error affecting the outcome of the judgment by failing to conduct the necessary examination, thereby misapprehending the facts and, as a result, misapprehending the legal principles concerning the interpretation of "worker" under the Labor Standards Act.

3. Accordingly, without the need to determine the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination; and it is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the decision, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Yoo Ji-dam (Presiding Justice), Justice Cho Mu-je, Justice Lee Kyu-hong, Justice Son Ji-yeol (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 상법상 이사와 감사는 주주총회의 선임 결의를 거쳐 임명하고 그 등기를 하여야 하며, 이사와 감사의 법정 권한은 위와 같이 적법하게 선임된 이사와 감사만이 행사할 수 있을 뿐이고 그러한 선임절차를 거치지 아니한 채 다만 회사로부터 이사라는 직함을 형식적·명목적으로 부여받은 것에 불과한 자는 상법상 이사로서의 직무권한을 행사할 수 없다.

[2] 주식회사의 이사, 감사 등 임원은 회사로부터 일정한 사무처리의 위임을 받고 있는 것이므로, 사용자의 지휘·감독 아래 일정한 근로를 제공하고 소정의 임금을 받는 고용관계에 있는 것이 아니며, 따라서 일정한 보수를 받는 경우에도 이를 근로기준법 소정의 임금이라 할 수 없고, 회사의 규정에 의하여 이사 등 임원에게 퇴직금을 지급하는 경우에도 그 퇴직금은 근로기준법 소정의 퇴직금이 아니라 재직중의 직무집행에 대한 대가로 지급되는 보수에 불과하다.

[3] 근로기준법의 적용을 받는 근로자에 해당하는지 여부는 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어서 임금을 목적으로 종속적 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 할 것이므로, 회사의 이사 또는 감사 등 임원이라고 하더라도 그 지위 또는 명칭이 형식적·명목적인 것이고 실제로는 매일 출근하여 업무집행권을 갖는 대표이사나 사용자의 지휘·감독 아래 일정한 근로를 제공하면서 그 대가로 보수를 받는 관계에 있다거나 또는 회사로부터 위임받은 사무를 처리하는 외에 대표이사 등의 지휘·감독 아래 일정한 노무를 담당하고 그 대가로 일정한 보수를 지급받아 왔다면 그러한 임원은 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당한다.

【참조조문】

[1] 상법 제312조, 제317조 제2항, 제382조, 제412조

[2] 근로기준법 제18조, 제34조

[3] 근로기준법 제14조, 제17조

【참조판례】

[2] 대법원 1988. 6. 14. 선고 87다카2268 판결(공1988, 1023), 대법원 2001. 2. 23. 선고 2000다61312 판결(공2001상, 751) / [3] 대법원 1992. 5. 12. 선고 91누11490 판결(공1992, 1894), 대법원 1997. 12. 23. 선고 97다44393 판결, 대법원 2000. 9. 8. 선고 2000다22591 판결(공2000하, 2096)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 6,648자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 1 외 2인 (소송대리인 법무법인 세영 담당변호사 전하은 외 4인)

【피고, 피상고인】 정리회사 주식회사 ○○의 관리인 소외 1의 소송수계인 정리회사 주식회사 ○○의 관리인 피고 (소송대리인 변호사 이민수)

【원심판결】 대구고법 2002. 10. 11. 선고 2001나9596 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 대구고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 1. 원심 판단

가. 원심의 사실인정

(1) 주식회사 ○○(이하 ‘정리 회사’라 한다)는 1997.말 현재 16개의 계열회사로 구성되어 있고 자산총액이 2,085,400,000,000원 가량인 ○○그룹의 모회사로서 대구지방법원으로부터 1998. 8. 17. 회사정리절차개시결정을, 1999. 7. 13. 정리계획인가결정을 받았다.

(2) 정리 회사의 정관과 ‘임원처우에 관한 규정’은 ① 직위상 회장, 부회장, 사장, 부사장, 전무이사, 상무이사, 이사, 이사대우 및 감사로 상근인 자를 임원으로 하고, ② 주주총회 의결을 거친 임원(법인등기부에 등재되는 임원이다. 이하 ‘등기임원’이라 한다)의 선임 및 해임의 인사권은 대표이사가 행하고, 주주총회의 의결을 거치지 않은 임원(법인등기부에 등재되지 않는 임원이다. 이하 ‘비등기임원’이라 한다)의 인사권은 이사회의 결의에 의하여 대표이사가 행하며, ③ 효과적인 업무추진을 위하여 임원의 담당업무를 분장할 수 있고, 담당업무는 업무위촉에 의한다고 규정하고 있다.

(3) ① 원고 1은 1989. 12. 1. 정리 회사의 비등기임원인 재무담당 상무이사로 입사하여 자금관리를 담당하다가 1995. 2. 28. 주주총회의 의결을 거친 등기임원인 이사가 되었고 1998. 3. 28. 이사에서 퇴임함과 동시에 감사로 취임하였다가 1998. 5. 9. 퇴직하였다(법인등기부에는 1998. 12. 24. 퇴직한 것으로 기재되어 있다). ② 원고 2는 1991. 8. 16. 정리 회사의 비등기임원인 기술담당 이사로 입사하여 그 때부터 대구지역 토목담당 이사 및 상무이사로 근무하다가 1998. 6. 24. 퇴직하였다. ③ 원고 3은 1989. 1. 4. 정리 회사의 부장으로 입사하여 근무하다가 1993. 1. 3. 및 1994. 1. 3. 비등기임원인 기술담당 이사대우 및 이사로 각 승진하여 대구지역 공사담당 이사(대구지역현장PM)로 근무하다가 1998. 6. 24. 퇴직하였다.

(4) 정리 회사의 ‘임원처우에 관한 규정’은 ① 임원의 보수 총액은 주주총회에서 정하고, ② 임원의 퇴직금은 별도의 임원 퇴직금 지급규정에 의하여 지급한다고 규정하고, ‘임원 퇴직금 지급규정’은 임원의 퇴직금에 대하여, ① 등기 또는 비등기를 불문한 상근임원의 퇴직금은 퇴임 당시의 최종직위 평균보수월액에 회장·부회장은 근속기간(이사대우 승진일로부터 퇴임발령일까지의 기간) 1년에 4개월분, 사장·부사장·전무이사는 근속기간 1년에 3개월분, 상무이사·이사·이사대우·감사는 근속기간 1년에 2개월분의 지급률을 곱하여 산정하고, ② 퇴직금은 퇴직일로부터 1개월 이내에 지급함을 원칙으로 한다고 규정하고 있다.

(5) 정리 회사의 ‘퇴직금 지급규정’은 직원의 퇴직금에 대하여, ① 퇴직 당시의 평균임금에 근속연수(입사일부터 퇴직발령일까지의 기간)를 곱하여 산정하고, ② 퇴직금은 퇴직일로부터 14일 이내에 지급함을 원칙으로 하며, ③ 직원이 임원으로 선임되는 경우에는 퇴직으로 간주하고 퇴직금을 지급한다고 규정하고 있다.

(6) 정리 회사의 관리인은 회사정리계획안을 작성하면서 원고들을 포함한 임직원 555명의 1999. 7. 13. 현재 미지급 퇴직금을 공익채권으로 분류하는 한편 당사자들과 협의를 거쳐 준비연도인 1999.과 제1차연도인 2000.에 그 1/2씩 분할하여 변제하기로 노력한다는 내용을 명시하였고, 그 정리계획안은 1999. 7. 13. 대구지방법원의 인가결정으로 확정되었다.

나. 원심의 판단

원심은, 원고들이 명목상으로는 정리 회사의 임원인 이사 또는 감사의 지위에 있었지만 실질적으로는 대표이사 등의 지휘·감독 아래 일정한 노무를 제공하고 그 대가로 일정한 보수를 지급받는 고용관계에 있었던 것에 불과하였으므로 근로기준법상의 근로자이고, 따라서 원고들의 퇴직금 채권은 회사정리법상의 공익채권에 해당하므로, 피고는 정리회사의 ‘임원 퇴직금지급 규정’에 의하여 산정한 퇴직금을 원고들에게 지급할 의무가 있다는 원고들의 주장에 대하여, 그 내세운 증거들에 의하여, 원고들은 정리 회사로부터 효과적인 업무추진을 위하여 분장된 일정한 업무를 위촉받아 그 업무의 담당임원으로서 임원회의에 참석하는 등 재량과 권한을 가지고 업무수행을 해 온 사실, 정리 회사의 등기임원과 비등기임원 사이에는 업무수행권한과 보수 등 처우에 관하여 아무런 차별도 없었던 사실을 인정하고 나서, 이에 반하는 증거들을 배척한 다음, 위 인정 사실에 원고들이 정리 회사의 비등기 또는 등기임원으로 선임된 경위, 정리 회사의 자산규모, 일반직원이 임원으로 선임되는 경우에는 퇴직으로 간주하여 퇴직금을 지급하도록 하고 있고, 임원의 퇴직금 지급률과 그 지급시기가 일반 직원의 그것과 다른 점 등의 사정을 종합하여 보면, 원고들의 업무 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 업무수행과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적, 개별적인 지휘·감독을 받았다고 볼 수 없을 뿐 아니라 원고들이 받은 보수 역시 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격을 가진 것은 아니므로, 원고들은 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공한 근로자라고는 할 수 없다는 이유로, 원고들이 근로기준법 소정의 근로자임을 전제로 하는 원고들의 위 주장을 배척하였다.

2. 이 법원의 판단

가. 그러나 정리 회사의 등기임원과 비등기임원 사이에 업무수행권한에 아무런 차이가 없다고 한 원심의 사실인정과 이에 기하여 원고들이 근로기준법 소정의 근로자가 아니라고 한 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 수긍하기 어렵다.

나. 상법상 이사와 감사는 주주총회의 선임 결의를 거쳐 임명하고(상법 제382조 제1항, 제409조 제1항) 그 등기를 하여야 하며, 이사와 감사의 법정 권한은 위와 같이 적법하게 선임된 이사와 감사만이 행사할 수 있을 뿐이고 그러한 선임절차를 거치지 아니한 채 다만 회사로부터 이사라는 직함을 형식적·명목적으로 부여받은 것에 불과한 자는 상법상 이사로서의 직무권한을 행사할 수 없다 할 것인데, 원심이 확정한 사실관계에 의하면, 정리 회사의 등기임원은 상법의 선임요건을 갖춘 이사 또는 감사에 해당하고 비등기임원은 형식적·명목적으로 명칭만을 부여받은 이사임이 명백하므로, 정리 회사의 등기임원과 비등기임원 사이에 있어서 업무수행권한의 차이가 없다고 단정할 수 없다.

한편 기록에 의하면, 정리 회사는 임원을 그 직위에 따라 회장, 부회장, 사장, 부사장, 전무이사, 상무이사, 이사, 이사대우 및 감사로 상근인 자 등으로 구분하고, 이들을 상법상 이사, 감사의 선임요건을 갖춘 등기임원과 상법상 선임요건을 갖추지 못한 비등기임원으로 나누고 있는 사실, 위 등기임원과 비등기임원은 그 임금과 퇴직금 지급에 있어서 일반직원과 달리 구별하여 동등한 대우를 받고 있는 사실, 그러나 정리 회사의 정관은 등기된 이사에 한하여 그 임기를 3년으로 제한하면서, 대표이사에 임용될 자격, 대표이사를 보좌하고 이사회에서 정하는 바에 따라 회사의 업무를 분장 집행하며 대표이사의 유고시에는 그 직무를 대행할 권한, 이사회의 구성원으로서 회사업무의 중요사항 결의에 참여할 권한을 부여하고 있으나 비등기임원의 업무분장에 관하여는 아무런 규정을 두지 않아 등기임원과 비등기임원에 관하여 그 임기, 업무내용과 권한 등에 있어서 달리 취급하고 있는 사실(기록 132, 133쪽 참조)을 인정할 수 있는바, 위 인정 사실에 의하면, 정리 회사는 등기임원과 비등기임원 사이에 그 퇴직금과 보수에 관하여 동등한 처우를 하고 있기는 하나, 상법상 이사회에 참석하여 회사의 업무에 관한 중요한 사항의 결의에 참여할 권한 등은 등기임원에게만 이를 부여함으로써 등기임원과 비등기임원 사이에 업무수행권한에 있어서 명백히 구별하고 있음을 알 수 있다.

그렇다면 정리 회사의 등기임원과 비등기임원 사이에 업무수행권한에 있어서 아무런 차별이 없다고 한 원심의 사실인정 및 판단은 위와 같은 상법상 이사의 직무권한에 관한 법리를 오해함과 동시에 채증법칙에 위반하여 사실오인의 위법을 저지른 것이다.

다. 주식회사의 이사, 감사 등 임원은 회사로부터 일정한 사무처리의 위임을 받고 있는 것이므로, 사용자의 지휘·감독 아래 일정한 근로를 제공하고 소정의 임금을 받는 고용관계에 있는 것이 아니며, 따라서 일정한 보수를 받는 경우에도 이를 근로기준법 소정의 임금이라 할 수 없고, 회사의 규정에 의하여 이사 등 임원에게 퇴직금을 지급하는 경우에도 그 퇴직금은 근로기준법 소정의 퇴직금이 아니라 재직중의 직무집행에 대한 대가로 지급되는 보수에 불과하다(대법원 2001. 2. 23. 선고 2000다61312 판결 등 참조). 그러나 근로기준법의 적용을 받는 근로자에 해당하는지 여부는 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어서 임금을 목적으로 종속적 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 할 것이므로, 회사의 이사 또는 감사 등 임원이라고 하더라도 그 지위 또는 명칭이 형식적·명목적인 것이고 실제로는 매일 출근하여 업무집행권을 갖는 대표이사나 사용자의 지휘·감독 아래 일정한 근로를 제공하면서 그 대가로 보수를 받는 관계에 있다거나 또는 회사로부터 위임받은 사무를 처리하는 외에 대표이사 등의 지휘·감독 아래 일정한 노무를 담당하고 그 대가로 일정한 보수를 지급받아 왔다면 그러한 임원은 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당한다 할 것이다(대법원 1997. 12. 23. 선고 97다44393 판결, 2000. 9. 8. 선고 2000다22591 판결 등 참조).

원심이 확정한 사실관계에 의하면, 원고 1은 비등기이사로 입사하여 재무담당 상무로서 자금관리를 담당하였고 등기이사로 선임된 후에도 위와 같은 내용의 직무를 수행하였으며 그 이후 퇴직일까지는 감사로 선임되어 한 달 남짓 근무한 사실, 원고 2는 비등기임원으로서 대구지역 토목담당 이사 및 상무이사로, 원고 3은 역시 비등기임원으로서 대구지역 공사담당 이사로 각 근무한 사실, 한편 원고들은 위와 같이 정리 회사의 임원으로 근무하면서 매월 정액의 월급여와 상여금을 지급받은 사실, 정리 회사의 임원 중 회장은 대주주인 소외 2이었고, 회장과 부회장이 정리 회사의 대표이사로서 회사의 업무집행권 및 대표권을 가지고 있었던 사실을 인정할 수 있는바, 앞서 본 바와 같은 정리 회사의 비등기임원의 지위, 상법상 이사와 명목상의 이사와의 업무수행권한의 차이 등과 함께 위 인정 사실을 종합하여 보면, (1) 우선 원고 1의 경우 비등기이사로 근무한 기간과 원고 2, 원고 3의 전 근무기간 동안에 원고들의 이사 또는 이사대우라는 지위는 상법상의 이사와 같은 위임관계가 아니라 형식적·명목적인 것으로서 실제로는 이사 또는 이사대우라는 직함을 가지고 회장 등 대표이사의 지휘·감독하에 각자 담당한 회사의 업무를 처리하고 이에 대한 대가로 일정한 보수를 지급받는 관계에 있었던 것으로 보이고, (2) 한편, 원고 1이 등기이사와 감사로 선임되어 근무한 기간 동안에 원고 1은 정리 회사로부터 상법상의 이사 또는 감사로서의 일정한 사무처리 위임을 받고 있었던 것으로서 특별한 사정이 없는 한 사용자의 지휘·감독 아래에 일정한 근로를 제공하고 소정의 임금을 받는 고용관계가 아니라고 할 것이나, 기록에 의하면, 원고 1은, 그가 등기이사와 감사로 선임된 이후에도 이사 또는 감사로서의 직무 이외에 대표이사 등의 지시에 따라 일정한 노무를 담당하면서 그 대가로 보수를 지급받아 왔다고 주장하는 한편, 정리 회사의 정관은 비등기이사와 등기이사에 대하여 같은 임원으로서 그 보수에 있어서 동일한 처우를 하고 있고 이에 따라 원고 1은 비등기이사에서 등기이사를 거쳐 감사로 선임된 이후에도 회사에서의 지위에 별다른 변동이 없이 정액의 보수를 지급받았음을 알 수 있는바, 사정이 이와 같다면, 원고 1이 비등기이사에서 등기이사 및 감사로 선임된 이후에도 상법상 이사, 감사로서의 위임사무 외에 종래에 담당하고 있던 업무를 대표이사와의 사용종속관계하에서 계속 유지하고 있었다고 볼 여지가 있으므로(위 원고의 감사로서의 재임기간은 한 달 남짓에 불과하다), 원심으로서는 원고 1이 등기이사와 감사로 선임된 기간에도 과연 종래와 같은 회사 업무를 담당하고 있었는지, 이에 관하여 대표이사와 사이에 사용종속관계가 있었는지, 이러한 노무에 대한 대가로 보수가 지급된 것인지 등 근로자의 인정에 전제가 되는 간접사실에 대하여 구체적으로 심리하여 원고 1이 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단하였어야 할 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 이에 이르지 아니한 채 그 판시와 같은 사정만으로 원고들이 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하지 않는다는 이유로 이 사건 퇴직금 채권이 공익채권임을 전제로 한 원고들의 정리 회사를 모두 기각하였던바, 거기에는 필요한 심리를 다하지 아니하여 사실을 오인하고 그 결과 근로기준법상 근로자의 해석에 관한 법리를 오해함으로써 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다.

3. 그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대하여 판단할 필요 없이 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 유지담(재판장) 조무제 이규홍 손지열(주심)

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