Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2005두524

Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy부당해고구제재심판정취소

Decided2005. 05. 27. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addressed whether a person appointed as an executive director (집행이사) of a company, who worked as a division head, qualified as an 'employee' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). The Supreme Court ruled that the determination should be based on the actual substance of the subordinate relationship rather than the formal title or contract, and recognized the person as an employee. The Court further held that the dismissal of this executive director was unjustified, finding that despite the executive title, he was in substance in a position similar to that of an ordinary employee.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA person appointed as an executive director of a company, who worked as a division head, was dismissed and filed for relief against unfair dismissal (부당해고).
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court found that despite his formal title as an executive, he was in substance in a subordinate employment relationship and therefore qualified as an employee, ruling that his dismissal was unjust.
  • LessonEven someone holding an executive title can be legally protected as an employee if, in practice, they are subject to the company's direction and supervision and their working hours are controlled by the employer.
Issues
  • Whether an executive director (집행이사) qualifies as an 'employee' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법)
  • Whether the dismissal of the executive director was legally justified
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that whether someone qualifies as an 'employee' (근로자) should be determined based on the actual subordinate relationship in fact, not merely the form of the employment contract or job title. Relevant factors include who determines the content of the work, whether there is a relationship of direction and supervision, whether working hours and location are fixed by the employer, and the nature of the compensation paid. Even if a person holds the title of 'executive' or 'officer,' if the substance of the relationship shows dependency and subordination typical of an employment relationship, that person must be treated as an employee under labor law. Applying these criteria, the Court found that the plaintiff, despite his title as executive director, was subject to the company's direction and control in a manner consistent with employee status.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In determining whether a person constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), regardless of whether the contract is a contract of employment or a contract for work under the Civil Act (민법), the determination should be made based on whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages in a business or workplace. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors should be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the worker is subject to specific and direct direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the worker is bound thereby; whether the work is substitutable, such as whether the worker himself may employ a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership relationship regarding equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax on wages is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the person is recognized as having employee status under other statutes, such as those relating to the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties. Even in the case of a director or other officer of a company, the determination should not be made based solely on the formal title, but by comprehensively considering the above criteria.

[2] Case affirming the lower court's determination that a person who was appointed as an executive director and served as a headquarters director or regional headquarters director constituted, in substance, an employee under the Labor Standards Act who provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages in a business or workplace.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,285 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] △△△ Co., Ltd. (Legal Representative: Kim & Chang... actually Law Firm Sejong, Attorneys Lee Geon-ung and 3 others)
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission
[Intervenor for the Defendant] Intervenor for the Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2004Nu3122, decided December 10, 2004

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Judgment on the First Ground of Appeal

In determining whether a person constitutes a "worker" under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), regardless of whether the contract concerned is, in form, an employment contract or a service (subcontract) contract under the Civil Act (민법), the determination must be made based on whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages at a business or workplace. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work was determined by the employer and whether the worker was subject to the employer's rules of employment, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the worker was subject to specific and direct direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and place of work were designated by the employer and whether the worker was bound thereby; whether the work was substitutable, such as whether the worker could hire a third party to perform the work on his or her behalf; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters relating to remuneration, including whether the remuneration had the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a base pay or fixed wage was set, and whether wage income tax was withheld; the continuity of the provision of labor and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as an employee is recognized under other statutes, such as social security laws; and the economic and social conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 2001Do2778, decided August 21, 2001). Even in the case of a director or other executive officer of a company, the determination must not be made solely on the basis of formal title but must comprehensively consider the above criteria (see Supreme Court Decision 91Nu11490, decided May 12, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 2002Da64681, decided September 26, 2003).

With respect to whether the Intervenor for the Defendant (hereinafter "the Intervenor"), who was appointed as an Executive Director through a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Plaintiff company and served as the Head of Headquarters or the Head of the ○○ Regional Headquarters, constitutes a worker under the Labor Standards Act, the court below, after finding the facts stated in its judgment based on the evidence adduced, determined as follows. Unlike a director registered in the corporate register, the content of the Intervenor's work was determined not only by the regulations established by the Plaintiff company, such as the Executive Director System Operation Regulations and the Organizational Regulations, but the Intervenor was also disciplined in the same manner as ordinary employees, and was subject to the Plaintiff company's regulations concerning remuneration and severance pay; the Executive Director System Operation Regulations clearly state that an Executive Director is not an officer, and the Personnel Regulations expressly designate the Head of Headquarters as an employee (according to the facts found by the court below, the position of Head of Headquarters or Regional Headquarters, which the Intervenor held after being appointed as Executive Director, could also be filled by persons of the rank of Director-Equivalent, Grade 1, or Grade 2 employee); the Intervenor's place of work was designated by the Plaintiff company's Representative Director, and the Intervenor was also restricted as to working hours and was subject to the direction and supervision of the Representative Director (according to the facts found by the court below, the Intervenor, as Head of the ○○ Regional Headquarters, performed his duties while also being subject to the direction and supervision of the Head of the Individual Business Headquarters, who held the lower rank of Grade 1); the rights to the office and equipment used by the Intervenor in the course of his work belonged to the Plaintiff company; and the Plaintiff company enrolled the Intervenor in employment insurance. In light of these circumstances, even though, as the Plaintiff argues, an Executive Director is not included among the Plaintiff company's employees under the employment regulations, and is treated similarly to an officer with respect to remuneration and treatment, and even though, during his tenure as Head of Headquarters, the Intervenor participated in the management council and exercised certain executive authority over matters within his jurisdiction, this does not mean that he was substantively granted a status and authority equivalent to that of an officer; moreover, such authority and duties were all limited to matters within his jurisdiction as prescribed by the Plaintiff company's regulations, and he was subject to the direction and supervision of the Representative Director. Accordingly, the court below determined that the Intervenor, in substance, constitutes a worker under the Labor Standards Act who provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages at a business or workplace.

Examining the record in light of the legal principles set forth above, the fact-finding and determination of the court below as described above are all justified and acceptable, and there is no error in the judgment below, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the concept of a worker or a violation of the rules of evidence resulting in a misapprehension of the facts, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

2. Judgment on the Second Ground of Appeal

Examining the record, the determination of the court below—that the acts of the Intervenor as found in its judgment did not undermine the relationship of trust between the Plaintiff company and the Intervenor to such an extent that, in light of common social norms, the employment relationship could no longer be maintained, and that therefore the dismissal in this case, which resulted in the discharge of the Intervenor based solely on such wrongdoing on the part of the Intervenor, was excessively harsh and thus unjust—is justified, and there is no error in the judgment below, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the justifiability of dismissal or a failure to exhaust necessary deliberation.

3. Conclusion

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, with the unanimous consent of the participating Justices.

Justices Yang Seung-tae (Presiding Justice), Lee Yong-woo, Lee Gyu-hong (Justice in Charge), Park Jae-yoon

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 그 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 또는 도급계약이든 그 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무 시간과 근무 장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적(對償的) 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하고, 회사의 이사 등 임원의 경우에도 그 형식만을 따질 것이 아니라 위 기준을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

[2] 집행이사로 선임되어 본부장 또는 지역본부장으로 근무한 자를 그 실질에 있어 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하는 근로기준법 상 근로자에 해당한다고 한 원심의 판단을 수긍한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제14조, 제17조

[2] 근로기준법 제14조, 제17조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1992. 5. 12. 선고 91누11490 판결(공1992, 1894), 대법원 1994. 12. 9. 선고 94다22859 판결(공1995상, 448), 대법원 1997. 12. 23. 선고 97다44393 판결, 대법원 2000. 9. 8. 선고 2000다22591 판결(공2000하, 2096), 대법원 2001. 2. 9. 선고 2000다57498 판결(공2001상, 625), 대법원 2001. 6. 26. 선고 99다5484 판결(공2001하, 1681), 대법원 2001. 8. 21. 선고 2001도2778 판결(공2001하, 2125), 대법원 2003. 9. 26. 선고 2002다64681 판결(공2003하, 2075), 대법원 2004. 3. 26. 선고 2003두13939 판결(공2004상, 731)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,518자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 △△△ 주식회사 (소송대리인 법무법인 세종 담당변호사 이건웅 외 3인)

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인】 피고보조참가인

【원심판결】 서울고법 2004. 12. 10. 선고 2004누3122 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 대한 판단

근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 그 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 또는 도급계약이든 그 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무 시간과 근무 장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적(對償的) 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 하고(대법원 2001. 8. 21. 선고 2001도2778 판결 참조), 회사의 이사 등 임원의 경우에도 그 형식만을 따질 것이 아니라 위 기준을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 할 것이다(대법원 1992. 5. 12. 선고 91누11490 판결, 2003. 9. 26. 선고 2002다64681 판결 등 참조).

원심은, 원고 회사 이사회의 결의를 통하여 집행이사로 선임되어 본부장 또는 ○○지역본부장으로 근무한 피고보조참가인(이하 ‘참가인’이라 한다)이 근로기준법 소정의 근로자인지의 여부에 관하여, 그 채용 증거들에 의하여 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음에, 법인등기부에 등재되는 이사와 달리 참가인 업무의 내용은 집행이사제운영규정, 직제규정 등 원고 회사가 마련한 규정에 의하여 정해질 뿐 아니라 징계에 있어서도 직원에 준하여 행해지며, 보수 및 퇴직금에 관하여도 원고 회사의 규정을 적용받게 되는 점, 집행이사제운영규정에 의하여 집행이사는 임원이 아님을 명백히 하고 있고, 인사규정에서 본부장은 직원으로 명시되어 있는 점(원심의 인정 사실에 의하면, 참가인이 집행이사로 선임된 후 근무한 본부장, 지역본부장은 이사대우, 1급 또는 2급 직원 중에서도 임명될 수 있다), 참가인은 원고 회사의 대표이사에 의하여 근무 장소를 지정받고 근무 시간에 대하여도 제한을 받고 있을 뿐 아니라 대표이사의 지휘·감독을 받는 점(원심의 인정 사실에 의하면, 참가인은 ○○지역본부장으로서 자신보다 하위 직급인 1급 상당인 개인사업본부장의 지휘·감독도 받아 그 업무를 수행하였다), 참가인 근무의 사무실 및 그 비품 등에 관한 권리가 원고 회사에게 있는 점, 원고 회사가 참가인에 대하여 고용보험에 가입한 점 등에 비추어 볼 때, 원고가 주장하는 것처럼 집행이사가 취업규정상 원고 회사의 직원에 포함되지 아니할 뿐 아니라 보수 및 처우에 있어서도 임원과 유사하게 대우받고 있고, 참가인이 본부장으로 재임할 당시에는 경영협의회에 참여하여 소관 업무에 관한 집행권을 행사하는 부분이 있다 하더라도 실질적으로 임원과 동등한 지위와 권한을 부여받은 것은 아닐 뿐만 아니라, 이러한 권한 및 직무는 모두 원고 회사의 규정에서 정한 소관 업무에 한정되고 대표이사의 지휘·감독을 받고 있다 할 것이므로 참가인은 그 실질에 있어 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하는 근로기준법 소정의 근로자에 해당한다고 판단하였는바, 위에서 본 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정과 판단은 모두 정당하여 수긍이 가고, 거기에 상고이유의 주장과 같은 근로자에 관한 법리를 오해하였거나 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인한 위법이 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 대한 판단

기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심이 참가인의 판시 행위가 원고 회사와 참가인 사이의 신뢰관계를 무너뜨려 사회통념상 고용관계를 더 이상 계속할 수 없을 정도에까지 이르렀다고 보기 어렵다는 이유로 참가인의 위와 같은 잘못만으로 참가인을 해고의 결과에 이르게 하는 이 사건 해임은 그 정도가 지나쳐 부당하다고 판단한 것은 정당하고, 거기에 해고의 정당성에 관한 법리를 오해하였거나 필요한 심리를 다하지 아니한 위법이 있다고 할 수가 없다.

3. 결 론

그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자가 부담하도록 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 양승태(재판장) 이용우 이규홍(주심) 박재윤

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2000두8455 · 대법원 2002-03-29
Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Dismissal Rem

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)