Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 95다42270

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided1996. 05. 10. Court대법원Employer won (case remanded for further proceedings - 파기환송)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A worker was transferred (전적) to an affiliated company and later returned to the original employer. The worker then claimed severance pay (퇴직금) calculated from his original hire date, including the period spent at the affiliated company. The Supreme Court (대법원) rejected this claim, holding that the transfer (전적) had legally severed the employment relationship with the original company.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn employee was transferred (전적) to an affiliated company and later returned to the original employer, then claimed severance pay (퇴직금) calculated from his original date of hire.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that the transfer (전적) severed the employment relationship, so only the service period after his return counted toward severance pay (퇴직금).
  • LessonEmployees transferring between affiliated companies should clearly confirm in advance whether their service period will be treated as continuous, since a transfer (전적) may reset the calculation period for severance pay (퇴직금).
Issues
  • The legal effect of a company transfer (전적) carried out without the employee's clear consent
  • Whether the employment relationship is deemed to continue (succession of employment relationship, 근로관계 승계) after a transfer (전적)
  • Whether counting pre-transfer service for rank/pay-grade purposes or granting a long-service award establishes continuity of employment
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, a transfer between companies (전적) generally requires the employee's consent to be valid. Once a valid transfer (전적) occurs, the employment relationship with the previous employer is terminated, absent special circumstances indicating otherwise. The Court found that merely counting the pre-transfer work period when calculating the employee's job rank or pay grade, or granting a long-service award that included that period, does not by itself prove that the employers intended to treat the employment relationship as continuous. Therefore, such administrative practices are insufficient to establish succession of employment relationship (근로관계 승계) between the original and transferee companies.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] A transfer (轉籍) of an employee, whereby the employee's registration is moved from the enterprise by which he is employed to another enterprise that is a separate business entity, so that the employee comes to work for the business of that other enterprise, is in principle effective only upon obtaining the employee's consent. However, in the case of a transfer between affiliated companies within a business group in which affiliated companies engaged in various types of business and lines of business carry on economic activities while maintaining a certain degree of close relationship in terms of capital, composition of executives, business activities, etc., an employee may be effectively transferred to another affiliated company without obtaining his specific consent only where there exist special circumstances, such as: (i) where the affiliated company to which the employee is to be transferred has been specified in advance and the employee has given prior consent after being clearly informed of the basic working conditions, including matters concerning the duties to be performed at that company; or (ii) where there exists, within the business group, a practice of transferring employees to other affiliated companies without obtaining their consent, and such practice has been clearly recognized within the enterprise as a normative fact generally governing employment relationships, or has been accepted by the members of the enterprise generally without raising any objection as a matter of course, thereby becoming established as a de facto system within the enterprise and thus recognized as constituting part of the content of the employment contract.

[2] Since a transfer involves the mutual rescission of the employment relationship with the former enterprise and the conclusion of a new employment contract with the enterprise to which the employee is to be transferred, in cases where a valid transfer has taken place, the employment relationship between the employee concerned and the former enterprise is severed, and the enterprise to which the employee is transferred does not succeed to the employee's employment relationship with the former enterprise, unless there exist special circumstances, such as a special agreement between the parties to the effect that the employment relationship with the former enterprise is to be succeeded to, or a provision in the rules of employment, etc. of the enterprise to which the employee is to be transferred providing for the aggregation of the period of service with the former enterprise.

[3] A case holding that the mere fact that the employee's period of service at the company prior to the transfer was included in calculating his job grade and pay step, and that he was awarded a commendation for ten years of continuous service, cannot be deemed sufficient to establish that the employment relationship with that company was succeeded to by the company to which he was transferred, and reversing the judgment of the court below, which had recognized the succession of the employment relationship before and after the transfer.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,081 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Daehan Textile Co., Ltd. (Litigation Representative: Seocho Law Firm, attorney in charge Park Seung-seo and 4 others)

[Judgment Below] Daegu High Court Judgment rendered August 23, 1995, Case No. 95Na833

[Order]

The part of the judgment below against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Daegu High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. A "transfer of affiliation" (轉籍), whereby a worker's registration is moved from the enterprise by which he is employed to another, separate enterprise, so that he comes to perform work for that other enterprise, in principle takes effect only with the consent of the worker. However, in the case of a transfer of affiliation between affiliated companies within a corporate group composed of various types and forms of business that conduct economic activities while maintaining a certain degree of close relationship in terms of capital, composition of executives, business activities, etc., such a transfer may validly be effected without obtaining the worker's specific consent only where there are special circumstances, such as: (i) where the affiliated company to which the worker is to be transferred has been specified in advance, and prior consent has been obtained after clearly indicating the basic working conditions, including matters concerning the duties to be performed at that company; or (ii) where there exists, within the corporate group, a practice of transferring workers to other affiliated companies without obtaining the workers' consent, and such practice is either clearly recognized within the enterprise as a normative fact generally governing the employment relationship, or has become established as a de facto system within the enterprise because the members of the enterprise generally raise no objection thereto and accept it as a matter of course, such that it is recognized as forming part of the content of the employment contract (see Supreme Court Decisions 92Da11695 and 92Nu8200, both rendered January 26, 1993, among others).

Moreover, since such a transfer of affiliation involves the mutual rescission of the employment relationship with the former enterprise and the conclusion of a new employment contract with the enterprise to which the worker is to be transferred (see the above decisions), where a valid transfer of affiliation has taken place, the worker's employment relationship with the former enterprise is severed, unless there exist special circumstances such as an agreement between the parties to succeed to the employment relationship with the former enterprise, or a provision in the rules of employment, etc., of the enterprise to which the worker is transferred providing for the aggregation of the period of service with the former enterprise; and it cannot be said that the enterprise to which the worker is transferred succeeds to the worker's employment relationship with the former enterprise (see Supreme Court Decisions 84Daka90, rendered June 24, 1984; 92Da19316, rendered June 11, 1993; 94Da20198, rendered July 14, 1995, among others).

2. Turning to examine this case in light of the foregoing, the record shows the following facts: the Plaintiff was employed as an employee of the Defendant, an affiliated company within the Daehan Textile Group, on March 1, 1973, and worked there; while so employed, another affiliated company within the same group, Daehan Comprehensive Development Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "the Non-Party Company"), was awarded an overseas construction contract in Mauritania, Africa; in accordance with the group's policy, the Non-Party Company recruited volunteers for the overseas construction site from among employees of the affiliated companies within the group; the Defendant, in accordance with this, promised that employees who completed their overseas assignment could return to their original position and would suffer no disadvantage in terms of job grade or pay step; the Plaintiff, having thus volunteered for overseas work with the Non-Party Company, submitted a letter of resignation on March 31, 1981, and received from the Defendant severance pay of KRW 3,278,535 (after deduction of tax from the total of KRW 3,355,933); the Plaintiff then joined the Non-Party Company on April 1 of the same year, and from around April 10 of that month worked at the Non-Party Company's above overseas construction site as an assistant section chief, a position one grade higher than his position as an employee of the Defendant, until he completed his overseas assignment and returned to Korea around February 1983. Upon returning to Korea after completing his overseas assignment as described above, the Plaintiff expressed a wish to work at the Defendant's Daegu factory; in accordance with its original promise, the Defendant had the Plaintiff work at the said Daegu factory, in accordance with his wish, as a security guard at his original job grade of assistant chief; the Plaintiff thus resigned from the Non-Party Company on March 18, 1983, and received from the Non-Party Company severance pay of KRW 1,787,690 corresponding to his period of service there; the Plaintiff then went through the procedure of re-joining as an employee of the Defendant, and worked as a security guard for the Defendant from March 21 of that year until he retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age on January 21, 1992.

If the facts are as stated above, then the Plaintiff's joining the Non-Party Company and his re-joining as an employee of the Defendant substantially constitute a transfer of affiliation between affiliated companies within a corporate group as discussed above. The fact that the Plaintiff, while working as an employee of the Defendant, volunteered to work at the Non-Party Company's overseas construction site, submitted a letter of resignation to the Defendant, and received severance pay, is, even though it arose from the Non-Party Company's recruitment of candidates for overseas assignment from among employees of affiliated companies within the group pursuant to the group's policy, nonetheless to be regarded as an act done of the Plaintiff's own free will, and is therefore valid; as a result, the Plaintiff's former employment relationship as an employee of the Defendant was severed. Likewise, inasmuch as the Plaintiff, after completing his overseas work with the Non-Party Company, submitted a letter of resignation to the Non-Party Company and even received severance pay in order to re-join as an employee of the Defendant in accordance with his own wishes, his employment relationship with the Non-Party Company was thereby also severed.

Even granting that, as found by the court below, the Defendant, in calculating the Plaintiff's job grade and pay step after his re-employment, included his period of service at the Non-Party Company, and that the Plaintiff, at an event around August 1983 commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Defendant company's founding, was awarded a 10-year long-service award given to employees with 10 or more years of continuous service, such calculation of job grade and pay step was made in accordance with the promise made to the Plaintiff at the time of recruiting volunteers for overseas assignment as described above, and the 10-year long-service award likewise appears to have been given, at the group level, in recognition of employees who had served 10 years or more when the total period of service at affiliated companies within the group was aggregated; these circumstances alone cannot affect the conclusion, as set forth above, that the employment relationship was severed.

Nevertheless, the court below, while acknowledging the fact that the Plaintiff voluntarily submitted the letter of resignation and received severance pay as described above, nonetheless held—based on the circumstances set out in the judgment below as noted above—that the Plaintiff's service as an employee of the Defendant and his service at the Non-Party Company constituted a single continuous period of service without any severance of the continuity of the employment relationship; and further, taking the entire period from March 1, 1973, when the Plaintiff first joined the Defendant as an employee, to January 21, 1992, when he retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age, as the Plaintiff's period of continuous service, calculated the Plaintiff's severance pay on that basis. In so doing, the court below erred in its understanding of the legal principles concerning the calculation of years of continuous service and continuous employment, and this error affected the judgment. The argument in the grounds of appeal on this point is well-founded.

3. Accordingly, the Justices unanimously agree to reverse the part of the judgment below against which the Defendant lost, and to remand this part of the case to the court below, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Park Man-ho (Presiding Justice), Park Jun-seo, Kim Hyung-seon (Justice in charge), Lee Yong-hoon

【판결요지】

[1] 근로자를 그가 고용된 기업으로부터 별개의 기업체인 다른 기업으로 적(籍)을 옮겨 그 다른 기업의 업무에 종사하게 하는 전적(轉籍)은 원칙적으로 근로자의 동의를 얻어야 효력이 생기는 것이고, 다만 다양한 업종과 업태를 가진 계열기업들이 자본·임원의 구성·영업활동 등에 있어서 어느 정도 밀접한 관련성을 갖고 경제활동을 전개하는 기업그룹 내의 계열기업 사이의 전적에 있어서는, 미리 전적할 계열기업을 특정하고 그 기업에서 종사하여야 할 업무에 관한 사항 등의 기본적인 근로조건을 명시하여 사전동의를 얻은 경우나, 기업그룹 내에서 근로자의 동의를 얻지 아니하고 다른 계열기업으로 근로자를 전적시키는 관행이 있어서 그와 같은 관행이 기업 내에서 일반적으로 근로관계를 규율하는 규범적 사실로 명확하게 승인되거나 기업의 구성원이 일반적으로 아무런 이의를 제기하지 아니한 채 당연한 것으로 받아들여 기업 내에서 사실상의 제도로 확립되어 있어 근로계약의 내용을 이루는 것으로 인정되는 경우처럼, 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 한하여 근로자의 구체적인 동의를 얻지 아니하더라도 근로자를 다른 계열기업으로 유효하게 전적시킬 수 있다.

[2] 전적은 종전 기업과의 근로관계를 합의해지하고 이적하게 될 기업과 사이에 새로운 근로계약을 체결하는 것이므로, 유효한 전적이 이루어진 경우에 있어서는 당사자 사이에 종전 기업과의 근로관계를 승계하기로 하는 특약이 있거나 이적하게 될 기업의 취업규칙 등에 종전 기업에서의 근속기간을 통산하도록 하는 규정이 있는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 당해 근로자의 종전 기업과의 근로관계는 단절되고, 이적하게 될 기업이 당해 근로자의 종전 기업과의 근로관계를 승계하는 것은 아니다.

[3] 전적 전 회사에서의 근무기간을 포함시켜 직급과 호봉을 산정하고 10년 근속상을 수여하였다는 사실만으로는, 그 회사와의 근로관계가 전적 후의 회사에 승계되었다고 볼 수 없다고 하여, 전적 전후의 근로관계의 승계를 인정한 원심판결을 파기한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 민법 제657조 제1항, 근로기준법 제27조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법 제27조 제1항, 제28조

[3] 근로기준법 제27조 제1항, 제28조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1989. 5. 9. 선고 88다카4918 판결(공1989, 892), 대법원 1993. 1. 26. 선고 92다11695 판결(공1993상, 854), 대법원 1996. 4. 26. 선고 95누1972 판결(공1996상, 1736) /[2] 대법원 1984. 6. 24. 선고 84다카90 판결(공1984, 1283), 대법원 1993. 6. 11. 선고 92다19316 판결(공1993하, 2008), 대법원 1995. 7. 14. 선고 94다20198 판결(공1995하, 2775) /[3] 대법원 1996. 4. 26. 선고 95다2562, 2579 판결(공1996상, 1681)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,347자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,피상고인】

【피고,상고인】 대한방직 주식회사 (소송대리인 서초법무법인 담당변호사 박승서 외 4인)

【원심판결】 대구고법 1995. 8. 23. 선고 95나833 판결

【주문】

원심판결 중 피고 패소 부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 대구고등법원에 환송한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 근로자를 그가 고용된 기업으로부터 별개의 기업체인 다른 기업으로 적(籍)을 옮겨 그 다른 기업의 업무에 종사하게 하는 전적(轉籍)은 원칙적으로 근로자의 동의를 얻어야 효력이 생기는 것이고, 다만 다양한 업종과 업태를 가진 계열기업들이 자본·임원의 구성·영업활동 등에 있어서 어느 정도 밀접한 관련성을 갖고 경제활동을 전개하는 기업그룹 내의 계열기업 사이의 전적에 있어서는 미리 전적할 계열기업을 특정하고, 그 기업에서 종사하여야 할 업무에 관한 사항 등의 기본적인 근로조건을 명시하여 사전동의를 얻은 경우나, 기업그룹 내에서 근로자의 동의를 얻지 아니하고 다른 계열기업으로 근로자를 전적시키는 관행이 있어서 그와 같은 관행이 기업 내에서 일반적으로 근로관계를 규율하는 규범적 사실로 명확하게 승인되거나 기업의 구성원이 일반적으로 아무런 이의를 제기하지 아니한 채 당연한 것으로 받아들여 기업 내에서 사실상의 제도로 확립되어 있어 근로계약의 내용을 이루는 것으로 인정되는 경우처럼, 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에 한하여 근로자의 구체적인 동의를 얻지 아니하더라도 근로자를 다른 계열기업으로 유효하게 전적시킬 수 있다 할 것이다( 대법원 1993. 1. 26. 선고 92다11695 판결, 같은 날 선고 92누8200 판결 등 참조).

그리고 이와 같은 전적은 종전 기업과의 근로관계를 합의해지하고, 이적하게 될 기업과 사이에 새로운 근로계약을 체결하는 것이므로(위 판결들 참조) 유효한 전적이 이루어진 경우에 있어서는 당사자 사이에 종전 기업과의 근로관계를 승계하기로 하는 특약이 있거나 이적하게 될 기업의 취업규칙 등에 종전 기업에서의 근속기간을 통산하도록 하는 규정이 있는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 당해 근로자의 종전 기업과의 근로관계는 단절되는 것이고, 이적하게 될 기업이 당해 근로자의 종전 기업과의 근로관계를 승계하는 것은 아니라 할 것이다( 대법원 1984. 6. 24. 선고 84다카90 판결, 1993. 6. 11. 선고 92다19316 판결, 1995. 7. 14. 선고 94다20198 판결 등 참조).

2. 돌이켜 이 사건에 관하여 살피건대, 기록에 의하면 원고가 1973. 3. 1. 대한방직그룹 내의 계열기업인 피고의 사원으로 고용되어 근무하던 중 그 그룹 내의 다른 계열기업이던 소외 대한종합개발 주식회사(이하 소외 회사라 한다)가 아프리카 모리타니아에서 해외 건설공사를 수주하게 되어 소외 회사가 그룹의 방침에 따라 위 해외 건설현장에서 근무할 지원자를 위 그룹 내의 계열기업 소속 직원들을 상대로 모집하게 되고, 피고도 이에 따라 해외근무를 마친 직원들에게는 원래 근무한 원직에 복귀할 수 있고 직급과 호봉에 있어서 아무런 손해를 보지 않도록 하겠다는 약속을 하기에 이르자 원고는 위와 같은 소외 회사의 해외근무를 지원하여 1981. 3. 31. 사직서를 제출하고, 피고로부터 퇴직금 3,355,933원 중에서 세금을 공제한 금 3,278,535원을 수령한 다음 같은 해 4. 1. 소외 회사에 입사한 후 같은 달 10.경부터 소외 회사의 위 해외 건설공사현장에서 피고의 사원으로서의 직급보다 한 직급 높은 과장대리로 근무하여 오다가 1983. 2.경 해외근무를 마치고 귀국한 사실, 원고가 위와 같이 해외근무를 마치고 귀국한 후 피고의 대구공장에서의 근무를 희망하자 피고는 당초 약속대로 원고를 그 희망에 따라 위 대구공장에서 원래의 직급인 주임급의 경비원으로 근무하도록 하여 원고는 1983. 3. 18. 소외 회사를 퇴사하고 소외 회사로부터 그 근무기간에 상당하는 퇴직금 1,787,690원을 지급받은 다음 피고의 사원으로 다시 입사하는 절차를 밟아 같은 해 3. 21.부터 피고의 경비원으로 근무하여 오다가 1992. 1. 21. 정년으로 퇴직한 사실을 인정할 수 있다.

사실이 이러하다면 원고의 소외 회사로의 입사나 피고의 사원으로의 재입사는 실질적으로 위에서 본 기업그룹 내의 계열기업 사이의 전적에 해당하는 것으로 피고의 사원으로 근무하던 원고가 소외 회사의 해외 건설공사현장에서의 근무를 지원하여 피고에게 사직서를 제출하고 퇴직금을 수령한 것은 비록 소외 회사가 그룹의 방침에 따라 그룹 내의 계열기업 소속 직원들을 대상으로 해외근무 대상자를 모집한 것에 기인한 것이라 하더라도 스스로 자발적인 의사에 기하여 한 것으로서 유효하고 이로써 원고의 피고 사원으로서의 종전의 근로관계는 단절되었다 할 것이고, 마찬가지로 원고가 소외 회사에서의 해외근무를 마친 후 자신의 희망에 따라 다시 피고의 사원으로 입사하기 위하여 소외 회사에 사직서를 제출하고 퇴직금까지 수령한 이상 이로써 역시 소외 회사와의 근로관계도 단절되었다 할 것이다.

원심인정과 같이 피고가 원고의 재입사 후에 있어서의 직급과 호봉을 산정하면서 소외 회사에서의 근무기간을 포함시켰고 또한 원고가 1983. 8.경 피고의 회사 창업 30주년을 기념하는 자리에서 10년 이상 근속한 직원들에게 수여하는 10년 근속상을 수여받았다고 하더라도 그와 같은 직급 및 호봉의 산정은 위와 같이 해외근무 지원자를 모집할 당시의 원고와의 약속에 따른 것이고, 10년 근속상도 그룹차원에서 그룹 내의 계열기업에서 근무한 모든 기간을 통산하여 10년 이상 근속한 근로자를 표창하기 위하여 수여한 것에 따른 것으로 보일 뿐이므로 그와 같은 사정만으로는 위에서 본 바와 같이 근로관계가 단절되었다고 판단함에 무슨 영향이 있다고 할 수 없다.

그럼에도 불구하고 원심은 원고가 자발적으로 위와 같이 사직서를 제출하고 퇴직금을 수령한 사실을 인정하면서도 위에서 본 원심 판시와 같은 사정 등을 들어 원고의 피고 사원으로서의 근무와 소외 회사에서의 근무는 근로관계의 계속성이 단절됨이 없이 그대로 유지되는 단일기간의 근무라고 판단하고, 나아가 원고가 피고의 사원으로 최초로 입사한 1973. 3. 1.부터 정년퇴직한 1992. 1. 21.까지의 전 기간을 원고의 근속기간으로 보아 이를 토대로 원고의 퇴직금을 산정하였으니 원심은 근속연수 산정 내지 계속근로의 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법을 저질렀다 할 것이다. 이 점에 관한 상고이유의 주장은 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결 중 피고의 패소 부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관들의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박만호(재판장) 박준서 김형선(주심) 이용훈

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