Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 94다52768

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Calculation Following Business Closure and Reopening퇴직금

Decided1995. 10. 12. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — the lower court's ruling in favor of the worker's calculation method was overturned and sent back for reconsideration
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

After a company shut down its business shortly after its workers formed a labor union, and reopened two months later rehiring the same employees, a dispute arose over how to calculate severance pay (퇴직금). The Supreme Court ruled that since the closure was a genuine business closure rather than a sham closure (위장폐업) designed to evade the union, the original employment relationship was legally terminated at that point, and the employee's rehiring created a new employment relationship, meaning severance pay must be calculated starting from the rehire date rather than including the prior period of employment.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company closed its business shortly after its employees formed a labor union, reopened two months later, and rehired the same workers, who then demanded severance pay covering their entire employment period including before the closure.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court found the closure to be a genuine, lawful closure (not a sham to bust the union), meaning the original employment relationship had legally ended; since rehiring created a new employment relationship, severance pay had to be calculated only from the rehire date onward.
  • LessonWhen a business genuinely closes and later reopens with rehired staff, prior years of service are generally excluded from severance pay calculations — employers and employees alike should carefully verify whether a closure was authentic and clarify the terms of rehiring in advance.
Issues
  • Whether the business closure was a genuine closure or a sham closure (위장폐업) intended to evade legal obligations
  • Whether the employment relationship continued without interruption despite the closure and later reopening
  • The correct starting date for calculating severance pay (퇴직금) after rehire following a business closure
Key reasoning

When a business closure is genuine and not a sham designed to circumvent labor obligations (e.g., to suppress union activity), the employment relationship is considered legally terminated at the time of closure. If the business later reopens and the worker is rehired, this constitutes the formation of an entirely new employment relationship, not a continuation of the old one. Absent special circumstances, severance pay must therefore be calculated based on the length of service starting from the rehire date, not from the original hire date. Additionally, the Court held that factual findings already established in a related, finalized civil judgment cannot be disregarded without reasonable justification.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In civil litigation, although a court is not bound by facts recognized in the judgment of another civil case, facts recognized in a related civil case that has already become final and conclusive constitute strong evidence, absent special circumstances, and thus may not be rejected without a reasonable explanation.

[2] A case holding that where an employer closes its business and thereby dismisses its employees, such closure is, in principle, a matter belonging to the freedom of business management and is valid—unless it constitutes a sham closure aimed at obstructing the union's right to organize, etc.—so that the employment relationship between the employer and the employees is thereby terminated.

[3] Even if, after closing its business, an employer resumes business and re-hires an employee, the employment relationship is newly established as of the date of re-hiring, unless there are special circumstances showing that the period of employment prior to the dismissal was agreed to be included in the calculation of retirement allowance; accordingly, the retirement allowance for the period after re-hiring must be calculated by counting from the date of re-hiring.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,377 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 4 others, Plaintiffs' Attorney: Kyungil General Law Office, Attorney in charge Seo Seok-gu

[Defendant, Appellant] Gyerim Ceramics Co., Ltd., Defendant's Attorney: Attorney Yoon Jeong-bo

[Judgment Below] Daegu District Court Decision 94Na5807 rendered September 30, 1994

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Daegu District Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Based on the evidence cited, the court below found the following facts: after the labor union was formed on December 1, 1987, disputes arose between labor and management, making normal operations impossible; accordingly, the Defendant company closed its business on December 30 of that year, and at that time, persuaded the employees, including the Plaintiffs who resisted the demand to submit resignation letters, by telling them to first submit resignation letters, promising that they would be reinstated once the dispute was resolved after resting for a few months, and thereafter processed the employees as dismissed. Subsequently, on February 29, 1988, the Defendant decided to resume production activities, and on March 16 of that year, resumed factory operations by going through the formality of newly hiring all workers, including the Plaintiffs, who wished to continue working. The workers who rejoined the Defendant company experienced no change in position, rank, seniority, or job duties before and after the closure, and in terms of wages as well, they continued to receive wages calculated on the premise of continuous employment. Based on these findings, the court below determined that the reason the Plaintiffs were unable to work for the Defendant company during the period of about two months from the date of closure to the date of resumption of production activities was solely because they followed the Defendant company's instruction to rest briefly until the labor-management dispute was resolved, even though the extreme measure of closure had been taken; and in light of the fact that the Plaintiffs held the same positions and performed the same duties before and after the closure, and had received wages calculated on the premise of continuous employment from before the closure, the court below determined that the Plaintiffs' employment relationship continued without interruption before and after the closure, and therefore retirement allowances should also be calculated from the date of initial employment.

2. The above factual findings and determination by the court below ultimately amount to a conclusion that the Defendant company had no genuine intention to close its business, but rather closed the business while temporarily processing employees as dismissed in order to weaken the labor union's activities, meaning that the Defendant company's closure was a sham closure.

However, the determination of the court below is difficult to accept for the following reasons.

In civil trials, although a court is not bound by facts recognized in judgments of other civil cases, facts recognized in a related civil case that has already become final and conclusive constitute compelling evidence absent special circumstances, and thus cannot be rejected without a reasonable statement of grounds (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da51372 rendered March 12, 1993; Supreme Court Decision 94Da33002 rendered January 12, 1995; Supreme Court Decision 94Da47292 rendered June 29, 1995, etc.).

Upon examination, according to the entries in Evidence Eul No. 1, 2, and 3, it can be seen that a certain individual (referred to below as "the non-party"), who was an employee of the Defendant company, filed a lawsuit against the Defendant company seeking confirmation of the invalidity of dismissal, arguing that the Defendant company's closure was a sham closure carried out as a retaliatory measure to dismantle the labor union and against the workers who participated in labor union activities, and that the dismissal of the said non-party based thereon was invalid; however, the evidence supporting that argument was rejected, and rather, based on other evidence, it was found that the Defendant company's closure was carried out through lawful procedures, including a resolution to close adopted at a general meeting of employees, under circumstances where normal operations had been impossible for an extended period, causing enormous damage to the company's management, and therefore the Defendant company's closure could not be deemed invalid as a sham closure; the non-party lost in both the first and second instance courts on these grounds, and although the non-party appealed to the Supreme Court, the appeal was dismissed and the judgment against the non-party became final. Furthermore, according to the record, among the evidence adopted by the court below to find the facts noted above, Evidence Gap No. 9-1, 9-2, 9-10, 9-14, and 9-18 are witness examination records containing testimony of witnesses that the court did not believe in the previous, now-final civil case; Evidence Gap No. 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9-15, and 9-16 are likewise written statements or certifications thereof that the court did not believe in the previous civil case; and Evidence Gap No. 9-9 and 9-17 are merely briefs stating the arguments of the said non-party, who was a party to the previous civil case. Moreover, even based on the other evidence adopted by the court below, no special circumstances can be found that would warrant recognizing facts different from those recognized in the previous civil case.

Nevertheless, the court below's act of making factual findings to an effect contrary to the facts recognized in the previous, final civil case constitutes a misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence, and this error affected the outcome of the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing this out has merit.

3. Where an employer closes the business enterprise it operates and, as a result thereof, dismisses the employees belonging thereto, such action is, in principle, valid as falling within the freedom of business management, unless it constitutes a sham closure aimed at obstructing the labor union's right to organize, etc., and thus the employment relationship between the employer and the employees is thereby terminated (see Supreme Court Decision 93Da7457 rendered June 11, 1993). Even if the employer subsequently resumes business and re-hires the employees, absent special circumstances indicating that the period of employment prior to the dismissal was to be included in the calculation of retirement allowance, the employment relationship is newly established from the date of re-employment, and therefore the retirement allowance following re-employment must be calculated from the date of re-employment.

As the employer, the Defendant company was free to determine the position, wage level, etc. of the employees after the resumption of business by taking into account all circumstances, including the employees' career, position, wages, and the period of closure prior to the closure, when resuming business and newly hiring employees. Therefore, even if, in this case where the period of closure was only slightly more than two months, the Plaintiffs held the same positions and performed the same duties before and after the closure and received wages calculated on the premise of continuous employment from before the closure, this fact alone cannot be deemed to constitute an expression of intent by the Defendant company that, in calculating retirement allowances for the re-employed workers, including the Plaintiffs, the period of employment prior to the dismissal would also be included.

Nevertheless, the judgment below, which determined that the employment relationship continued before and after the closure, misapprehended the legal principles concerning continuous employment under Article 28 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and this error affected the outcome of the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing this out also has merit.

4. Accordingly, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below, with the unanimous concurrence of all participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Lee Im-su (Presiding Justice), Kim Seok-su, Jeong Gwi-ho (Justice in charge), Lee Don-hee

【판결요지】

가. 민사재판에 있어서는 다른 민사 사건 등의 판결에서 인정된 사실에 구속받는 것이 아니라 할지라도 이미 확정된 관련 민사 사건에서 인정된 사실은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 유력한 증거가 되므로 합리적인 이유 설시 없이 이를 배척할 수 없다.

나. 사용자가 사업체를 폐업하고 이에 따라 소속 근로자를 해고하는 것은 그것이 노동조합의 단결권 등을 방해하기 위한 위장 폐업이 아닌 한 원칙적으로 기업 경영의 자유에 속하는 것으로서 유효하므로 사용자와 근로자와의 근로관계는 종료된다고 한 사례.

다. 사용자가 사업체를 폐업한 후 사업을 재개하여 근로자를 다시 입사시켰다 하더라도, 해고 이전의 근로 기간도 퇴직금 산정에 포함시키기로 하였다고 볼 특별한 사정이 없는 이상, 근로관계는 다시 입사한 날로부터 새로이 성립되는 것이므로 다시 입사한 이후의 퇴직금은 다시 입사한 날로부터 기산하여 산정하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

가. 민사소송법 제187조 / 나. 근로기준법 제27조 제1항, 노동조합법 제39조 / 다. 근로기준법 제28조

【참조판례】

대법원 1995. 1. 12. 선고 94다33002 판결(공1995상,876), 1995. 6. 29. 선고 94다47292 판결(공1995하,2527), 1992. 5. 12. 선고 90누9421 판결(공1992,1877), 1993. 6. 11. 선고 93다7457 판결(공1993하,2016)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,102자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 4인 원고들 소송대리인 법무법인 경일종합법률사무소담당변호사 서석구

【피고, 상고인】 계림요업 유한회사 소송대리인 변호사 윤정보

【원심판결】 대구지방법원 1994. 9. 30. 선고 94나5807 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 대구지방법원 합의부로 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원심은 그 거시 증거에 의하여, 피고 회사는 노동조합이 결성된 1987.12.1. 이후로 노사간에 분규가 발생하는 등으로 정상조업이 이루어지지 아니하자 같은 달 30. 폐업을 하면서 당시 사직서 제출 요구에 반발하는 원고들을 포함한 종업원들에게 몇 달간 쉬면서 분규가 수습되면 다시 복직시켜줄테니 우선 사표를 제출하라고 회유한 후 종업원들을 해직 처리한 사실, 그 후 1988.2.29. 생산활동을 재개할 것을 결정하고, 같은 해 3.16. 원고들을 포함하여 계속 근무할 것을 원하는 모든 근로자들을 신규 채용하는 형식을 거쳐 공장을 재가동한 사실, 피고 회사에 재입사한 근로자들은 폐업 전후에 걸쳐 직책, 직위, 호봉, 근무 내용에 변동이 없고 급여면에 있어서도 계속 근무한 것을 전제로 하여 계산된 임금을 받아온 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고 회사의 폐업일로부터 생산 활동 재개일까지의 약 두달 남짓의 기간동안 원고들이 피고 회사에서 근무하지 못한 것은 폐업이라는 극단적인 조치까지 단행하면서 노사간의 분규가 수습될 때까지 잠시만 쉬라는 피고 회사의 지시에 따른 데에 기인할 뿐이고, 원고들이 폐업을 전후하여 같은 직위에서 같은 근무를 하였고 폐업이전부터 계속 근무하였음을 전제로 산정된 급여를 받아온 점에 비추어 원고들의 근로관계는 단절이 없이 폐업 전후에 걸쳐 계속된 것이므로 퇴직금도 최초 입사일로부터 산정하여야 한다고 판단하였다.

2. 원심의 위와 같은 사실 인정과 판단은 결국 피고 회사는 폐업을 할 진정한 의사가 없는데도 노동조합의 활동을 약화시키기 위하여 종업원들을 일시적으로 해직 처리하면서 폐업을 한 것이므로 피고 회사의 폐업은 위장폐업이라는 취지로 보여진다.

그러나, 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 수긍하기 어렵다.

민사재판에 있어서는 다른 민사 사건 등의 판결에서 인정된 사실에 구속받는 것이 아니라 할지라도 이미 확정된 관련 민사 사건에서 인정된 사실은 특별한 사정이 없는 한 유력한 증거가 되므로 합리적인 이유설시 없이 이를 배척할 수 없는 것이다(대법원 1993.3.12.선고 92다51372 판결; 1995.1.12.선고 94다33002 판결; 1995.6.29.선고 94다47292 판결 등 참조).

살피건대, 을 제1, 2, 3,호증의 기재에 의하면, 피고 회사의 근로자이던 소외인 등은 피고 회사의 폐업은 노동조합을 와해시키고 노동조합 활동에 참가한 근로자들에 대한 보복조치로 행해진 위장폐업이므로 이에 기초한 위 소외인에 대한 해고는 무효라고 주장하면서 피고 회사를 상대로 해고무효확인을 구하는 소송을 제기하였다가, 그 주장에 부합하는 증거들이 배척되고, 오히려 다른 증거들에 의하면 피고 회사의 폐업은 정상적인 조업이 장기간 불가능하여 회사 경영에 막대한 타격이 있는 상황하에서 사원총회의 폐업결의를 거치는 등 적법한 절차에 의하여 이루어진 것임이 인정되므로 피고 회사의 폐업이 위장 폐업으로서 무효라고 볼 수 없다는 이유로 제1, 2,심에서 각 패소하고, 위 소외인 등이 불복하여 상고하였으나 대법원에서 상고가 기각되어 패소판결이 확정된 사실을 알 수 있고, 또한, 기록에 의하면, 원심이 위에서 본 사실을 인정하기 위하여 채용한 증거들 중 갑 제9호증의 1, 2, 10, 14, 18은 확정된 종전의 민사사건에서 법원이 믿지 아니한 증인들의 증언을 기재한 증인신문조서이고, 갑 제9호증의 11, 12, 13, 15, 16 역시 종전의 민사 사건에서 법원이 믿지 아니한 진술서 또는 이에 대한 인증서이며, 갑 제9호증의 9, 17은 종전 민사 사건의 당사자인 위 소외인의 주장을 기재한 준비서면에 불과할 뿐 아니라, 원심이 채용한 다른 증거들에 의하더라도 종전의 민사사건에서 인정한 사실과 다른 사실을 인정할 만한 특별한 사정이 있음을 발견할 수 없다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심이 확정된 종전의 민사사건에서 인정된 사실과 배치되는 취지의 사실 인정을 한 것은 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인한 것이라 할 것이고, 이러한 잘못은 판결 결과에 영향을 미쳤다 할 것이다. 이 점을 지적하는 상고논지는 이유 있다.

3. 사용자가 그 경영의 사업체를 폐업하고 이에 따라 소속 근로자를 해고하는 것은 그것이 노동조합의 단결권 등을 방해하기 위한 위장폐업이 아닌 한 원칙적으로 기업 경영의 자유에 속하는 것으로서 유효하므로 그로써 사용자와 근로자와의 근로관계는 일단 종료되는 것이고(대법원 1993.6.11.선고 93다7457 판결 참조), 사용자가 그 후 사업을 재개하여 근로자를 다시 입사시켰다 하더라도, 해고 이전의 근로 기간도 퇴직금 산정에 포함시키기로 하였다고 볼 특별한 사정이 없는 이상, 근로관계는 다시 입사한 날로부터 새로이 성립되는 것이므로 다시 입사한 이후의 퇴직금은 다시 입사한 날로부터 기산하여 산정하여야 할 것이다.

사용자인 피고 회사로서는 사업을 재개하여 근로자를 신규 채용함에 있어서 폐업 이전의 근로자의 경력, 직위, 임금, 폐업 기간 등의 모든 사정을 고려하여 사업 재개 후의 근로자의 직위, 임금수준 등에 대하여 자유로이 결정할 수 있는 것이므로, 폐업 기간이 불과 두 달 남짓한 이 사건에서 원고들이 폐업을 전후하여 같은 직위에서 같은 근무를 하였고 폐업 이전부터 계속 근무하였음을 전제로 산정된 급여를 받아온 사정이 있다고 하더라도, 이것만으로 피고 회사가 원고들을 포함한, 다시 입사한 근로자들에 대하여 퇴직금 산정에 있어 해고 이전의 근로기간도 산입하겠다는 의사표시를 한 것으로 볼 수 없다.

그럼에도 불구하고 폐업 전후를 통하여 근로관계가 계속되었다고 판단한 원심판결은 근로기준법 제28조 소정의 계속근로에 관한 법리를 오해함으로써 판결 결과에 영향을 미쳤다 할 것이다. 이 점을 지적하는 논지 또한 이유 있다.

4. 이에, 원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이임수(재판장) 김석수 정귀호(주심) 이돈희

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2005구합3707 · 서울행법 2006-04-20
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme
#3
91누2762 · 대법원 1991-12-24
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme

Cases citing this decision

2016두64876 · 대법원 2021-07-29
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy
2003다7005 · 대법원 2003-04-25
Wages, etc.
2001다36504 · 대법원 2002-11-26
Confirmation of Bankruptcy Claims (파산채권확정)
2001다27975 · 대법원 2001-11-13
Action to Confirm Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)