Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 92다17754

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided1992. 09. 14. Court대법원Appeal dismissed; lower court's decision upheld (employer's appeal rejected)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

When a worker voluntarily resigns mid-career (중간퇴직) and later re-joins the same company before finally retiring, the voluntary interim resignation is legally valid. The severance pay claim for the interim resignation and the claim for the final resignation are treated as separate rights, each subject to its own statute of limitations. However, if the worker claims severance pay based on the total combined years of service, this claim is deemed to include the interim severance pay claim as well.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker resigned mid-career, later re-joined the same company, and upon final retirement claimed severance pay based on their total combined years of service.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that while the interim and final severance pay claims are legally separate, a claim based on total cumulative service is deemed to include the interim severance pay as well.
  • LessonWorkers who re-join a company after an interim resignation can claim severance pay for both periods separately, but if they claim based on total combined service, the interim severance pay is automatically included in that settlement.
Issues
  • Whether a voluntary interim resignation (자의에 의한 중간퇴직) is valid for severance pay calculation purposes
  • Whether the statute of limitations runs separately for the interim severance pay claim and the final severance pay claim
  • The scope of a severance pay claim when calculated based on total cumulative years of service
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that when an employee voluntarily resigns partway through their career (자의에 의한 중간퇴직), this resignation is not invalidated for purposes of calculating severance pay. The interim severance pay claim and the final severance pay claim are legally distinct claims, meaning the statute of limitations runs separately for each. Nevertheless, when a worker requests severance pay calculated on the basis of their entire cumulative period of employment (spanning both the interim and final terms of service), such a claim is interpreted as encompassing the interim severance pay claim as well, preventing the employer from arguing that the interim portion was separately time-barred or excluded.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Insofar as an employee submitted a resignation letter of his own free will and thereby retired in the middle of his employment, it is reasonable to view that, at least as far as the employment relationship serving as the basis for calculating retirement pay is concerned, the employment contract relationship up to that point was terminated upon the said date of retirement. The declaration of intention to retire cannot be deemed invalid, for purposes of calculating retirement pay, on the ground that it was not a genuine declaration of intention. Furthermore, since whether or not to retire in the middle of one's employment is fundamentally left to the employee's free choice, the act of treating the employee as having retired in the middle of employment in accordance with the employee's own choice, and paying the interim retirement pay accordingly, cannot be deemed an unlawful act in violation of the retirement pay provisions of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and thus invalid.

b. Retirement pay is money having the character of deferred wages paid by an employer to an employee who has continuously worked for a certain period and then retires, as consideration for such continuous service, and a specific claim for retirement pay arises upon the fact of retirement, which marks the end of continuous service, as its requirement. Therefore, where an interim retirement is recognized as valid, the claim for retirement pay arising from such interim retirement and the claim for retirement pay for the period of continuous service from the date of re-employment to the final retirement are, although involving the same parties, separate claims for retirement pay, since they differ in the period of continuous service and the point of retirement. Accordingly, the extinctive prescription for each of these claims runs separately for each claim, and further, the judicial claims made to enforce these claims must also be regarded as independent and separate claims.

c. Even if an employee sought payment of retirement pay on the ground that he had continuously worked from the date of initial employment to the date of final retirement, and, through the arguments presented during the proceedings, the validity of the interim retirement was recognized, thereby severing the period of continuous service for purposes of calculating retirement pay, and as a result the claim for retirement pay initially asserted as a single claim was, as a matter of law, divided into a claim for retirement pay arising from the interim retirement and a claim for retirement pay arising from the final retirement, it is reasonable to view that the claim for payment of retirement pay naturally includes not only a claim for payment of retirement pay for the final retirement but also, concurrently, a claim for payment of retirement pay for the interim retirement. Therefore, whether the extinctive prescription for the claim for retirement pay arising from the said interim retirement has been completed must be examined based on the date of filing of the lawsuit, which may be regarded as the date on which a judicial claim therefor was made.

Full text (English, AI translation) 5,907 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant and Appellee] Plaintiff's Attorney Bae Won-geon
[Defendant, Appellee and Appellant] Sampyo Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Attorney Kwak Dong-heon
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 91Na14309 rendered April 8, 1992

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed.
The costs of appeal shall be borne by each party respectively.

[Reasoning]

1. First, we examine the Plaintiff's grounds of appeal.

The court below lawfully found that the Plaintiff's interim retirement dated April 25, 1987, which is at issue in this case, was not made under coercion by the Defendant company but was made of the Plaintiff's own free will. Having so found, the court below determined that, at least insofar as concerns the employment relationship serving as the basis for calculating retirement pay, it is reasonable to view that the employment contract relationship between the Plaintiff and Defendant up to that point had once terminated as of April 25, 1987, since the Plaintiff submitted his resignation and retired of his own free will; that the Plaintiff's declaration of intent to retire cannot be regarded as invalid for purposes of calculating retirement pay on the ground that it was a declaration of intent not reflecting his true intention; and that, since the decision of whether or not to undergo an interim retirement is basically left to the free choice of the employee, the act of treating the employee as having undergone an interim retirement pursuant to such choice by the employee and paying the interim retirement pay cannot be deemed invalid as an unlawful evasive act in violation of the retirement pay provisions of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). This determination is correct, and there is no illegality therein such as misapprehension of the rules of evidence resulting in a mistaken finding of fact, or misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning a declaration of intent not reflecting true intention and evasive acts. The precedent of this Court cited in the grounds of appeal is not applicable to this case. All the grounds of appeal are without merit.

2. Next, we examine the Defendant's grounds of appeal.

A. As to Ground 1

Retirement pay is money having the nature of deferred wages paid by an employer to an employee who continuously works for a certain period and then retires, as consideration for such continuous service, and the specific right to claim retirement pay arises upon the fact of retirement, which marks the end of continuous service. Therefore, if the interim retirement of April 25, 1987, at issue in this case, is found to be valid as set forth above, the right to claim retirement pay arising from the said interim retirement and the right to claim retirement pay for the period of service from the date of re-employment to the final retirement are, although involving the same parties, separate rights to claim retirement pay, since the periods of continuous service and the points of retirement differ; accordingly, the statute of limitations runs separately for each such right, and, furthermore, as the argument contends, the judicial claims made to enforce these rights must also be regarded as independent and separate claims.

However, according to the record, it can be seen that the Plaintiff, in the complaint, sought payment of retirement pay for the approximately 23 years and 4 months of continuous service on the ground that he had continuously worked, without any actual severance of the employment relationship, from November 11, 1966, when he joined non-party Gangwon Industry Co., Ltd., until March 31, 1990, when he retired from the Defendant company. In such a case, even if, through the subsequent arguments in the proceedings, the validity of the aforementioned interim retirement is recognized, thereby severing the period of continuous service for purposes of calculating retirement pay, and even if, as a result, the right to claim retirement pay initially asserted as a single right is legally divided into the right to claim retirement pay arising from the interim retirement and the right to claim retirement pay arising from the final retirement, it is reasonable to view that the claim for payment of retirement pay naturally includes, as a matter of course, not only the claim for payment of retirement pay arising from the final retirement but also the claim for payment of retirement pay arising from the interim retirement. Therefore, whether the three-year statute of limitations has run on the right to claim retirement pay arising from the interim retirement must be examined based on the date of filing of this lawsuit, which may be regarded as constituting a judicial claim thereon.

Although there are some insufficiencies in the reasoning of the court below on this point, the court below's rejection of the Defendant's argument concerning the statute of limitations on the right to claim retirement pay arising from the interim retirement, on the ground that this lawsuit was filed on April 24, 1990, within three years from the date of the interim retirement, is ultimately correct, and there is no illegality therein due to misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the identity of claims or the extinguishment of the right to claim retirement pay by prescription. This ground of appeal is without merit.

B. As to Ground 2

According to the record, the argument concerning the alleged agreement not to sue, etc., as raised in the grounds of appeal, was not raised in the court below, and therefore cannot constitute a lawful ground of appeal. This ground of appeal is also without merit.

3. Accordingly, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal shall be borne by each losing appellant, respectively. The participating Justices unanimously concur in rendering judgment as set forth in the Order.

Justice Kim Sang-won (Presiding Justice), Park Woo-dong, Yoon Young-cheol, Park Man-ho

【판결요지】

가. 근로자가 자의로 사직서를 제출하여 중간퇴직한 이상 적어도 퇴직금 계산의 기초가 되는 근로관계에 관한 한 그때까지의 근로계약관계는 위 퇴직일로써 일단 종료되었다고 봄이 상당하고, 위 퇴직의 의사표시를 진의 아닌 의사표시로서 퇴직금 산정에 있어서 무효라고 볼 수 없으며, 중간퇴직을 할 것이냐의 여부가 기본적으로 근로자의 자유로운 선택에 맡겨져 있는 이상 이러한 근로자의 선택에 따라 근로자를 중간퇴직 처리한 뒤 그 중간퇴직금을 지급한 행위를 근로기준법상의 퇴직금규정에 위배되는 탈법행위로서 무효라고 할 수도 없다.

나. 퇴직금은 사용자가 일정기간을 계속 근로하고 퇴직하는 근로자에게 그 계속 근로에 대한 대가로서 지급하는 후불적 임금의 성질을 띤 금원이고 구체적인 퇴직금청구권은 계속근로가 끝나는 퇴직이라는 사실을 요건으로 하여 발생되는 것이므로 중간퇴직이 유효하다고 인정되는 경우에는 위 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권과 그 후 재입사일부터 최종퇴직시까지의 근속기간에 대한 퇴직금청구권은 당사자만 동일할 뿐 계속근로의 기간과 퇴직의 시점을 달리하는 것이어서 별개의 퇴직금청구권이라 할 것이고, 따라서 이에 대한 소멸시효는 그 각 청구권별로 진행된다 할 것이며, 나아가서 이들 청구권의 실행을 위한 소송상의 청구도 독립된 별개의 청구라고 보아야 할 것이다.

다. 근로자가 최초입사일부터 최종퇴직일까지 계속 근로하였음을 이유로 퇴직금의 지급을 청구하였으나 변론에서의 공방을 통하여 중간퇴직의 유효성이 인정되어 퇴직금 계산에 있어서의 근속기간이 단절되고 이로 인하여 당초 하나라고 주장된 퇴직금청구권이 법률상으로는 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권과 최종퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권으로 나누어졌다 하더라도 그 퇴직금 지급청구에는 최종퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금의 지급은 물론 그 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금의 지급도 함께 구한다는 취지가 당연히 포함되어 있다고 봄이 상당하다할 것이므로 위 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권에 대한 소멸시효의 완성 여부는 그에 대한 소송상의 청구를 하였다고 볼 수 있는 소제기일자를 기준으로 따져 보아야 한다.

【참조조문】

가.나.다. 근로기준법 제28조 제1항 / 가. 민법 제107조 / 나.다. 근로기준법 제41조 / 나. 민사소송법 제230조 / 다. 같은 법 제188조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1988.4.25. 선고 86다카1124 판결(공1988, 882), 1991.2.12. 선고 90다9513 판결(공1991, 970), 1991.5.28. 선고 90다20398 판결(공1991, 1747) / 나. 대법원 1975.7.22. 선고 74다1840 판결(공1975, 8623)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,047자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인 겸 피상고인】 원고 소송대리인 변호사 배원건

【피고, 피상고인 겸 상고인】 주식회사 삼표제작소 소송대리인 변호사 곽동헌

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1992.4.8. 선고 91나14309 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다.

상고비용은 각자의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 1. 먼저 원고의 상고이유를 본다.

원심이 이 사건에서 문제된 원고의 1987.4.25.자의 중간퇴직은 피고 회사의 강요에 의한 것이 아니라 원고의 자의에 따라 행해진 것임을 적법히 인정한 후 원고가 이와 같이 자의로 사직서를 제출하여 퇴직한 이상 적어도 퇴직금계산의 기초가 되는 근로관계에 관한한 그 때까지의 원·피고 사이의 근로계약관계는 1987.4.25.로서 일단 종료되었다고 봄이 상당하고, 원고의 위 퇴직의 의사표시를 진의 아닌 의사표시로서 퇴직금산정에 있어서 무효라고 볼 수 없으며, 중간퇴직을 할 것이냐의 여부가 기본적으로 근로자의 자유로운 선택에 맡겨져 있는 이상 이러한 근로자의 선택에 따라 근로자를 중간퇴직 처리한 뒤 그 중간퇴직금을 지급한 행위를 근로기준법상의 퇴직금규정에 위배되는 탈법행위로서 무효라고 할 수도 없다고 판단하였음은 옳고, 거기에 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인한 위법이 있거나 진의 아닌 의사표시와 탈법행위에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다할 수 없다. 논지가 지적하는 당원의 판례는 이 사건에 적절한 것이 아니다. 논지는 모두 이유 없다.

2. 다음 피고의 상고이유를 본다.

가. 제1점에 대하여

퇴직금은 사용자가 일정기간을 계속 근로하고 퇴직하는 근로자에게 그 계속근로에 대한 대가로서 지급하는 후불적 임금의 성질을 띤 금원이고 구체적인 퇴직금청구권은 계속 근로가 끝나는 퇴직이라는 사실을 요건으로 하여 발생되는 것이므로 이 사건에서 문제된 1987.4.25.자의 위 중간퇴직이 위에서 본바와 같이 유효하다고 인정되는 경우에는 위 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권과 그 후 재입사 일로부터 최종 퇴직시까지의 근속기간에 대한 퇴직금청구권은 당사자만 동일할 뿐 계속 근로의 기간과 퇴직의 시점을 달리하는 것이어서 별개의 퇴직금청구권이라 할 것이고, 따라서 이에 대한 소멸시효는 그 각 청구권별로 진행된다 할 것이며, 나아가서 이들 청구권의 실행을 위한 소송상의 청구도 독립된 별개의 청구라고 보아야 할 것임은 소론과 같다.

그런데 기록에 의하면 원고는 소장에서 그가 1966.11.11. 소외 강원산업주식회사에 입사하여 근로관계의 실질적인 단절 없이 피고 회사를 퇴직한 1990.3.31.까지 계속 근로하였음을 이유로 그간의 23년 4개월 여의 근속기간에 대한 퇴직금의 지급을 구하였음을 알 수 있는바, 이러한 경우에는 이후 변론에서의 공방을 통하여 위와 같은 중간퇴직의 유효성이 인정되어 퇴직금계산에 있어서의 근속기간이 단절되고 이로 인하여 당초 하나라고 주장된 퇴직금청구권이 법률상으로는 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권과 최종퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권으로 나누어 졌다 하더라도 그 퇴직금지급 청구에는 최종퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금의 지급은 물론 그 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금의 지급도 함께 구한다는 취지가 당연히 포함되어 있다고 봄이 상당하다 할 것이므로 위 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권에 대한 3년의 소멸시효의 완성 여부는 그에 대한 소송상의 청구를 하였다고 볼 수 있는 이 사건 소의 제기 일자를 기준으로 따져보아야 할 것이다.

이 부분에 관한 원심의 이유 설시에 미흡한 점이 없지 아니하나 원심이 이사건 소가 위 중간퇴직일로부터 3년내인 1990.4.24.에 제기되었음을 이유로 위 중간퇴직으로 인한 퇴직금청구권의 소멸시효에 관한 피고의 주장을 배척한것은 결국 옳고, 거기에 청구의 동일성 또는 퇴직금 청구권의 시효소멸에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법은 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

나. 제2점에 대하여

기록에 의하면, 소론 부제소 합의 등에 관한 주장은 원심에서 주장된바 없으므로 이는 적법한 상고이유로 될 수 없다. 논지도 이유 없다.

3. 이에 상고를 모두 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소한 상고인 각자의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김상원(재판장) 박우동 윤영철 박만호

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