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대법원 2013므2250

Divorce, etc. [Case Concerning Property Division Claim for Future Retirement Benefits]이혼등[장래 퇴직급여 재산분할 청구 사건]

Decided2014. 07. 16. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — the Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision, which had excluded future retirement benefits from the property division, and sent the case back for recalculation in line with the new standard.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court ruling holds that even if a spouse has not yet retired at the time of divorce, their prospective retirement benefit (퇴직급여) claim must be included in the marital property division (재산분할). Because retirement benefits carry the character of deferred wages and represent property accumulated through the cooperative efforts of both spouses during the marriage, they are subject to division, with the estimated amount calculated as of the closing of oral arguments (변론종결). This landmark decision overturned prior precedent to achieve substantive fairness between divorcing spouses.

Key takeaways
  • CaseDuring divorce proceedings, a dispute arose over whether one spouse's future retirement benefits, not yet paid at the time of divorce, should be counted as marital property.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that future retirement benefits must be included in the divisible marital property, valued as of the date oral arguments closed in the divorce case.
  • LessonWhen going through divorce, both spouses and their legal representatives should factor in the anticipated value of retirement benefits (퇴직급여) as part of the marital estate, even if the benefits have not yet been paid or the recipient spouse has not yet retired.
Issues
  • Whether a spouse's future (not-yet-received) retirement benefit claim should be included in the property subject to division upon divorce
  • The proper scope and calculation method for retirement benefit claims included in property division
Key reasoning

Retirement benefits (퇴직급여) have both a deferred-wage nature and a service-reward nature, and represent property built through the joint efforts of both spouses during the marriage. Excluding such benefits from property division merely because they have not yet been received would be inconsistent with the purpose of the property division system and would result in substantive unfairness to the spouse who contributed to their accumulation. Therefore, courts must calculate the expected amount of retirement benefits as of the time oral arguments are closed in the divorce proceeding and include this amount within the scope of property subject to division. This reasoning explicitly overturned earlier precedent that had excluded undetermined future retirement benefits from division due to their uncertain nature.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

The retirement benefits provided for under the Act on the Guarantee of Employees' Retirement Benefits (근로자퇴직급여보장법), the Public Officials Pension Act (공무원연금법), the Military Pension Act (군인연금법), and the Private School Teachers' Pension Act (사립학교교직원연금법) have, in addition to their character as social security benefits, the nature of deferred wages and of compensation for meritorious and faithful service. Moreover, in order to receive such retirement benefits, one is required to have worked for a certain period, and if it is recognized that the other spouse's contribution assisted in such work, then the retirement benefits may also be regarded as property accumulated through the joint efforts of both spouses and may thus be subject to division of property.

A right to retirement benefits becomes realized upon the occurrence of the event of payment, namely retirement, and therefore inevitably involves some degree of uncertainty or possibility of change at the time of divorce. However, excluding the right to retirement benefits from the subject matter of division of property and merely taking into account the future possibility of receiving such benefits as one of the other circumstances to be considered in determining the amount and method of division of property is inconsistent with the purpose of the property division system, whose essence is to liquidate and distribute, upon divorce, the property relations formed by the spouses during the marriage, and is also unjust as it runs counter to substantive fairness between the parties.

In light of the purpose of the property division system as described above and various circumstances, even if one spouse is still in service and has not yet actually received retirement benefits at the time of the divorce, the right to retirement benefits—being property that already potentially exists and is capable of realistic economic valuation as of the time of the conclusion of fact-finding proceedings in the divorce action—may be included in the subject matter of division of property. Specifically, the subject matter is the right to the amount of retirement benefits that is expected to be received if retirement were to occur at that point in time, calculated as of the time of the conclusion of fact-finding proceedings in the divorce action.

Full text (English, AI translation) 12,875 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant]

[Judgment Below] Daejeon High Court Decision 2012Reu231 Decided May 9, 2013

[Order]

The part of the judgment below concerning the claim for division of property is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Daejeon High Court. The remainder of the appeal is dismissed.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Regarding the Claim for Consolation Money
The court below, citing the reasoning of the first instance judgment, found that the primary responsibility for the breakdown of the marital relationship between the Plaintiff and the Defendant lay with the Defendant, who irreparably damaged the trust between the spouses through violence and infidelity, and accordingly ordered the Defendant to pay consolation money to the Plaintiff. Upon examination of the record, the above determination by the court below is deemed justified and acceptable, and there is no error in violation of the principles of logic and experience that exceeds the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence.

2. Regarding the Claim for Division of Property

A. The system of division of property provided for in Article 839-2 of the Civil Act (민법) is a system whose primary purpose is the liquidation and distribution, at the time of divorce, of property accumulated through the joint efforts of both spouses during the marriage. Therefore, such property becomes subject to division regardless of in whose name it is registered or who manages it (see Supreme Court Decision 96Meu1397 Decided June 11, 1999; Supreme Court en banc Decision 2010Meu4071, 4088 Decided June 20, 2013, etc.).

Meanwhile, the retirement benefits provided for respectively under the Act on the Guarantee of Workers' Retirement Benefits (근로자퇴직급여보장법), the Public Officials Pension Act (공무원연금법), the Military Pension Act (군인연금법), and the Private School Teachers and Staff Pension Act (사립학교교직원연금법) have, in addition to their character as social security benefits, the character of deferred wages and of compensation for meritorious and faithful service (see Supreme Court Decision 95Nu7529 Decided September 29, 1995; Supreme Court Decision 94Da36186 Decided October 12, 1995, etc.). Moreover, receipt of such retirement benefits requires working for a certain period, and if the cooperation of the other spouse is found to have contributed to such work, the retirement benefits may likewise be regarded as property accumulated through the joint efforts of both spouses and thus subject to division of property.

However, with regard to this matter, the Supreme Court has heretofore maintained the position that while retirement pay already received by one spouse who had already retired at the time of divorce is subject to division of property (see Supreme Court Decision 94Meu1584 Decided March 28, 1995), where a spouse is still employed and has not yet retired at the time of divorce, absent special circumstances such as the retirement date and the amount of retirement pay to be received having already been fixed, the mere probability that he or she will receive retirement pay in the future cannot be included in the property subject to liquidation as future retirement pay; rather, it is sufficient to take into account such probability of future receipt of retirement pay merely as one of the other circumstances necessary in determining the amount and method of division under Article 839-2, Paragraph 2 of the Civil Act (see Supreme Court Decision 94Meu1713, 1720 Decided May 23, 1995; Supreme Court Decision 98Meu213 Decided June 12, 1998, etc.). It appears that the reason the Supreme Court has heretofore taken the above position is that, where a spouse is still employed and has not yet retired at the time of divorce, it is difficult to calculate the retirement pay to be received in the future because the time of retirement is unknown, and the possibility cannot be excluded that the person may fail to receive all or part of the actual retirement pay due to a change of circumstances such as the company's bankruptcy, disciplinary dismissal, or sentencing to punishment, and it was judged that equitable division of property is still possible even if such matters are merely taken into account as other circumstances.

B. Of course, since a retirement benefit claim becomes actualized upon the occurrence of the cause for payment, namely retirement (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da17754 Decided September 14, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 2013Du26552 Decided April 24, 2014, etc.), it inevitably carries a certain degree of uncertainty or possibility of change at the time of divorce. However, excluding the retirement benefit claim from the subject matter of division of property and merely taking into account the possibility of its future receipt as one of the other circumstances necessary for determining the amount and method of division of property does not accord with the purport of the property division system, whose essence lies in liquidating and distributing, upon divorce, the property relations formed by the spouses during the marriage, and is unjust in that it also runs contrary to substantive fairness between the parties. This is all the more so in consideration of the following points.

(1) In reality, there are far more cases in which retirement benefits are normally received, and if a retirement benefit claim is entirely excluded from the subject matter of division of property on the ground of such uncertainty or possibility of change, this is more likely to result in an inequitable outcome. In particular, compared with a case where retirement occurs before divorce, a significant disparity arises, which may in effect compel the parties to postpone the timing of divorce until receipt of retirement benefits, notwithstanding the breakdown of the marital life.

(2) Where a retirement benefit claim is excluded from the subject matter of division of property and merely taken into account as one of the other circumstances, there is no clear standard as to the actual extent to which it should be taken into account, and where there is no other property to divide, division of property may not be possible at all, making it difficult to guarantee equitable division of property.

(3) Other property recognized as subject to division of property is also subject to future fluctuation in its economic value, albeit to varying degrees, and in particular, claims inherently carry the possibility of non-performance in the future.

(4) Even before retirement, a worker may receive an advance settlement of retirement pay for the continuous period of service if the requirements under Article 8, Paragraph 2 of the Act on the Guarantee of Workers' Retirement Benefits are met, and generally, once retirement occurs, the worker is entitled to receive retirement benefits within 14 days therefrom; in this sense, a retirement benefit claim is not substantially different from an ordinary claim without a fixed time of performance, and considering that Article 12 of the same Act provides for preferential payment of retirement benefits and that Article 44 of the same Act provides for criminal punishment of an employer who violates the duty to pay retirement benefits, it may rather be considered that the likelihood of performance is greater than that of an ordinary claim.

C. In light of the purport of the property division system as described above and the various circumstances noted, even if one spouse has not yet actually received retirement benefits because he or she is still employed at the time of divorce, a retirement benefit claim, which already potentially exists at the time the fact-finding court concludes the oral argument in the divorce proceeding and whose economic value is capable of realistic evaluation, may be included in the subject matter of division of property; specifically, the amount equivalent to the retirement benefits expected to be received if the person were to retire at the time the fact-finding court concludes the oral argument in the divorce proceeding shall become the subject matter thereof.

Insofar as the Supreme Court's prior decisions, as noted above, held to the effect that where one spouse is still employed and has not yet retired, his or her retirement benefits cannot be included in the subject matter of division of property, and it is sufficient merely to take into account the possibility of future receipt thereof as one of the other circumstances necessary for determining the amount and method of division, all such decisions are hereby modified to the extent that they conflict with the view expressed in this Decision.

D. According to the record in this case, it can be seen that: (1) the Plaintiff, born in 1970, has been working as a private school teacher from around 1992 to the present, and, as of July 29, 2011, the estimated lump-sum retirement payment was 86,014,920 won and the estimated retirement allowance was 24,927,350 won; (2) the Defendant, born in 1970, has been serving as a researcher at a government-funded research institute from around 2001 to the present, and, as of July 13, 2011, the estimated retirement pay was 39,601,000 won, with the mandatory retirement age being 61; (3) aside from the retirement benefit claims, the Plaintiff's net assets amount to 54,721,327 won and the Defendant's net assets amount to 233,453,784 won; and (4) the Defendant, both in the proceedings below and in the grounds of appeal, has been requesting that the retirement benefit claims be divided based on the above estimated retirement benefit amounts. According to the legal principles set forth above, both the Plaintiff's and the Defendant's retirement benefit claims may be subject to division of property; specifically, the amounts equivalent to the estimated retirement benefits that each would receive if he or she were to retire at the time the fact-finding court concludes the oral argument prior to the finalization of the divorce may be included in each party's active assets, and division of property may be carried out either by liquidating this together with other property in a single, comprehensive manner, or by an appropriate and reasonable method equivalent thereto.

Nevertheless, the judgment below, contrary to the foregoing, excluded the Plaintiff's and the Defendant's retirement benefit claims from the subject matter of division of property on the ground that it is sufficient merely to take into account the possibility of future receipt thereof as one of the other circumstances necessary for determining the amount and method of division of property, and this constitutes an error in the judgment resulting from a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the subject matter of division of property.

3. Regarding the Claim for Designation of Parental Authority Holder and Custodian
Parental authority, including custody of children, is both a right and a duty of the parents and directly affects the welfare of the minor child. Therefore, in determining which parent should be designated as the holder of parental authority and custodian of a minor child when the parents divorce, all factors must be comprehensively considered—including the child's gender and age, the existence of the parents' affection for the child and their intention to raise the child, the existence of economic capacity necessary for child-rearing, the degree of intimacy between the parents and the child, and the child's own wishes—so as to reach a determination in the direction most conducive and suitable to the growth and welfare of the child (see Supreme Court Decision 2009Meu1458, 1465 Decided May 13, 2010, etc.).

In light of the above legal principles and the record, the designation by the court below of the Plaintiff as the holder of parental authority and custodian of the children who are the subjects of this case is deemed justified and acceptable, and there is no error therein arising from a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the designation of a holder of parental authority and custodian.

4. Conclusion
Therefore, the part of the judgment below concerning the claim for division of property is reversed without examining the remainder of the grounds of appeal, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination; the remainder of the appeal is dismissed. This Decision is rendered as set forth in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the case.

Chief Justice Yang Sung-tae (Presiding Justice), Justice Yang Chang-soo, Justice Shin Young-chul, Justice Min Il-young (Presiding Judge for Report), Justice Lee In-bok, Justice Lee Sang-hoon, Justice Kim Yong-deok, Justice Park Bo-young, Justice Ko Young-han, Justice Kim Chang-seok, Justice Kim Shin, Justice Kim So-young, Justice Cho Hee-dae

【판결요지】

근로자퇴직급여보장법, 공무원연금법, 군인연금법, 사립학교교직원연금법이 각 규정하고 있는 퇴직급여는 사회보장적 급여로서의 성격 외에 임금의 후불적 성격과 성실한 근무에 대한 공로보상적 성격도 지닌다. 그리고 이러한 퇴직급여를 수령하기 위하여는 일정기간 근무할 것이 요구되는바, 그와 같이 근무함에 있어 상대방 배우자의 협력이 기여한 것으로 인정된다면 그 퇴직급여 역시 부부 쌍방의 협력으로 이룩한 재산으로서 재산분할의 대상이 될 수 있다.

퇴직급여채권은 퇴직이라는 급여의 사유가 발생함으로써 현실화되는 것이므로, 이혼 시점에서는 어느 정도의 불확실성이나 변동가능성을 지닐 수밖에 없다. 그러나 그렇다고 하여 퇴직급여채권을 재산분할의 대상에서 제외하고 단지 장래의 수령가능성을 재산분할의 액수와 방법을 정하는 데 필요한 기타 사정으로만 참작하는 것은 부부가 혼인 중 형성한 재산관계를 이혼에 즈음하여 청산·분배하는 것을 본질로 하는 재산분할제도의 취지에 맞지 않고, 당사자 사이의 실질적 공평에도 반하여 부당하다.

위와 같은 재산분할제도의 취지 및 여러 사정들에 비추어 볼 때, 비록 이혼 당시 부부 일방이 아직 재직 중이어서 실제 퇴직급여를 수령하지 않았더라도 이혼소송의 사실심 변론종결 시에 이미 잠재적으로 존재하여 경제적 가치의 현실적 평가가 가능한 재산인 퇴직급여채권은 재산분할의 대상에 포함시킬 수 있으며, 구체적으로는 이혼소송의 사실심 변론종결 시를 기준으로 그 시점에서 퇴직할 경우 수령할 수 있을 것으로 예상되는 퇴직급여 상당액의 채권이 그 대상이 된다.

【참조조문】

민법 제839조의2

【참조판례】

대법원 1992. 9. 14. 선고 92다17754 판결(공1992, 2874), 대법원 1995. 5. 23. 선고 94므1713, 1720 판결(공1995하, 2265)(변경), 대법원 1995. 9. 29. 선고 95누7529 판결(공1995하, 3636), 대법원 1995. 10. 12. 선고 94다36186 판결(공1995하, 3722), 대법원 1998. 6. 12. 선고 98므213 판결(공1998하, 1888)(변경), 대법원 2014. 4. 24. 선고 2013두26552 판결(공2014상, 1142)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,566자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】

【원심판결】 대전고법 2013. 5. 9. 선고 2012르231 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 재산분할 청구 부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 대전고등법원에 환송한다. 나머지 상고를 기각한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 위자료 청구 부분

원심은 제1심판결 이유를 인용하여, 원고와 피고의 혼인관계가 파탄에 이르게 된 주된 책임이 폭행과 부정행위로 부부 사이의 신뢰를 돌이킬 수 없을 만큼 훼손시킨 피고에게 있다고 보아 피고에 대하여 원고에게 위자료를 지급할 것을 명하였는바, 기록에 비추어 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 논리와 경험의 법칙에 반하여 자유심증주의의 한계를 벗어난 잘못이 없다.

2. 재산분할 청구 부분

가. 민법 제839조의2에 규정된 재산분할제도는 혼인 중에 부부 쌍방이 협력하여 이룩한 재산을 이혼 시에 청산·분배하는 것을 주된 목적으로 하는 제도이므로, 그 재산이 누구 명의로 되어 있는지 또는 그 관리를 누가 하고 있는지를 묻지 않고 분할의 대상이 된다(대법원 1999. 6. 11. 선고 96므1397 판결, 대법원 2013. 6. 20. 선고 2010므4071, 4088 전원합의체 판결 등 참조).

한편 근로자퇴직급여보장법, 공무원연금법, 군인연금법, 사립학교교직원연금법이 각 규정하고 있는 퇴직급여는 사회보장적 급여로서의 성격 외에 임금의 후불적 성격과 성실한 근무에 대한 공로보상적 성격도 지닌다(대법원 1995. 9. 29. 선고 95누7529 판결, 대법원 1995. 10. 12. 선고 94다36186 판결 등 참조). 그리고 이러한 퇴직급여를 수령하기 위하여는 일정기간 근무할 것이 요구되는바, 그와 같이 근무함에 있어 상대방 배우자의 협력이 기여한 것으로 인정된다면 그 퇴직급여 역시 부부 쌍방의 협력으로 이룩한 재산으로서 재산분할의 대상이 될 수 있는 것이다.

그런데 이에 관하여 이제까지 대법원은, 부부 일방이 이혼 당시 이미 퇴직하여 수령한 퇴직금은 재산분할의 대상이 되지만(대법원 1995. 3. 28. 선고 94므1584 판결 참조), 이혼 당시 아직 퇴직하지 아니한 채 직장에 근무하고 있는 경우에는 그의 퇴직일과 수령할 퇴직금이 확정되었다는 등의 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그가 장차 퇴직금을 받을 개연성이 있다는 사정만으로 그 장래의 퇴직금을 청산의 대상이 되는 재산에 포함시킬 수는 없고, 다만 위와 같이 장래 퇴직금을 받을 개연성이 있다는 사정은 민법 제839조의2 제2항 소정의 분할의 액수와 방법을 정하는 데 필요한 기타 사정으로 참작하면 충분하다는 입장을 견지하여 왔다(대법원 1995. 5. 23. 선고 94므1713, 1720 판결, 대법원 1998. 6. 12. 선고 98므213 판결 등). 대법원이 종래 위와 같은 입장을 취하여 온 이유는, 이혼 당시 아직 퇴직하지 아니한 채 직장에 근무하고 있는 경우에는 퇴직 시점을 알 수 없어 장래 수령할 퇴직금을 산정하기 어렵고, 회사의 파산, 징계해고, 형의 선고 등 사정변경으로 인하여 실제 퇴직금의 전부 또는 일부를 수령하지 못하게 될 가능성도 배제할 수 없으며, 기타 사정으로만 참작하더라도 공평한 재산분할이 가능하다고 판단한 데 있는 것으로 보인다.

나. 물론 퇴직급여채권은 퇴직이라는 급여의 사유가 발생함으로써 현실화되는 것이므로(대법원 1992. 9. 14. 선고 92다17754 판결, 대법원 2014. 4. 24. 선고 2013두26552 판결 등 참조), 이혼 시점에서는 어느 정도의 불확실성이나 변동가능성을 지닐 수밖에 없다. 그러나 그렇다고 하여 퇴직급여채권을 재산분할의 대상에서 제외하고 단지 장래의 그 수령가능성을 재산분할의 액수와 방법을 정하는 데 필요한 기타 사정으로만 참작하는 것은 부부가 혼인 중 형성한 재산관계를 이혼에 즈음하여 청산·분배하는 것을 본질로 하는 재산분할제도의 취지에 맞지 않고, 당사자 사이의 실질적 공평에도 반하여 부당하다. 이는 다음과 같은 점을 고려할 때 더욱 그러하다.

(1) 현실에서는 정상적으로 퇴직급여를 수령하는 경우가 훨씬 많은데, 위와 같은 불확실성이나 변동가능성을 이유로 퇴직급여채권을 재산분할의 대상에서 완전히 제외할 경우 오히려 불공평한 결과를 초래할 가능성이 크다. 특히 이혼 전에 퇴직한 경우와 비교하여 보면 현저한 차이가 발생하여, 혼인생활의 파탄에도 불구하고 퇴직급여를 수령할 때까지 이혼시기를 미루도록 사실상 강제하는 결과를 초래할 수 있다.

(2) 퇴직급여채권을 재산분할의 대상에서 제외하고 기타 사정으로만 참작할 경우에는 실제 어느 정도로 참작할지 그 기준이 명확하지 않고, 분할할 다른 재산이 없는 경우에는 아예 재산분할을 할 수 없으므로 공평한 재산분할을 담보하기 어렵다.

(3) 재산분할의 대상으로 인정되고 있는 다른 재산도 정도의 차이가 있을 뿐 장래 그 경제적 가치가 변동할 수 있고, 특히 채권은 기본적으로 장래 이행되지 않을 가능성이 내포되어 있다.

(4) 근로자는 퇴직하기 전에도 근로자퇴직급여보장법 제8조 제2항의 요건을 갖추면 계속근로기간에 대한 퇴직금을 미리 정산하여 지급받을 수 있고, 일반적으로 퇴직하기만 하면 그때부터 14일 이내에 퇴직급여를 받을 수 있다는 점에서 퇴직급여채권은 이행기의 정함이 없는 일반 채권과 실질적으로 큰 차이가 없고, 같은 법 제12조가 퇴직급여의 우선변제를 규정하고, 같은 법 제44조가 퇴직급여지급의무를 위반한 사용자의 형사처벌을 규정하고 있는 점을 고려하면 오히려 일반 채권보다 이행가능성이 크다고 볼 수도 있다.

다. 위와 같은 재산분할제도의 취지 및 여러 사정들에 비추어 볼 때, 비록 이혼 당시 부부 일방이 아직 재직 중이어서 실제 퇴직급여를 수령하지 않았더라도 이혼소송의 사실심 변론종결 시에 이미 잠재적으로 존재하여 그 경제적 가치의 현실적 평가가 가능한 재산인 퇴직급여채권은 재산분할의 대상에 포함시킬 수 있으며, 구체적으로는 이혼소송의 사실심 변론종결 시를 기준으로 그 시점에서 퇴직할 경우 수령할 수 있을 것으로 예상되는 퇴직급여 상당액의 채권이 그 대상이 된다고 할 것이다.

이와 달리 앞에서 본 바와 같이 부부 일방이 아직 퇴직하지 아니한 채 직장에 근무하고 있을 경우 그의 퇴직급여는 재산분할의 대상에 포함시킬 수 없고 단지 장래의 그 수령가능성을 분할의 액수와 방법을 정하는 데 필요한 기타 사정으로 참작하면 충분하다는 취지로 설시한 이제까지의 대법원판결들은 이 판결의 견해에 배치되는 범위 내에서 이를 모두 변경한다.

라. 이 사건 기록에 의하면, ① 원고는 1970년생으로 1992년경부터 현재까지 사립학교 교원으로 근무하고 있고, 2011. 7. 29. 기준으로 예상퇴직일시금은 86,014,920원, 예상퇴직수당은 24,927,350원인 사실, ② 피고는 1970년생으로 2001년경부터 현재까지 정부출연 연구소의 연구원으로 재직 중이고, 2011. 7. 13. 기준으로 예상퇴직금은 39,601,000원이며 정년은 61세인 사실, ③ 퇴직급여채권 외에 원고의 순재산은 54,721,327원, 피고의 순재산은 233,453,784원인 사실, ④ 피고는 원심 변론과정에서나 상고이유에서 위 예상퇴직급여액을 기준으로 퇴직급여채권을 분할하여 달라고 요구하고 있는 사실 등을 알 수 있는바, 위 법리에 따르면 원고와 피고의 퇴직급여채권은 모두 재산분할의 대상이 될 수 있고, 구체적으로는 이혼 확정 전의 사실심 변론종결 시를 기준으로 그 시점에서 퇴직할 경우 받을 수 있는 예상퇴직급여 상당액을 각자의 적극재산에 포함시켜 다른 재산과 함께 일괄하여 청산하거나 이에 준하는 적절하고 합리적인 방법으로 재산분할을 할 수 있다.

그럼에도 불구하고 원심판결은 이와 달리 퇴직급여채권은 단지 장래의 그 수령가능성을 재산분할의 액수와 방법을 정하는 데 필요한 기타 사정으로 참작하면 충분하다며 원고와 피고의 퇴직급여채권을 재산분할의 대상에서 제외하였는바, 이는 재산분할의 대상에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판단을 그르친 것이다.

3. 친권자 및 양육자지정 청구 부분

자녀의 양육을 포함한 친권은 부모의 권리이자 의무로서 미성년인 자녀의 복지에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 그러므로 부모가 이혼하는 경우에 부모 중 누구를 미성년인 자녀의 친권자 및 양육자로 지정할 것인가를 정함에 있어서는, 자녀의 성별과 연령, 그에 대한 부모의 애정과 양육의사의 유무, 양육에 필요한 경제적 능력의 유무, 부모와 자녀 사이의 친밀도, 자녀의 의사 등 모든 요소를 종합적으로 고려하여 자녀의 성장과 복지에 가장 도움이 되고 적합한 방향으로 판단하여야 한다(대법원 2010. 5. 13. 선고 2009므1458, 1465 판결 등 참조).

위 법리와 기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심이 사건본인들의 친권자 및 양육자로 원고를 지정한 것은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 친권자 및 양육자 지정에 관한 법리를 오해한 잘못이 없다.

4. 결론

그러므로 원심판결 중 재산분할 청구 부분은 나머지 상고이유에 관한 판단을 생략한 채 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하며, 나머지 상고를 기각하기로 하여, 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법원장 양승태(재판장) 양창수 신영철 민일영(주심) 이인복 이상훈 김용덕 박보영 고영한 김창석 김신 김소영 조희대

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