Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2002다62432

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided2006. 02. 24. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A bank conducted performance evaluations of new employees during their probationary period (시용기간) using unfair methods, including a branch-by-branch quota system and demands for employees to rewrite their evaluation results. The Supreme Court found that these evaluation methods were neither objective nor reasonable. As a result, the court ruled that the dismissal during the probationary period was invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A bank dismissed a new employee during the probationary period based on an unfair performance evaluation that used a branch-by-branch quota system and required employees to rewrite their results.
  • OutcomeResult: The court ruled the dismissal invalid, finding that the evaluation method was not objective and therefore there was no justifiable reason for dismissal, even during the probationary period.
  • LessonLesson: Even when dismissing employees during a probationary period, employers must use objective, fair evaluation criteria and follow a reasonable procedure.
Issues
  • What requirements must be met to justify dismissing an employee during a probationary period (시용기간)?
  • Whether the performance evaluation method used was fair and objective
  • Whether the court's decision violated the principle of party presentation (변론주의) in civil procedure
Key reasoning

Even during a probationary period, dismissal (해고) of an employee must be based on objectively reasonable grounds and must be socially acceptable under generally accepted social norms (사회통념). The bank's evaluation process—which relied on a branch-level quota system forcing a fixed number of low scores regardless of actual performance, and required employees to redo their evaluations—was found to lack fairness and objectivity. Because the evaluation method itself was flawed, the resulting negative assessments could not serve as a legitimate basis for dismissal. Therefore, the court concluded that there was no just cause (정당한 이유) for the dismissal.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Dismissing an employee who is in a probationary employment (試用) period, or refusing to conclude the main employment contract (本契約) upon expiration of the probationary period, constitutes the exercise of the right of rescission reserved to the employer. In light of the purpose and objective of the probationary employment system, which is to observe and assess the employee's job suitability, including work ability, aptitude, character, and sincerity, such exercise of the right of rescission is recognized more broadly than an ordinary dismissal. Even in such a case, however, there must exist an objectively reasonable ground that is deemed reasonable in light of social norms.

[2] A case holding that it is difficult to find justifiable grounds for a bank, as employer, to terminate a probationary employment contract, in light of all the circumstances, including the fact that, in conducting performance evaluations of employees in probationary employment, the bank allocated to each branch a number of persons who were to receive a rating of C or D, and the fact that, after the performance evaluation forms had been prepared and submitted, some branch managers who had been asked by the bank to re-prepare the forms did so single-handedly, in violation of the bank's performance evaluation guidelines, which required that the evaluator and the confirming officer be different persons.

[3] Recognizing and adjudicating upon facts that a party has not asserted, with respect to main facts that constitute legal requisite facts, violates the principle of party presentation (辯論主義). However, a party's assertion of a main fact should be deemed to exist not only where the party has directly and clearly stated it, but also where the party submits documentary evidence to the court and states the purpose of proof therefor, thereby asserting the facts stated in the documentary evidence, or where such assertion can be viewed as having been made indirectly upon an overall observation of the party's pleadings.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,456 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 9 others (Attorneys of Law Firm Hanwool, Lee Kyung-woo and 6 others, as counsel)
[Defendant, Appellant] Korea Citibank Co., Ltd. (formerly: Hanmi Bank Co., Ltd.) (Attorneys of Law Firm Taepyeongyang, Song Jin-hoon and 8 others, as counsel)
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul High Court Judgment rendered October 9, 2002, Case No. 2000Na49130

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds for appeal are examined (the supplementary brief on grounds for appeal submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds for appeal is examined only to the extent that it supplements the grounds for appeal).

1. As to Grounds for Appeal Nos. 1 and 2
Dismissing an employee who is in a probationary (試用) period, or refusing to enter into the main contract (本契約) upon expiration of the probationary period, constitutes the exercise of the right of rescission reserved to the employer, and in light of the purpose of the probationary system, which is to observe and assess the employee's job competence, aptitude, character, sincerity, and other qualifications for the work, such exercise is recognized more broadly than an ordinary dismissal; however, even in such a case, there must exist an objectively reasonable ground and it must be found to be reasonable in light of common social norms (see Supreme Court Decision 2003Da5955, decided July 22, 2003, etc.).

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, having comprehensively considered the evidence it adopted, found the facts as stated in its holding, and in light of: the fact that the Defendant Bank allocated to each branch the number of persons to be given a rating of C or D; the fact that after the performance evaluation forms had been prepared and submitted, the Defendant Bank required some branch managers to redo them, and as a result, some branch managers re-prepared the performance evaluation forms alone, in violation of the Defendant Bank's performance evaluation guidelines which provided that the evaluator and the confirming person should be different persons; the fact that the evaluator differed for each person being evaluated; the fact that, notwithstanding that the nature of termination of an employment contract subject to a probationary condition requires an absolute evaluation of the relevant employee's job qualifications, etc., a considerable number of evaluators made relative evaluations by comparison with other employees; and the fact that the performance evaluation forms and evaluation opinion sheets concerning the Plaintiffs alone do not reveal to what extent or in what manner the Plaintiffs' job performance abilities were deficient, or what disruption to job performance resulted therefrom; the court below determined that it is difficult to find that there was a justifiable reason for the Defendant Bank's termination of the instant employment contracts with the Plaintiffs, and that there is no other evidence to establish such justifiable reason, and accordingly concluded that the Defendant Bank's dismissal of the Plaintiffs by exercising the right of termination reserved under the instant employment contracts was invalid, thereby granting the Plaintiffs' claims in this case.

Upon examination of the record, the fact-finding of the court below is deemed justifiable and acceptable, and there is no illegality therein, such as a misapprehension of facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence, as alleged in the grounds for appeal.

Meanwhile, in evaluating the persons subject to evaluation under a probationary contract, it is not necessarily required that the evaluator be the same person for all evaluees; moreover, in a case such as this one where the number of persons subject to evaluation reaches approximately 730, it would in fact be very difficult to have the same evaluator conduct all the evaluations; furthermore, in evaluating an evaluee's work attitude, job competence, etc., it is permissible to make an evaluation based on a comparison with the ordinary average employee as a standard. In these respects, it was inappropriate for the court below to list, among the reasons for finding that the termination of the instant employment contracts was not justified, the fact that the evaluator differed for each person being evaluated, and the fact that a considerable number of evaluators made evaluations by comparison with other employees, characterizing this as a relative evaluation.

However, in light of the legal principles set forth above, the remaining grounds, excluding the above matter, are sufficient in themselves to find that the termination of the instant employment contracts was not justified; therefore, the above error of the court below does not affect the outcome of the judgment. Accordingly, this part of the grounds for appeal is also without merit.

2. As to Ground for Appeal No. 3
Finding and determining facts that a party has not asserted, with respect to a principal fact constituting a legal requirement, violates the principle of party presentation (辯論主義); however, a party's assertion of a principal fact should be deemed to exist not only where the party has directly and clearly made such assertion, but also where the party has asserted the facts stated in documentary evidence by submitting such documentary evidence to the court and stating the purpose of proof thereof, or where, upon overall observation of the party's pleadings, it can be seen that an indirect assertion thereof has been made (see Supreme Court Decision 98Da46167, decided July 27, 1999, etc.).

According to the record, Plaintiff 7 made several legal arguments to the effect that the instant employment contract is invalid, and among these, it can be seen that there is included an argument that the Defendant Bank's dismissal of the said Plaintiff, made by exercising the right of termination reserved under the instant employment contract, is invalid because it was carried out after the probationary period had already expired.

Given this situation, in light of the legal principles set forth above, even if there is no clear trace of Plaintiff 7 having explicitly stated at the pleading stage that the said dismissal is invalid on the ground that the Defendant Bank exercised the right of termination reserved under the instant employment contract after the three-month probationary period applicable to the said Plaintiff had expired, it can be seen, upon overall observation of the parties' pleadings, that an indirect statement to that effect was made. Therefore, it cannot be said that the court below's determination that the dismissal of the said Plaintiff, having been carried out after the expiration of the three-month probationary period, is invalid, violates the principle of party presentation.

Furthermore, it cannot be said that there is any illegality in the court below's such determination on the grounds of failure to exercise the right to demand clarification, or on the grounds of a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the interpretation of a party's intent, or the like.

3. Conclusion
Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and this judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, with the unanimous concurrence of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Kang-kook (Presiding Justice), Son Ji-yeol, Kim Yong-dam (Justice in Charge), Park Si-hwan

【판결요지】

[1] 시용(試用)기간 중에 있는 근로자를 해고하거나 시용기간 만료시 본계약(本契約)의 체결을 거부하는 것은 사용자에게 유보된 해약권의 행사로서, 당해 근로자의 업무능력, 자질, 인품, 성실성 등 업무적격성을 관찰·판단하려는 시용제도의 취지·목적에 비추어 볼 때 보통의 해고보다는 넓게 인정되나, 이 경우에도 객관적으로 합리적인 이유가 존재하여 사회통념상 상당하다고 인정되어야 한다.

[2] 사용자인 은행이 시용기간 중의 근로자를 대상으로 근무성적평정을 실시함에 있어서 각 지점별로 씨(C) 또는 디(D)의 평정등급 해당자 수를 할당한 점, 근무성적평정표가 작성·제출된 이후 위 은행으로부터 재작성 요구를 받은 일부 지점장들이 평정자 및 확인자를 달리하도록 정한 위 은행의 근무성적평가요령에 어긋나게 혼자서 근무성적평정표를 재작성하기도 한 점 등 제반 사정에 비추어 볼 때, 위 은행이 시용근로계약을 해지한 데에 정당한 이유가 있다고 보기 어렵다고 한 사례.

[3] 법률상의 요건사실에 해당하는 주요사실에 대하여 당사자가 주장하지도 아니한 사실을 인정하여 판단하는 것은 변론주의에 위배된다고 할 것이나, 당사자의 주요사실에 대한 주장은 직접적으로 명백히 한 경우뿐만 아니라 당사자가 법원에 서증을 제출하며 그 입증 취지를 진술함으로써 서증에 기재된 사실을 주장하거나 당사자의 변론을 전체적으로 관찰하여 간접적으로 주장한 것으로 볼 수 있는 경우에도 주요사실의 주장이 있는 것으로 보아야 한다.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법 제30조 제1항

[3] 민사소송법 제203조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1994. 1. 11. 선고 92다44695 판결(공1994상, 675), 대법원 2003. 7. 22. 선고 2003다5955 판결, 대법원 2005. 7. 15. 선고 2003다50580 판결 / [3] 대법원 1999. 7. 27. 선고 98다46167 판결(공1999하, 1750), 대법원 2002. 6. 28. 선고 2000다62254 판결(공2002하, 1779), 대법원 2002. 11. 8. 선고 2002다38361, 38378 판결(공2003상, 39)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,602자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 9인 (소송대리인 법무법인 한울 담당변호사 이경우외 6인)

【피고, 상고인】 주식회사 한국씨티은행 (변경전 상호 : 주식회사 한미은행) (소송대리인 법무법인 태평양 담당변호사 송진훈외 8인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2002. 10. 9. 선고 2000나49130 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고가 부담한다.

【이 유】상고이유(상고이유서 제출기간 경과 후에 제출된 상고이유보충서는 상고이유를 보충하는 범위 내에서)를 본다.

1. 상고이유 제1, 2점에 대하여

시용(試用)기간 중에 있는 근로자를 해고하거나 시용기간 만료시 본계약(本契約)의 체결을 거부하는 것은 사용자에게 유보된 해약권의 행사로서, 당해 근로자의 업무능력, 자질, 인품, 성실성 등 업무적격성을 관찰·판단하려는 시용제도의 취지·목적에 비추어 볼 때 보통의 해고보다는 넓게 인정되나, 이 경우에도 객관적으로 합리적인 이유가 존재하여 사회통념상 상당하다고 인정되어야 할 것이다(대법원 2003. 7. 22. 선고 2003다5955 판결 등 참조).

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 채용 증거들을 종합하여 그 판시와 같은 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고 은행이 각 지점별로 C 또는 D의 평정등급 해당자 수를 할당한 점, 피고 은행이 근무성적평정표가 작성·제출된 후 일부 지점장들에게 재작성을 요구하였고, 이에 따라 일부 지점장들이 평정자 및 확인자를 달리하도록 정한 피고 은행의 근무성적평정요령에 어긋나게 혼자서 근무성적평정표를 재작성하기도 한 점, 평정대상자마다 평정자가 상이한 점, 시용조건부 근로계약 해지의 성격상 당해 근로자의 업무적격성 등을 절대적으로 평가하여야 함에도 상당수의 평정자가 다른 직원들과의 비교를 통하여 상대적으로 평가한 점, 원고들에 대한 근무성적평정표 및 평정의견서만으로 원고들의 업무수행능력이 어느 정도, 어떻게 부족하였는지 또 그로 인하여 업무수행에 어떠한 차질이 있었는지를 알 수 없는 점 등에 비추어 보면, 피고 은행이 원고들과의 이 사건 근로계약을 해지한 데에는 정당한 이유가 있다고 보기 어렵고 달리 이를 인정할 증거가 없으므로, 결국 피고 은행이 이 사건 근로계약에서 유보된 해지권을 행사하여 원고들을 해고한 것은 무효라고 판단하여, 원고들의 이 사건 청구를 인용하였다.

기록에 비추어 살펴보면, 원심의 사실인정은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 상고이유에서의 주장과 같은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인의 위법이 없다.

한편, 시용계약에서 평정대상자를 평가함에 있어 평정자가 모두 동일하여야만 하는 것은 아닐 것이고, 더구나 이 사건과 같이 평정대상자가 730여 명에 이르는 경우에 이를 모두 동일한 평정자가 평정을 하는 것은 사실상 매우 곤란할 것이라는 점, 또한 평가대상자의 근무태도, 업무능력 등을 평가함에 있어 통상의 평균적인 직원의 그것을 기준으로 하여 이와 비교하여 평가하는 것은 가능하다고 할 것인 점에서, 원심이 이 사건 근로계약의 해지가 정당하지 않은 이유로서, 평정대상자마다 평정자가 상이한 점이나, 상당수의 평정자가 다른 직원들과의 비교를 통하여 평가한 것을 상대적인 평가로 보고 이 점을 열거한 점은 부적절하다고 할 것이다.

그러나 앞서 본 법리에 비추어 살펴보면, 위 사항을 제외한 나머지 사유만으로도 이 사건 근로계약의 해지를 정당하지 않다고 보기에 충분하다 할 것이므로, 원심의 위와 같은 잘못은 판결의 결과에는 영향이 없다고 할 것이므로, 결국 이 부분 상고이유의 주장도 이유 없다.

2. 상고이유 제3점에 대하여

법률상의 요건사실에 해당하는 주요사실에 대하여 당사자가 주장하지도 아니한 사실을 인정하여 판단하는 것은 변론주의에 위배된다고 할 것이나, 당사자의 주요사실에 대한 주장은 직접적으로 명백히 한 경우뿐만 아니라 당사자가 법원에 서증을 제출하며 그 입증 취지를 진술함으로써 서증에 기재된 사실을 주장하거나 당사자의 변론을 전체적으로 관찰하여 간접적으로 주장한 것으로 불 수 있는 경우에도 주요사실의 주장이 있는 것으로 보아야 할 것이다(대법원 1999. 7. 27. 선고 98다46167 판결 등 참조).

그런데 기록에 의하면, 원고 7은 이 사건 근로계약은 무효라는 취지의 여러 법률상 주장을 하고 있는데, 그 중에는 피고 은행이 이 사건 근로계약에서 유보한 해지권을 행사하여 위 원고를 해고한 것은 이미 그 시용기간이 경과한 후에 행해진 것으로서 무효라는 주장도 포함되어 있음을 알 수 있다.

이와 같은 상황이라면 앞에서 본 법리에 비추어 비록 원고 7이 변론에서 피고 은행이 위 원고에 대한 3개월의 시용기간이 경과한 후에 이 사건 근로계약에서 유보된 해지권을 행사한 것이므로 위 해고는 무효라는 점에 관하여 명백히 진술을 한 흔적은 없다 하더라도 당사자의 변론을 전체적으로 관찰하여 볼 때 그에 관한 간접적인 진술이 있었다고 볼 수 있으므로, 원심이 위 원고에 대한 해고는 3개월의 시용기간이 경과한 후에 이루어진 것으로서 무효라고 판단하였다고 하여 변론주의에 위배된다고 할 수 없다.

또한, 원심의 그러한 판단에 석명권을 행사하지 아니한 위법이 있다거나 당사자의 의사해석에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고도 할 수 없다.

3. 결 론

그러므로 상고를 기각하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이강국(재판장) 손지열 김용담(주심) 박시환

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부당해고구제재심판정취소[사업주의 육아기 근로자에 대한 일·가정 양립을 위한 배려의무 위반 여부가 문제된 사건
2015두48136 · 대법원 2015-11-27
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)