Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 96다21065

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.해고무효확인등

Decided1996. 10. 29. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A bus driver took a leave of absence exceeding 45 days due to a traffic accident and failed to submit a request for reinstatement (복직원) within the required period. The company then processed his retirement under the collective bargaining agreement (단체협약). The Supreme Court held that although such a retirement action under a collective agreement legally constitutes a dismissal (해고), it was justified in this case because a prolonged leave of absence caused by an accident unrelated to work duties (i.e., not an occupational injury) would seriously disrupt the company's operations.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A bus driver took leave for over 45 days due to a traffic accident and failed to submit a reinstatement request, prompting the company to process his retirement under the collective bargaining agreement.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that a prolonged leave of absence caused by a non-occupational accident constitutes just cause for dismissal, since it seriously disrupts the employer's business operations.
  • LessonLesson: Even when a collective bargaining agreement includes a clause for automatic retirement after extended leave, employers must clearly distinguish whether the underlying cause is work-related, as such clauses apply only to non-occupational cases.
Issues
  • The legal nature of a retirement action taken under a collective bargaining agreement's automatic retirement clause (당연퇴직사유)
  • Whether a retirement action is valid when an employee's leave of absence exceeds the period allowed under the collective bargaining agreement
Key reasoning

The Court first clarified that a retirement action taken pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement provision is legally equivalent to a dismissal, and therefore requires just cause (정당한 사유) to be valid. However, the Court found that just cause existed here because the employee's leave of absence resulted from a non-occupational accident (i.e., an injury not connected to his work duties), and such prolonged absence would cause significant disruption to the employer's business operations. The Court reasoned that the collective agreement's provision allowing retirement after extended leave was a reasonable measure designed to prevent operational paralysis caused by employees' long-term absences. Since the driver's accident was unrelated to his job duties and he failed to return to work or submit the required reinstatement request, the company's retirement action was deemed a legitimate exercise of its rights under the collective agreement.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Where a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) provides for the occurrence of a certain cause as a ground for retirement, unless that ground for retirement is one that brings about the automatic extinction of the employment relationship, such as death, retirement age, or expiration of the labor contract term, a retirement disposition made pursuant to such collective bargaining agreement also constitutes a dismissal as provided in Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), which is subject to the restrictions of the Labor Standards Act. Therefore, the mere fact that a ground for retirement stipulated in the collective bargaining agreement has formally occurred does not in itself mean that the retirement disposition has justifiable cause as required under Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act.

[2] Where a bus transportation company, pursuant to a collective bargaining agreement provision stating that "the period of leave of absence shall not exceed 45 days, and if an application for reinstatement is not submitted by the day before the expiration of the leave period, the employee shall be treated as retired," took a retirement disposition against an employee who, without submitting an application for reinstatement, requested an extension of leave for a period approximately three times longer than the maximum period stipulated in the collective bargaining agreement, the court held: since it is reasonable to interpret that provision as having been established in the collective bargaining agreement in order to prevent paralysis of the bus transportation company's operations due to an employee's extended leave of absence, it cannot be regarded as a provision that is void as a matter of course for violating Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act; and further, in light of the fact that, if the employee, a driver hospitalized due to an accident not arising from work, were permitted a leave of absence for a period approximately three times longer than the maximum period set forth in the collective bargaining agreement, the company's operations would suffer substantial disruption, among other circumstances, the court found that the retirement disposition had justifiable cause.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,800 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee]

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Judgment 95Na39641, decided April 18, 1996

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. Facts established by the court below

(1) The Plaintiff, who worked as a bus driver for the Defendant, suffered injuries in a traffic accident on September 2, 1994, while returning home after finishing his duties, and was hospitalized. He was absent from work without leave without submitting an application for leave of absence, and only on October 22 of the same year did he submit an application for leave of absence stating the leave period as running until November 15 of that year.

(2) Although Article 21, Item 2 of the Defendant's collective bargaining agreement provides that the period of leave of absence shall not exceed 45 days, the Plaintiff applied for a lengthy leave of absence of as much as 74 days as described above. The Defendant initially intended to disapprove the Plaintiff's application for leave of absence, but a labor supervisory officer recommended that the application be accepted in the interest of labor-management harmony, and the Defendant accepted the Plaintiff's application for leave of absence in accordance with that recommendation.

(3) Article 21, Item 4 of the Defendant's collective bargaining agreement provides that an application for reinstatement must be submitted no later than the day before the expiration of the leave period, and that failure to submit such an application shall be deemed to indicate an absence of intent to be reinstated; at the same time, Article 23, Item 6 provides that if an application for reinstatement is not submitted by the day before the expiration of the leave period, the employee shall be subjected to a retirement disposition. When the Plaintiff, three days before the expiration of his leave period, merely sent a certified letter requesting that his leave period be extended to December 20 of that year, without submitting an application for reinstatement, the Defendant, pursuant to Article 23, Item 6 of the above collective bargaining agreement, imposed a retirement disposition on the Plaintiff effective November 18 of that year.

2. As to the Second Ground of Appeal

The argument made is as follows: First, Article 21, Item 1 of the collective bargaining agreement provides that an employee who is unable to work for 30 days or more due to illness, suspension of license, or other personal reasons must submit an application for leave of absence; Item 6 of the same Article provides that, in the case of illness (requiring hospitalization) or fracture patients, the employee shall be treated as being on paid leave for 20 days, limited to once per year; and Article 23, Item 7 separately provides, as a distinct ground for retirement, the case in which continued work is determined to be impossible due to a chronic illness. Accordingly, it is argued that under the Defendant company's collective bargaining agreement, it is to be interpreted as permitting an employee to take consecutive leaves of absence of 45 days each on two or more occasions, and therefore the ground for retirement provided in Article 23, Item 6 of the collective bargaining agreement should be interpreted as including only cases where the employee fails to submit either an application for reinstatement or a renewed application for leave of absence by the day before the expiration of the leave period, or cases where a renewed application for leave of absence is submitted but lacks reasonable grounds and therefore cannot be accepted; thus, in a case such as the Plaintiff's, where the injury sustained in the traffic accident had not healed and an application for extension of leave was submitted before the expiration of the leave period, this does not fall under the ground for retirement set forth in Article 23, Item 6 of the collective bargaining agreement. Second, it is argued that if Articles 21, Items 2 and 4, and Article 23, Item 6 of the collective bargaining agreement are not interpreted as above, but rather are interpreted to mean that any employee unable to return to work beyond 45 days shall be treated as retired, then the collective bargaining agreement would violate Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), which requires just cause for dismissal, and would therefore be void; accordingly, it is argued that the judgment below, having interpreted the agreement to the contrary, contains an error of misunderstanding the law.

However, Article 21, Item 2 of the collective bargaining agreement merely provides that the leave period shall not exceed 45 days, without providing any provision regarding the extension of the leave period. Rather, Article 21, Item 4 provides that failure to submit an application for reinstatement by the day before the expiration of the leave period shall be deemed to indicate an absence of intent to be reinstated, and at the same time, Article 23, Item 6 provides that failure to submit an application for reinstatement by the day before the expiration of the leave period shall result in retirement treatment. Accordingly, it is reasonable to interpret these provisions as meaning that the Defendant, being a bus transportation company, provided in its collective bargaining agreement that an employee who is unable to return to work beyond the 45-day leave period shall be treated as retired, in order to prevent paralysis of its operations due to an employee's prolonged absence. The provisions of Article 23, Item 7 and Article 21, Item 6 of the collective bargaining agreement cannot have any bearing on the foregoing interpretation. Furthermore, interpreting Article 23, Item 6 of the collective bargaining agreement, which concerns automatic retirement, in the manner described above does not render that provision void as being in violation of Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act. Therefore, this argument is without merit.

However, where a collective bargaining agreement provides for the occurrence of a certain event as a ground for retirement, except in cases such as death, mandatory retirement age, or expiration of the term of the employment contract, which result in the automatic extinction of the employment relationship, a retirement disposition made pursuant to such collective bargaining agreement also constitutes a dismissal as provided in Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act, and is thus subject to the restrictions of the Labor Standards Act (see this Court's Judgment 92Da54210, decided October 26, 1993, among others). Accordingly, the mere fact that a ground for retirement as formally prescribed in the collective bargaining agreement, etc., has arisen does not in itself mean that the Defendant's retirement disposition satisfies the requirement of just cause under Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below determined that the just cause requirement of Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act was satisfied merely by the fulfillment of the formal requirements under the collective bargaining agreement, and there is some deficiency in the reasoning set forth therein. Nevertheless, in light of the fact that permitting the Plaintiff, a driver who was hospitalized due to an accident that was not a work-related injury, to take a leave of absence for a period approximately three times longer than the maximum period prescribed in the collective bargaining agreement would cause substantial disruption to the Defendant company's operations, it must be said that the Defendant's retirement disposition in this case had just cause. Therefore, the judgment below is justified in its conclusion.

3. As to the First Ground of Appeal

Although the Plaintiff argued that the content of the collective bargaining agreement violated Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act and was therefore void, it is clear from the reasoning of the judgment below that the court below failed to render a determination on this point. However, as discussed in the determination on the second ground of appeal, the content of the collective bargaining agreement cannot be deemed void, and therefore the above defect in the judgment below could not have affected the outcome of the judgment. Accordingly, this argument is also without merit.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Jeong Gwi-ho, Justice Kim Seok-su, Justice Lee Don-hui, Justice Lee Im-su (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 단체협약에서 어떤 사유의 발생을 퇴직사유로 규정하고 있는 경우에 그 퇴직사유가 사망, 정년, 근로계약기간의 만료 등과 같이 근로관계의 자동소멸을 가져오는 경우를 제외하고는 그 단체협약에 따른 퇴직처분도 근로기준법의 제한을 받는 근로기준법 제27조에서 규정한 해고에 해당하므로, 형식적으로 단체협약에 정한 퇴직사유가 발생하였다는 것만으로 그 퇴직처분이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에서 정한 정당한 이유가 있게 되는 것은 아니다.

[2] 버스 운수회사가 "휴직기간은 45일을 초과할 수 없고, 휴직기간 만료 전일까지 복직원을 제출하지 않으면 퇴직처리한다."는 단체협약 규정에 따라, 복직원을 제출함이 없이 단체협약 소정의 최고한도보다 약 3배나 많은 기간 동안의 휴직연장을 신청한 근로자를 퇴직처분한 경우, 그 규정은 근로자의 장기휴직으로 인한 버스 운수회사의 업무마비를 막기 위하여 단체협약에 규정한 것이라고 해석함이 상당하므로 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 위반되는 당연무효의 규정이라고 볼 수 없으며, 또한 업무상 재해가 아닌 사고로 입원한 운전기사인 근로자에게 단체협약에 정한 최고한도보다 약 3배나 많은 기간 동안의 휴직을 허용할 경우 회사의 업무가 막대한 지장을 초래할 것인 점 등에 비추어 그 퇴직처분에는 정당한 이유가 있다고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제27조 제1항

[2] 근로기준법 제27조 제1항

【참조판례】

[1][2] 대법원 1995. 7. 14. 선고 95다1767 판결(공1995하, 2801) /[1] 대법원 1993. 10. 26. 선고 92다54210 판결(공1993하, 3160), 대법원 1993. 12. 21. 선고 93다43866 판결(공1994상, 493), 대법원 1995. 3. 24. 선고 94다42082 판결(공1995상, 1722), 대법원 1995. 12. 5. 선고 94다43351 판결(공1996상, 179)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,002자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,상고인】

【피고,피상고인】

【원심판결】 서울고법 1996. 4. 18. 선고 95나39641 판결

【주문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심이 확정한 사실관계

(1) 피고의 버스운전기사로 일하던 원고는 1994. 9. 2. 업무를 마치고 귀가하던 중 교통사고로 부상을 입어 병원에 입원하게 되었는데, 휴직원을 제출하지 아니한 채 무단결근하다가 같은 해 10. 22.에야 휴직기간을 같은 해 11. 15.까지로 한 휴직원을 제출하였다. (2) 피고의 단체협약 제21조 제2호는 휴직기간은 45일을 초과할 수 없다고 규정되어 있는데도 원고가 위와 같이 74일간이나 되는 장기간의 휴직을 신청하므로 피고는 원고의 휴직신청을 불허하고자 하였으나, 근로감독관이 노사화합 차원에서 휴직신청을 받아들일 것을 권유하므로 그 권유에 따라 원고의 휴직신청을 받아들였다. (3) 피고의 단체협약 제21조 제4호는 휴직기간 만료 전날까지 복직원을 제출하여야 하고 복직원을 제출하지 아니하면 복직의사가 없는 것으로 간주한다고 규정함과 동시에 제23조 제6호에서 휴직기간 만료 전날까지 복직원을 제출하지 아니하면 퇴직처분을 하도록 규정되어 있는바, 피고는 원고가 휴직기간 만료 3일 전에 휴직기간을 같은 해 12. 20.까지 연장하여 달라는 내용의 내용증명우편만을 발송하고 복직원을 제출하지 아니하자, 위 단체협약 제23조 제6호에 의거하여 같은 해 11. 18.자로 원고에게 퇴직처분을 하였다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 대하여

논하는 바는, 첫째, 단체협약 제21조 제1호가 질병, 면허정지, 기타 일신상의 사유로 30일 이상 근무하지 못할 때에는 휴직원을 제출하여야 한다고 규정하고 있고, 제6호가 질병(입원시) 및 골절환자에 대하여는 연 1회에 한하여 20일간 유급처리한다고 규정하고 있으며, 제23조 제7호가 지병으로 인하여 계속근무가 불가능하다고 판단되었을 때를 별도의 퇴직사유로 규정하고 있으므로, 피고 회사의 단체협약상으로 근로자가 45일간씩 연속하여 2회 이상 휴직하는 것이 허용된다고 해석되고, 따라서 단체협약 제23조 제6호가 규정한 퇴직사유는, 휴직기간이 만료되기 전날까지 복직원도 제출하지 않고 재차의 휴직원도 제출하지 않은 경우, 또는 재차의 휴직원을 제출하였으나 그 신청이 상당성을 결하여 휴직신청이 받아들여질 수 없는 경우만을 포함하는 것으로 해석하여야 할 것이므로, 원고와 같이 교통사고로 입은 부상이 치유되지 아니하여 휴직기간 만료 전에 휴직연장원을 제출한 경우에는 단체협약 제23조 제6호 소정의 퇴직사유에 해당하지 않고, 둘째, 만약 위와 같이 해석하지 않고 단체협약 제21조 제2, 4호, 제23조 제6호의 규정이 45일을 넘도록 복직할 수 없는 자를 모두 퇴직처리한다는 취지의 규정이라면, 위 단체협약은 해고에 정당한 이유를 요구하고 있는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 위반되어 무효라 할 것이므로, 이와 반대로 해석한 원심판결에는 법리오해의 위법이 있다는 것이다.

그러나, 단체협약 제21조 제2호가 휴직기간은 45일을 초과할 수 없다고 규정하고 있을 뿐, 휴직기간의 연장에 관하여 아무런 규정을 두지 않고 있고, 오히려 제21조 제4호가 휴직기간 만료 전일까지 복직원을 제출하지 않으면 복직의사가 없는 것으로 간주한다고 규정함과 동시에, 제23조 제6호가 휴직기간 만료 전일까지 복직원을 제출하지 않으면 퇴직처리한다고 규정하고 있으므로, 버스운수회사인 피고 회사로서는 근로자의 장기간의 휴직으로 인한 업무마비를 막기 위하여 휴직기간이 45일을 초과하도록 복직할 수 없는 자는 퇴직처리하도록 단체협약에 규정한 것이라고 해석함이 상당하고, 단체협약 제23조 제7호의 규정이나 제21조 제6호의 규정은 위와 같은 해석에 아무런 영향을 미칠 수 없다고 할 것이며, 당연퇴직에 관한 단체협약 제23조 제6호의 규정을 위와 같이 해석한다고 하여 위 규정이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 위반되는 당연무효의 규정이라고 볼 수 없으므로, 논지는 이유가 없다.

다만, 단체협약에서 어떤 사유의 발생을 퇴직사유로 규정하고 있는 경우에 그 퇴직사유가 사망, 정년, 근로계약기간의 만료 등과 같이 근로관계의 자동소멸을 가져오는 경우를 제외하고는 그 단체협약에 따른 퇴직처분도 근로기준법의 제한을 받는 근로기준법 제27조에서 규정한 해고에 해당하는 것이므로 ( 당원 1993. 10. 26. 선고 92다54210 판결 등 참조), 형식적으로 단체협약 등에 정한 퇴직사유가 발생하였다는 것만으로 피고의 퇴직처분이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에서 정한 정당한 이유가 있게 되는 것은 아니라 할 것 인데, 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은 단체협약상의 형식적인 요건을 구비한 것만으로 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에서 규정한 정당한 이유가 구비된 것으로 판단하고 있어서 그 이유설시에 다소 미흡한 점은 있다 하겠으나, 업무상 재해가 아닌 사고로 입원한 운전기사인 원고에게 단체협약에 정한 최고한도보다 약 3배나 많은 기간 동안의 휴직을 허용할 경우 피고 회사의 업무가 막대한 지장을 초래할 것인 점에 비추어 보면, 피고의 이 사건 퇴직처분에는 정당한 이유가 있다고 할 것이므로, 원심판결은 결론에 있어서 정당하다고 할 것이다.

3. 상고이유 제1점을 본다.

원고가 단체협약의 내용이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 위반되어 무효라는 주장을 하였음에도 불구하고 원심이 이에 대한 판단을 유탈하였음은 원심판결 이유에 비추어 명백하다 하겠으나, 단체협약의 내용이 무효라고 볼 수 없음은 상고이유 제2점에 관한 판단에서 본 바와 같으므로, 원심의 위와 같은 위법은 판결 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 없고, 따라서 논지도 이유가 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 정귀호(재판장) 김석수 이돈희 이임수(주심)

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