Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 94다15363

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided1995. 02. 28. Court대법원Worker(s) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In this case, several employees withdrew from their labor union but later expressed their intent to reverse (revoke) that withdrawal. The union accepted the reversal for only some of the workers while rejecting it for others, resulting in the dismissal of those whose withdrawal reversal was rejected under a union shop agreement (유니언 숍 협정) — an arrangement requiring employers to dismiss employees who are not union members. The Supreme Court held that this selective, inconsistent treatment of workers who were in the same situation was unfair and contrary to the spirit of the right to organize (단결권), and therefore ruled the dismissals invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseEmployees who left the union tried to reverse their withdrawal, but the union accepted only some reversals and rejected others, leading to the dismissal of the rejected workers under a union shop agreement.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled the dismissals invalid, finding that treating similarly situated union members differently was unfair and violated the spirit of the right to organize (단결권).
  • LessonEven under a union shop agreement (유니언 숍 협정), unions must treat members fairly and consistently; demanding dismissal without a reasonable, objective standard constitutes an abuse of rights (권리남용).
Issues
  • Whether a lawsuit confirming union membership status must precede a dismissal claim in cases involving a union shop agreement (유니언 숍 협정)
  • Whether it was lawful for the union to selectively demand dismissal of only some employees who withdrew from the union while accepting others' withdrawal reversals
  • Whether receiving severance pay (퇴직금) after dismissal and later filing a wage claim lawsuit implies the employee's acceptance or approval of the dismissal
Key reasoning

The Court found that the union treated workers who had withdrawn from the union in essentially identical circumstances in a discriminatory manner, accepting some withdrawal reversals but rejecting others without any reasonable or objective standard. Such arbitrary, unequal treatment violates the fundamental spirit of the right to organize (단결권), which the union shop agreement (유니언 숍 협정) is meant to serve, not undermine. Because the demand for dismissal exceeded the legitimate purpose and scope of the union shop agreement, it constituted an abuse of the right to request dismissal (해고권 남용). As a result, the dismissals based on this abusive union demand were deemed void, regardless of the union shop clause's general validity.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Even if a dismissed employee who was dismissed by the employer pursuant to a union shop agreement upon withdrawing from the labor union files an action against the labor union seeking confirmation of union membership status and prevails, the validity of the dismissal is not thereby immediately negated. Moreover, since the employer also asserts that the dismissal is lawful, and the existence or non-existence of union membership status may be determined as a preliminary issue in an action for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal, it cannot be said that an action for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal filed directly by the employee, without first seeking confirmation of union membership status against the labor union, lacks the benefit of legal action (소의 이익).

[2] This is a case holding as follows: Although 11 employees who had withdrawn from a labor union made efforts to retract their withdrawal and rejoin the union, the union accepted the retraction of withdrawal for some of them, allowing them to retain union membership status, but refused to accept it for only 3 of them and demanded that the company dismiss them, and the company ultimately dismissed these 3 employees. In such circumstances, the act of refusing employees who sought to retract their withdrawal and rejoin the union, thereby causing them to be dismissed, constitutes an abandonment by the union itself of the spirit of the right to organize and, in substance, produces an effect equivalent to expulsion. This not only violates the proviso of Article 39, Item 2 of the former Trade Union Act (노동조합법), but also exceeds the scope of the purpose of dismissal based on a union shop agreement. Furthermore, refusing to accept the retraction of withdrawal and causing dismissal for only 3 out of the 11 withdrawing employees is contrary to equity as compared with the other withdrawing employees, and thus the dismissal was held to be invalid.

[3] This is a case holding as follows: Although the employee received retirement allowances, etc. after the dismissal for the purpose of maintaining his livelihood, he sent the company several certified letters contesting the validity of the dismissal after receiving the notice of dismissal, sought consultation with a labor dispute counseling agency in order to respond legally, and filed a lawsuit against the company claiming unpaid wages for a certain period prior to the dismissal on the ground that various allowances had not been paid in accordance with the standards prescribed by the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), but after receiving a judgment dismissing his claim at the court of first instance, he appealed and later withdrew the appeal. Given that the employee had continuously contested the validity of the dismissal immediately after being dismissed, it cannot be concluded, merely from the fact that he received the retirement allowance, etc. without reservation or condition, or from the fact that he filed the aforementioned wage claim lawsuit, that the employee had acknowledged the validity of the dismissal.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,480 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellant] Pungyang Transportation Co., Ltd., Attorney Lee Won-gu, Counsel for the Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 93Na11410 rendered on January 21, 1994

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to Ground 1,

The gist of the argument is that where an employer dismisses an employee who has withdrawn from a labor union pursuant to a so-called Union Shop agreement, under which becoming a member of the labor union is made a condition of employment, the employee must first seek confirmation of union membership status against the labor union before being able to file a lawsuit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal. However, even if the Plaintiff were to file a lawsuit against the labor union seeking confirmation of union membership status and prevail, this would not automatically negate the validity of the dismissal at issue in this case. Moreover, the Defendant itself asserts that the dismissal at issue is lawful, and in this lawsuit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal, the existence or non-existence of union membership status may be determined as a preliminary issue. Therefore, even though the Plaintiff filed this lawsuit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal directly, without first seeking confirmation of union membership status against the labor union, it cannot be said that this lawsuit lacks the benefit of legal action (소의 이익). This ground is without merit.

2. As to Ground 2,

The court below, based on the evidence cited, found the following facts: After the Plaintiff and ten others withdrew from the labor union, the Defendant company posted a notice on January 17, 1992 to the effect that, unless other appropriate measures were taken, it would dismiss those who had withdrawn from the union pursuant to the provisions of the collective bargaining agreement. On January 18 of the same year, the Plaintiff and the other individuals who had withdrawn attached a letter of apology addressed to the union and the company and made efforts to withdraw their declarations of withdrawal from the union and rejoin the union. However, the union side, with respect to the Plaintiff and non-parties 1 and 2, imposed a suspension-from-duty measure refusing to assign vehicles to them for driving duties starting from January 18 of the same year, and even refused two requests for a meeting made by the branch chairman, while continuing to demand that the Defendant company dismiss them pursuant to the provisions of the collective bargaining agreement. The Plaintiff prepared a union membership application on January 22 of the same year and mailed it to the union office on January 24 of the same year. However, with respect to the remaining eight persons, excluding the Plaintiff and the above two others, the union, on January 27 and January 30 of the same year—after the dismissal disposition against the Plaintiff had already occurred—accepted the withdrawal of their declarations of withdrawal from the union and took measures to effectively retrieve their union withdrawal notices.

Based on these facts, the court below determined as follows: Even though the Plaintiff made efforts to withdraw his declaration of withdrawal from the union and rejoin the union, the Defendant company's labor union accepted the withdrawal of the declarations of withdrawal from the union for eight of the eleven persons who had withdrawn from the union, thereby allowing them to maintain their union membership status, but refused to do so only for the three persons including the Plaintiff, and instead demanded that the Defendant company dismiss them, which the Defendant company ultimately did. The court below held that such conduct—refusing a worker who sought to withdraw his declaration of withdrawal from the union and rejoin the union, and causing him to be dismissed—constitutes the union itself abandoning the spirit of the right to organize and effectively producing the same result as expulsion, which violates the proviso of Article 39, Item 2 of the Labor Union Act (노동조합법) and also exceeds the permissible scope and purpose of dismissal under the Union Shop agreement. The court below further held that refusing to accept the withdrawal of the declaration of withdrawal from the union and causing dismissal only with respect to three of the eleven persons who had withdrawn from the union, namely the Plaintiff and two others, is contrary to the principle of equity among the other workers who withdrew from the union. Accordingly, the court below determined that the dismissal at issue, viewed from any angle, constitutes an abuse of the right to dismiss without justifiable grounds and is therefore invalid.

Such factual findings and determinations by the court below are proper and may be affirmed, and there is no illegality therein in violation of the rules of evidence resulting in a mistaken finding of fact, nor any misunderstanding of the legal principles governing dismissal under a Union Shop agreement. This ground is also without merit.

3. As to Ground 3,

The court below found that although the Plaintiff received his retirement allowance and other payments on April 14, 1992 for the purpose of maintaining his livelihood, he had received a notice of dismissal on January 23 of the same year, and thereafter, on multiple occasions including February 14 and February 24 of the same year, sent certified letters to the Defendant company disputing the validity of the dismissal, and even consulted with a labor dispute counseling institution in order to take legal action. The court below further found that on March 31 of the same year, the Plaintiff filed a claim against the Defendant company in the Seoul District Court (서울민사지방법원) seeking payment of unpaid wages for the period from April 1, 1989 to December 31, 1991, on the ground that various allowances, including overtime and night-shift allowances, allowances for overtime work on the day preceding a holiday, and weekly, monthly, and annual leave allowances, had not been paid in accordance with the standards set forth in the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), but that the Plaintiff's claim was dismissed by the court of first instance, and although the Plaintiff appealed, the Plaintiff subsequently withdrew the appeal.

The court below determined that, insofar as the Plaintiff had disputed the validity of the dismissal immediately after being dismissed, the mere fact that the Plaintiff received the retirement allowance and other payments without reservation of objection or condition, or the mere fact that the Plaintiff filed the aforementioned wage claim lawsuit, cannot be deemed to constitute the Plaintiff's acknowledgment of the validity of the dismissal. Such findings and determinations by the court below may be affirmed, and there is no illegality therein resulting from a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning the principle of good faith (신의칙) or estoppel (금반언). This ground is likewise without merit.

4. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Im-su (Presiding Justice), Kim Seok-su, Jeong Gwi-ho (Justice in Charge), Lee Don-hee

【판결요지】

가. 유니언 숍 협약에 따라 사용자가 노동조합을 탈퇴한 근로자를 해고한 경우에 해고근로자가 노동조합을 상대로 하여 조합원지위확인을 구하는 소를 제기하여 승소한다고 하더라도 바로 해고의 효력이 부정되는 것은 아닐 뿐 아니라, 사용자 또한 그 해고가 적법한 것이라고 주장하고 있고 해고무효확인소송에서도 그 선결문제로 조합원지위의 존부에 관하여 판단을 할 수 있으므로, 근로자가 노동조합을 상대로 조합원지위의 확인을 구하지 아니하고 막바로 해고무효확인소송을 제기하였다고 하더라도 그 소가 소익이 없다고 할 수는 없다.

나. 노동조합이, 노조를 탈퇴한 근로자 11명이 노조탈퇴의사를 철회하고 노조에 다시 가입하기 위한 노력을 하였음에도 불구하고 그중 일부에 대하여는 노조탈퇴의사 철회를 받아들여 노조원의 자격을 유지하게 하고도 나머지 3명에 대하여서만 이를 받아들이지 않고 회사에 대하여 해고를 요구하여 결국 회사가 이들을 해고한 것으로서, 이와 같이 노조탈퇴의사를 철회하고 노조에 다시 가입하려는 근로자에 대하여 이를 거부하고 해고되게 한 것은 노조 자체가 단결권의 정신을 저버리고 실질상 제명과 같은 효과를 발생시킨 것으로서, 노동조합법 제39조 제2호 단서에 위반될 뿐만 아니라 유니언 숍 협정에 기한 해고의 목적범위를 일탈한 것이고, 또한 11명의 탈퇴자 중 3명에 대하여서만 탈퇴의사 철회를 거부하고 해고되게 한 것은 다른 탈퇴근로자들과의 형평에도 반하여 무효라고 본 사례.

다. 근로자가 해고 후 생계유지를 위하여 퇴직금 등을 수령하였으나 해고 통보서를 받고서 여러 차례에 걸쳐 회사에 대하여 해고의 효력을 다투는 내용증명을 보내고, 그 법적인 대응을 위하여 노동문제상담기관에 상담까지 하였고, 회사를 상대로 법원에 제수당이 근로기준법에 정한 기준에 따라 지급되지 아니하였다고 하여 해고 전 일정기간의 미지급 임금의 지급을 청구하였으나 제1심에서 원고청구기각판결을 선고받고 항소하였다가 항소를 취하하였다면, 그 근로자가 해고된 이후 즉시 해고의 효력을 다투어 온 이상 비록 그가 퇴직금등을 이의의 유보나 조건 없이 수령하였다거나 위 임금청구소송을 제기한 사실만으로는 그 근로자가 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 할 수 없다고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

민사소송법 제226조[소의제기], 제228조, 근로기준법 제27조 제1항, 민법 제2조, 노동조합법 제39조 제2호 단서

【참조판례】

다. 대법원 1991.5.14. 선고 91다2656 판결(공1991,1627), 1992.3.31. 선고 90다8763 판결(공1992,1395), 1992.12.8. 선고 91다43015 판결(공1993상,413)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,429자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고

【피고, 상고인】 풍양운수 주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 이원구

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1994.1.21. 선고 93나11410 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 제1점에 관하여,

논지는 근로자가 노동조합의 조합원이 될 것을 고용조건으로 하는 소위 유니언 숍(UNION SHOP) 협약에 따라 사용자가 노동조합을 탈퇴한 근로자를 해고한 경우에는 근로자는 먼저 노동조합을 상대로 조합원지위의 확인을 구한 다음에야 비로소 해고무효확인소송을 제기할 수 있다고 함에 있으나. 원고가 노동조합을 상대로 하여 조합원지위확인을 구하는 소를 제기하여 승소한다고 하더라도 바로 이 사건 해고의 효력이 부정되는 것은 아닐 뿐 아니라, 피고 또한 이 사건 해고가 적법한 것이라고 주장하고 있고 이 사건 해고무효확인소송에서도 그 선결문제로 조합원지위의 존부에 관하여 판단을 할 수 있으므로, 원고가 노동조합을 상대로 조합원지위의 확인을 구하지 아니하고 막바로 이 사건 해고무효확인소송을 제기하였다고 하더라도 이 사건 소가 소익이 없다고 할 수는 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

2. 제2점에 관하여,

원심은 그 거시 증거에 의하여, 원고 등 11명이 노동조합을 탈퇴한 후 피고 회사에서 1992.1.17. 노조탈퇴자들에 대하여 다른 적절한 조치가 없는 한 단체협약규정에 따라 해고하겠다는 취지의 공고를 하자, 원고 등 탈퇴자들은 같은 달 18. 노조와 회사에 대하여 사과한다는 취지의 사과문을 붙이고 노조탈퇴의사를 철회하여 노조에 다시 가입하기 위한 노력을 하였으나 노조측에서는 원고와 소외 1, 소외 2에 대하여는 같은 달 18.부터 승무하는 차량의 배차를 거부하는 승무정지처분을 하고 2차에 걸친 분회장의 면담요구조차 거부한 채 피고 회사에 대하여 계속 단체협약규정에 따른 해고를 요구하여, 원고가 같은 달 22. 노조가입신청서를 작성하여 같은 달 24. 노조사무실에 우송하였으나, 노조측에서는 원고 등 위 3명을 제외한 나머지 8명에 대하여는 원고에 대한 해고처분이 있은 후인 같은 달 27. 및 30. 그 탈퇴의사의 철회를 받아들이고 노조탈퇴서를 사실상 회수하여 가도록 조치한 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고 회사 노조는 원고가 노조탈퇴의사를 철회하고 노조에 다시 가입하기 위한 노력을 하였음에도 불구하고 노조를 탈퇴한 11명 중 위 8명에 대하여는 노조탈퇴의사철회를 받아들여 노조원의 자격을 유지하게 하고도 원고를 포함한 3명에 대하여서만 이를 받아들이지 않고 피고 회사에 대하여 해고를 요구하여 결국 피고 회사가 이들을 해고한 것으로서, 이와 같이 노조탈퇴의사를 철회하고 노조에 다시 가입하려는 근로자에 대하여 이를 거부하고 해고되게 한 것은 노조자체가 단결권의 정신을 저버리고 실질상 제명과 같은 효과를 발생시킨 것으로서, 노동조합법 제39조 제2호 단서에 위반될 뿐만 아니라 유니언숍 협정에 기한 해고의 목적범위를 일탈한 것이라 할 것이고, 또한 11명의 탈퇴자 중 원고 등 3명에 대하여서만 탈퇴의사철회를 거부하고 해고되게 한 것은 다른 탈퇴근로자들과의 형평에도 반한다 할 것이므로, 위 해고는 어느모로 보나 정당한 이유없는 해고권의 남용에 해당하여 무효라고 판단하였는바, 이러한 원심의 사실 인정과 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 채증법칙에 위배하여 사실을 오인하였거나 유니언숍 협정에 있어서 해고의 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지도 이유 없다.

3. 제3점에 관하여,

원심은 원고가 1992.4.14. 생계유지를 위하여 퇴직금 등을 수령하였으나 같은 해 1.23. 원고를 해고한다는 통보서를 받고서 같은 해 2.14. 및 같은 달 24. 등 여러 차례에 걸쳐 피고 회사에 대하여 해고의 효력을 다투는 내용증명을 원고 회사에 보내고, 그 법적인 대응을 위하여 노동문제상담기관에 상담까지 하였고, 원고는 같은 해 3.31. 피고 회사를 상대로 서울민사지방법원에 연장 및 야간근로수당과 휴일직전일연장근로수당, 주차, 월차, 연차수당 등 제수당이 근로기준법에 정한 기준에 따라 지급되지 아니하였다고 하여 1989.4.1.부터 1991.12.31.까지의 미지급 임금의 지급을 청구하였으나 제1심에서 원고청구기각판결을 선고받고 항소하였다가 항소를 취하하였는바, 원고가 해고된 이후 즉시 해고의 효력을 다투어 온 이상 비록 원고가 퇴직금 등을 이의의 유보나 조건없이 수령하였다거나 원고가 위 임금청구소송을 제기한 사실만으로는 원고가 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 할 수 없다고 판단하였는바, 이러한 원심의 인정판단은 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 신의칙이나 금반언에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지 역시 이유 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이임수(재판장) 김석수 정귀호(주심) 이돈희

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