Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다38686

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided1993. 01. 26. Court대법원Case remanded for further review (neither party fully won; the lower court's decision was vacated for reconsideration of the good-faith issue)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

When a company forces an employee to submit a resignation letter and processes it as a voluntary resignation (의원면직), this may substantively constitute an unfair dismissal (부당해고) even though it was formally labeled as voluntary. However, when the employee accepted severance pay (퇴직금) without raising any objection and only claimed the dismissal was invalid ten years later, this delay may violate the principle of good faith (신의칙). The Supreme Court remanded the case to the lower court for further review of this good faith issue.

Key takeaways
  • CaseThe company pressured an employee into submitting a resignation letter and processed it as a voluntary resignation, but the employee accepted severance pay and only claimed the dismissal was invalid ten years later.
  • OutcomeThe forced resignation was substantively an unfair dismissal, but accepting severance pay without objection and waiting ten years to dispute it could violate the principle of good faith, so the case was sent back for further review.
  • LessonIf you experience an unfair dismissal, you should raise objections when receiving severance pay and take legal action as soon as possible, otherwise a long delay may weaken your claim later.
Issues
  • Whether a forced resignation disguised as voluntary resignation (의원면직) constitutes an unfair dismissal (부당해고)
  • Whether asserting the invalidity of a dismissal after a long delay (10 years) violates the principle of good faith (신의칙)
Key reasoning

Even if a resignation letter is formally submitted, if the employee had no genuine intention to resign and was compelled to sign it under coercion, this is substantively treated as a dismissal by the employer, not a voluntary resignation. However, the Court also recognized that an employee who received severance pay without objection and then waited ten years to challenge the validity of the dismissal may be found to have violated the principle of good faith (신의칙), as such prolonged inaction and acceptance of benefits can undermine the legitimacy of a later legal challenge. Because the lower court did not adequately examine this good-faith issue, the Supreme Court sent the case back for further fact-finding and reconsideration.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Even if the employer terminates the labor contract relationship by taking the form of a resignation upon receiving and accepting a letter of resignation from the employee, if the employer has forced an employee who has no intention to resign to draft and submit a letter of resignation against his or her will, this constitutes, in substance, the termination of the labor contract relationship by the unilateral will of the employer, and therefore amounts to a dismissal; a dismissal without justifiable cause constitutes an unfair dismissal.

b. If a dismissed employee receives retirement pay, etc. without raising any reservation of objection or condition, then, absent special circumstances, the employee shall be deemed to have acknowledged the validity of the dismissal. Accordingly, filing a lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal a long time after such acceptance may constitute a case that is impermissible as being contrary to the principle of good faith or the principle of estoppel.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,557 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Plaintiff (Counsel: Attorney Jeong Tae-ryu)
[Defendant, Appellant] Dongyang Fire & Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. (Counsel: Hanmi Joint Law Office, Attorneys Yu Kyung-hee and 3 others)
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul High Court Judgment 91Na12709, decided October 1, 1991

[Order]

The part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment, the lower court determined, as an undisputed fact between the parties, that the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company on February 4, 1963 and worked there, and on July 25, 1980, submitted a letter of resignation and was dismissed by employer's acceptance of resignation (uiwon myeonjik). Based on the evidence it adopted, the lower court found the following facts: the Defendant company is a corporation whose principal purpose is the non-life insurance business and related ancillary businesses; the National Security Emergency Countermeasure Committee (Gukga Bowi Bisang Daechaek Wiwonhoe) instructed the various government ministries, state-run enterprises, financial institutions, and insurance companies, in the name of "social purification," to purge corrupt and incompetent public officials and employees, and pursuant to this, the Minister of Finance instructed each insurance company under its jurisdiction to compulsorily dismiss a certain number of employees; at the time, Nonparty 1, who was the representative director of the Defendant company, was allocated a quota of 5 employees to be dismissed by the Ministry of Finance authorities, but pleaded with the authorities and obtained approval to dismiss only 3, and decided to give priority to dismissing long-serving employees among the Defendant company's staff, instructing Nonparty 2, who was the head of the general affairs department of the Defendant company, to properly persuade the Plaintiff, who was the second longest-serving employee at the Defendant company, to submit a letter of resignation; accordingly, when the above Nonparty 2 explained the company's difficult circumstances to the Plaintiff and told him to submit a letter of resignation, the Plaintiff resisted, whereupon Nonparty 2 pleaded, "Someone has to be let go in any case, so please submit your resignation for the sake of the company," and the Plaintiff, although he had no intention of resigning, after several days of deliberation, had no choice but to submit a letter of resignation, and the Defendant company accepted it and dismissed the Plaintiff by acceptance of resignation. In light of the record, such factual findings by the lower court can be accepted, and there is no illegality of violating the rules of evidence in the process of making such factual findings, as argued in the grounds of appeal.

Even where an employer terminates an employment contract relationship by taking the form of accepting a resignation submitted by an employee, if the employer causes an employee who has no intention of resigning to have no choice but to prepare and submit a letter of resignation, this is, in substance, a termination of the employment contract relationship by the employer's unilateral intention, and therefore constitutes a dismissal, and a dismissal without justifiable cause is no different from a wrongful dismissal (see this Court's Decisions 92Da3809, decided July 10, 1992; 91Da29811, decided August 14, 1992, etc.).

As determined by the lower court, if Nonparty 1, who was the representative director of the Defendant company, upon receiving an instruction from the Minister of Finance to compulsorily dismiss a certain number of employees, singled out the Plaintiff through Nonparty 2, the head of the general affairs department of the Defendant company, without any grounds for disciplinary action, and pressed him to submit a letter of resignation, and the Plaintiff, having no intention of resigning but being intimidated by the social atmosphere of that time, had no choice but to submit a letter of resignation, and the Defendant company accepted it and dismissed the Plaintiff by acceptance of resignation, then this is, in substance, a wrongful dismissal that terminated the employment contract relationship with the Plaintiff by the Defendant company's unilateral intention without justifiable cause, and is therefore void. The lower court's determination to the same effect is correct, and there is no illegality therein of any kind. The arguments on this point are all without merit.

However, if an employee dismissed by an employer received retirement allowance and other payments without raising any objection or reservation, then, absent special circumstances, it shall be deemed that the employee acknowledged the validity of the dismissal, and therefore, filing a lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal a long time thereafter may constitute a case that is impermissible as violating the principle of good faith or the principle of estoppel (see Decisions 91Da39085, decided March 13, 1992; 92Da3670, decided May 26, 1992; 92Da3809, decided July 10, 1992; 91Da29811, decided August 14, 1992, etc.).

However, according to the Defendant's brief dated October 8, 1990, it can be seen that the Defendant is asserting, in effect, that even if the Plaintiff's declaration of intent to resign was a defective declaration of intent, since 10 years have passed from that time, or 3 years have passed from the time the defect was removed, the Plaintiff cannot now raise objection to it. Such an assertion by the Defendant cannot be regarded as excluding an argument to the effect that the Plaintiff's filing of this lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal a long time after the dismissal violates the principle of good faith or the principle of estoppel, and yet the lower court judgment contains no reasoning whatsoever on this point.

According to the record, it can be seen that the Plaintiff admitted, at the fifth date for pleading in the first instance, that he received retirement allowance from the Defendant without objection at the time of his retirement, and that the Plaintiff did not raise any particular objection to the Defendant company thereafter, but only filed this lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal on July 24, 1990, 10 years after that. If, as such, the Plaintiff received retirement allowance from the Defendant without any objection at the time of the dismissal, and thereafter did not raise any particular objection to the Defendant company, but filed this lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal only after 10 years had passed (even if the dismissal lacked justifiable cause), this may constitute a case that is impermissible as violating the principle of good faith or the principle of estoppel.

The lower court judgment contains an illegality of having failed to render a judgment on the Defendant's argument to the effect that this lawsuit is impermissible as violating the principle of good faith or the principle of estoppel, and the arguments on this point are found to have merit.

Therefore, the part of the lower court judgment against which the Defendant lost is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the lower court for retrial and determination. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Kim Ju-han (Presiding Justice), Choi Jae-ho (Justice in charge), Yun Kwan, Kim Yong-jun

【판결요지】

가. 사용자가 근로자로부터 사직서를 제출받고 이를 수리하는 의원면직의 형식을 취하여 근로계약관계를 종료시킨다 할지라도, 사직의 의사 없는 근로자로 하여금 어쩔 수 없이 사직서를 작성 제출하게 한 경우에는 실질적으로 사용자의 일방적 의사에 의하여 근로계약관계를 종료시키는 것이어서 해고에 해당하고, 정당한 이유 없는 해고는 부당해고라 할 것이다.

나. 해고된 근로자가 퇴직금 등을 수령하면서 아무런 이의의 유보나 조건을 제기하지 않았다면 특별한 사정이 없는 한 해고의 효력을 인정하였다 할 것이고, 따라서 그로부터 오랜 기간이 지난 후에 해고의 효력을 다투는 소를 제기하는 것은 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 위배되어 허용될 수 없는 경우에 해당될 수 있다.

【참조조문】

가.나. 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 / 가. 민법 제107조 / 나. 민법 제2조

【참조판례】

가.나. 대법원 1992.5.26. 선고 92다3670 판결(공1992,2013), 1992.7.10. 선고 92다3809 판결(공1992,2363), 1992.8.14. 선고 91다29811 판결(공1992,2651) / 나. 대법원 1992.10.13. 선고 92다24462 판결(공1992,3131)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,832자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 정태류)

【피고, 상고인】 동양화재해상보험 주식회사 (소송대리인 법무법인 한미합동법률사무소 담당변호사 유경희 외 3인)

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.10.1. 선고 91나12709 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 피고 패소부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 원고가 1963.2.4. 피고 회사에 입사하여 근무하다가 1980.7.25. 사직원을 제출하여 의원면직된 사실을 당사자 사이에 다툼 없는 사실로 확정하고, 그 채택증거에 의하여 피고 회사는 손해보험사업 및 이에 관련된 부대사업을 주된 목적으로 하는 법인인바, 국가보위비상대책위원회가 정부 각 부처 및 국영기업체, 금융기관, 보험회사 등에 대하여 사회정화라는 명목으로 부패 무능한 공직자 및 사원 등을 숙정하라는 지시를 하고, 이에 따라 재무부장관이 그 산하 각 보험회사에 대하여 의무적으로 일정수의 직원을 해직하도록 지시하게 된 사실, 당시 피고 회사 대표이사이던 소외 1은 재무부 당국으로부터 5명의 직원을 해직시킬 것을 할당받았으나 당국에 간청하여 3명만 해직할 것을 승낙받고 피고회사 직원 중 장기근속자를 우선 해직하기로 하여 피고 회사 총무부장이던 소외 2에게 피고회사에서 두 번째로 장기근속자이던 원고를 잘 설득하여 사직원을 받을 것을 지시한 사실, 그리하여 위 소외 2는 원고에게 회사의 어려운 사정을 설명하고 사직원을 내라고 하자 원고가 반발하므로 "어차피 누군가는 정리를 당해야 하는 것이니 회사를 위하여 사직원을 제출하여 달라"고 간청하자 원고로서는 사직의 의사가 없었음에도 불구하고 수일간의 숙고끝에 어쩔 수 없이 사직원을 제출하고 피고 회사가 이를 수리하여 원고에 대하여 의원면직한 사실 등을 인정하였는바, 기록에 비추어 보면 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정은 수긍할 수 있고, 그 사실인정 과정에 소론과 같은 채증법칙위배의 위법이 있다 할 수 없다.

사용자가 근로자로부터 사직서를 제출받고 이를 수리하는 의원면직의 형식을 취하여 근로계약관계를 종료시킨다고 할지라도, 사직의 의사 없는 근로자로 하여금 어쩔 수 없이 사직서를 작성 제출하게 한 경우에는 실질적으로는 사용자의 일방적 의사에 의하여 근로계약관계를 종료시키는 것이어서 해고에 해당하고, 정당한 이유없는 해고는 부당해고에 다름 없는 것이다(당원 1992.7.10. 선고 92다3809 판결; 1992.8.14. 선고 91다29811 판결 등 참조).

원심이 확정한 바와 같이 피고 회사의 대표이사이던 소외 1이 재무부장관으로부터 의무적으로 일정수의 직원을 해직시키라는 지시를 받고 피고 회사 총무부장이던 소외 2를 통하여 아무런 징계사유없이 원고를 지목하여 사직원제출을 종용하자, 원고가 사직의 의사 없이 그 당시의 사회분위기에 위축되어 어쩔 수 없이 사직원을 제출하였고, 피고 회사가 이를 수리하여 원고를 의원면직하였다면, 이는 실질적으로는 정당한 이유없이 피고 회사의 일방적 의사에 의하여 원고와의 근로계약관계를 종료시킨 부당해고로서 무효라 할 것인바, 같은 취지의 원심판단은 옳고, 거기에 어떠한 위법사유가 있다 할 수 없다. 이 점에 관한 논지는 모두 이유 없다.

그러나 사용자로부터 해고된 근로자가 퇴직금 등을 수령하면서 아무런 이의의 유보나 조건을 제기하지 않았다면 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 해고의 효력을 인정하였다 할 것이고, 따라서 그로부터 오랜 기간이 지난 후에 그 해고의 효력을 다투는 소를 제기하는 것은 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 위배되어 허용될 수 없는 경우에 해당 될 수도 있는 것이다(1992.3.13. 선고 91다39085 판결; 1992.5.26. 선고 92다3670 판결; 1992.7.10. 선고 92다3809 판결; 1992.8.14. 선고 91다29811 판결 등 참조).

그런데 피고의 1990.10.8.자 준비서면에 의하면 피고는 원고의 사직의 의사표시가 하자 있는 의사표시라 할지라도 그때부터 10년 또는 하자 있는 상태에서 벗어난 때로부터 3년이 지났기 때문에 지금에 이르러서는 이를 탓할 수 없다는 취지의 주장을 하고 있음을 알 수 있는바, 피고의 이와 같은 주장 속에는 원고가 해고 후 오랜 기간이 지나서 그 효력을 다투는 이 사건 소를 제기한 것은 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 반한다는 취지의 주장이 포함된 것으로 못 볼바 아님에도 불구하고 원심판결에는 이 점에 대한 아무런 이유설시가 없다.

기록에 의하면 원고는 제1심 제5차 변론기일에 이르러 원고가 퇴직 당시 피고로부터 퇴직금을 이의 없이 수령한 사실을 자인하고 있고, 원고는 해고 후 피고 회사에 대하여 별다른 이의를 제기하지 않고 있다가, 그로부터 10년이 지난 1990.7.24.에 이르러서야 위 해고의 효력을 다투는 이 사건 소를 제기하였음을 엿볼 수 있는바, 이와 같이 원고가 해고 당시 피고로부터 아무런 이의 없이 퇴직금을 수령하였고, 그 후 이에 관하여 피고 회사에 대하여 별다른 이의를 제기하지 않고 있다가 그로부터 10년이 지난 후에 이르러서야 위 해고의 효력을 다투는 이 사건 소를 제기하였다면(비록 위 해고에 정당한 이유가 없다 할지라도), 이는 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 위배되어 허용될 수 없는 경우에 해당할 여지가 있다 할 것이다.

원심판결에는 이 사건 소가 신의칙이나 금반언원칙에 반하여 허용될 수 없다는 취지의 피고의 주장에 대하여 판단을 유탈한 위법이 있다 할 것이고, 논지는 이유 있음에 돌아간다.

그러므로 원심판결 중 피고 패소부분을 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리 판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김주한(재판장) 최재호(주심) 윤관 김용준

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