[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 3 others (Attorneys of the law firm Yeoneun and 1 other, Counsel for the plaintiffs)
[Defendant, Appellant] Valeo Jeonjang Labor Union (Attorneys of Shina Law Firm and 2 others, Counsel for the defendant)
[Intervenor for the Defendant] Valeo Electrical Systems Korea Co., Ltd. (Attorney Jang Sang-gyun and 4 others of Bae, Kim & Lee LLC (Taepyeong Yang), Counsel for the intervenor)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2011Na79540 decided September 21, 2012
[Order]
The part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal (including the descriptions in each supplementary brief on the grounds of appeal submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, to the extent that they supplement the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.
1. A. All citizens have the freedom of association (Article 21 of the Constitution), and furthermore, workers have the independent right to organize, the right to collective bargaining, and the right to collective action for the improvement of working conditions (Article 33 of the Constitution). Accordingly, workers may freely organize associations or choose to join associations, and may withdraw from an association they have already joined to organize a new association or to join another association. In addition, an association composed of workers is likewise protected in its continuation and maintenance, and may autonomously determine the organizational form and the will of the association.
The Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법, hereinafter the "Trade Union Act"), which was enacted for the purpose of guaranteeing workers' right to organize, etc. under the Constitution and thereby promoting the maintenance and improvement of working conditions and the enhancement of workers' economic and social status, recognizes as a "trade union" an "organization or federation of organizations formed by workers on their own initiative for the primary purpose of maintaining and improving working conditions and otherwise enhancing the economic and social status of workers," and guarantees the freedom to establish a trade union by allowing workers to freely organize trade unions (main text of Article 2, Subparagraph 4, and Article 5 of the Trade Union Act).
As such, a trade union is one of the typical forms of association composed of workers as the principal, and is divided into a single-unit trade union and a trade union that is a federation. A trade union that is a federation refers to an industry-level federation composed of single-unit trade unions in the same industry, and a general federation composed of industry-level federations or nationwide industry-level single-unit trade unions (Article 10 of the Trade Union Act). Here, single-unit trade unions include trade unions organized on an enterprise basis (hereinafter "enterprise-level trade unions") and trade unions organized on a supra-enterprise basis, such as by industry, occupation, or region (among these, a single-unit trade union organized by industry is hereinafter referred to as an "industry-level trade union"). Since workers are guaranteed the freedom to organize and join associations and to establish trade unions, the choice of whether to organize or dissolve a workers' association or trade union, which of the various organizational forms described above to adopt when organizing a trade union, and whether to maintain or change that organizational form, is left to the autonomous and democratic decision-making of the workers who are the subjects of the right to organize.
Furthermore, Article 16, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 8 and Paragraph 2 of the Trade Union Act (hereinafter "the provisions at issue") permit a change in the organizational form of a trade union while the trade union has been established and is continuing to exist, through a resolution of the general meeting adopted by the attendance of a majority of the registered union members and the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the members in attendance. The provisions at issue are intended to allow a change in organizational form without going through the procedures for dissolution, liquidation, and establishment of a new trade union, so that legal relationships surrounding the trade union, such as prior property rights and obligations or the validity of collective agreements, may be maintained and succeeded to by the trade union in its new organizational form as they were, thereby substantively supporting workers' freedom to establish a trade union or to choose the organizational form of a trade union.
Accordingly, when interpreting and applying the provisions at issue in relation to the establishment of a trade union and the change of its organizational form, full consideration must be given to the substantive significance and function of the provisions at issue as described above, and consideration must also be given to reflecting the freedom of association and the freedom to establish a trade union guaranteed to workers by the Constitution and the Trade Union Act.
B. As seen above, an industry-level trade union is a supra-enterprise trade union that targets workers employed in the same industry as its organizing subject, and it is itself a single unit trade union with individual workers as its members and union members. Even if an industry-level trade union establishes sub-organizations within itself, in principle these are not separate trade unions but organs for the internal organizational management of the industry-level trade union or constituent elements that are part of its organizational structure.
However, because industry-level trade unions have, due to the longstanding practice centered on enterprise-level trade unions and the practical need to reflect the characteristics of individual workplaces, established sub-organizations such as branches, chapters, and local chapters (hereinafter "branches, etc.") under their umbrella on a regional or workplace basis, there are cases where, depending on the specific circumstances, such a branch, etc., contrary to its outward form, is not merely an internal organization or organ of the industry-level trade union, but is substantively organized targeting workers belonging to the relevant enterprise, has its own independent rules and executive bodies, and operates as an independent organization for the purpose of maintaining and improving the working conditions of those workers and enhancing their economic and social status; and there are even cases going further, where the organization independently conducts collective bargaining and possesses the capacity to conclude collective agreements regarding matters peculiar to the organization or its members.
In general, an association refers to a combination of many persons organized for a specific purpose, being an organization that has provisions concerning an organ to represent it externally, and even without legal personality, where a certain qualified group of persons serves as its members and the organization has rules such as articles of incorporation or bylaws and organs such as officers, and has held meetings such as general meetings to make decisions on major matters, it is considered to have the substance of a non-corporate association (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da20908, delivered September 12, 1997; Supreme Court Decision 2006Da52723, delivered December 21, 2006, etc.).
The Supreme Court has heretofore held that even a sub-organization of an incorporated association, if it has the substance of such an association as described above and conducts independent activities, may be regarded as a non-corporate association separate and independent from the incorporated association (see Supreme Court Decision 2002Da59337, delivered April 11, 2003; Supreme Court Decision 2006Da60908, delivered January 30, 2009, etc.). In addition, the Supreme Court has affirmed that even a branch, etc. of a supra-enterprise trade union such as an industry-level trade union may, regardless of whether a report on the establishment of a sub-organization has been filed under Article 7 of the Enforcement Decree of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법 시행령), be regarded as equivalent to an enterprise-level trade union where, pursuant to practice or the rules of the relevant supra-enterprise trade union, it has its own rules and executive body, operates as an independent organization, and has the capacity to independently conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements regarding matters peculiar to the organization or its members (see Supreme Court Decision 2001Du5361, delivered July 26, 2002; Supreme Court Decision 2006Du7324, delivered February 26, 2009; Supreme Court Decision 2011Da1842, 1859, 1866, 1873, delivered May 26, 2011, etc.), thereby recognizing that the character of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union must be determined based on substance rather than form, and that independent activity as an independent organization may occur regardless of the presence or absence of the capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements.
Accordingly, even a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union, where it operates as an independent organization as described above or possesses the capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements, may be evaluated as having the status of a workers' association that is a non-corporate association, or a status equivalent to an enterprise-level trade union.
In particular, where an enterprise-level trade union has been incorporated into a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union through the procedure for changing its organizational form, there is a need, even after such incorporation, to retain independence as an enterprise-level organization in order to maintain the property rights and obligations of the former enterprise-level trade union or the validity of collective agreements specific to the relevant enterprise, and as the relevant industry-level trade union has, in fact, tacitly permitted this, there are not a few cases where, notwithstanding the form of a branch, etc., the organization is composed of workers of the relevant enterprise and has the substance of an independent workers' association similar to an enterprise-level trade union, or of an independent trade union, operating for the purpose of maintaining and improving the working conditions of those workers and enhancing their economic and social status.
Therefore, without examining the actual circumstances, such as the background of establishment of the branch, etc., the articles of incorporation or rules concerning the operation of the branch, etc., the actual state of management and operation of the branch, etc., and the specific content of its activities, one must not uniformly deny the independence or autonomy of a branch, etc. merely because it is a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union, and conclude that the status of the branch, etc. is merely an organ or constituent element of the industry-level trade union. And where a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union is, contrary to its form, evaluated as substantively having the status of a workers' association that is a non-corporate association, or a status equivalent to an enterprise-level trade union, since this is a matter of the workers' choice and there is a need to guarantee the workers' freedom of association and freedom to establish a trade union, it must be found that the branch, etc. may, in a manner appropriate to its substance, independently determine its will and act with legal effect.
C. Accordingly, taking into comprehensive account the relevant provisions of the Trade Union Act concerning the establishment of a trade union and the change of its organizational form as examined above, the purpose of the system for changing organizational form in order to maintain legal relationships such as property rights and obligations or the validity of collective agreements, as well as the need to guarantee individual or collective rights to organize, and matters concerning the independent associational character of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union and its substance as an independent trade union, it must be found that the provisions at issue, while directed at trade unions established under the Trade Union Act and thus not applicable to a trade union's mere internal organization or organ, permit that even a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union, where it is substantively organized targeting the workers of a single enterprise as its organizing subject, has its own rules and executive body, operates as an independent organization, and has the capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements regarding matters peculiar to the organization or its members, thereby possessing substance equivalent to an enterprise-level trade union, is not substantively different from an enterprise-level trade union belonging to an industry-level federation, and therefore may, through the decision-making of its member union members meeting the resolution requirements set forth in the provisions at issue, break away from its status as a branch, etc. belonging to the industry-level trade union and change its organizational form by converting into an independent enterprise-level trade union.
In addition, even where a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union does not independently conduct collective bargaining or conclude collective agreements, if it has the substance of a non-corporate association and is recognized as an independent workers' association similar to an enterprise-level trade union, that branch, etc. has the capacity to independently determine its will, separately from the industry-level trade union, with respect to matters peculiar to itself. Given that it possesses such decision-making capacity, the branch, etc. may, through an autonomous and democratic resolution by a general meeting composed of its member workers, choose and change its purpose and organization, and further, in the exercise of the right to organize, may amend its articles of incorporation or rules to add to the organization's purpose the maintenance and improvement of working conditions and otherwise the enhancement of workers' economic and social status, thereby acquiring the substance of a trade union and operating as such. And in terms of the need for the branch, etc. to break away from its status as a branch, etc. belonging to the industry-level trade union and convert into an enterprise-level trade union while maintaining its substance as an independent workers' association similar to an enterprise-level trade union, there is no difference from the case of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union possessing the capacity for collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements and thus having substance equivalent to an enterprise-level trade union. In light of these legal principles and circumstances, it is appropriate to hold that, even in the case of a branch, etc. having the substance of a non-corporate association as a workers' association similar to an enterprise-level trade union, as in the case of possessing substance equivalent to an enterprise-level trade union as discussed above, it may, through the decision-making of its member workers meeting the resolution requirements set forth in the provisions at issue, break away from the outward form of being a branch, etc. of the former industry-level trade union and convert into an independent enterprise-level trade union.
D. In conclusion, even a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union, where, contrary to its outward form, it constitutes a non-corporate association as an independent trade union or an independent workers' association similar to a trade union, must be found to be able to change its affiliation and convert into an independent enterprise-level trade union through an autonomous and democratic resolution of its general meeting, and such an interpretation of the provisions at issue, reflecting the substance as a trade union or non-corporate association, is consistent with the spirit of the Constitution and the Trade Union Act, which guarantee workers the freedom of association and the freedom to establish a trade union.
However, this view is not intended to mean that a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union should be broadly treated as a non-corporate association without clearly determining its substance, and that a resolution to change organizational form as set forth in the provisions at issue should be permitted. If a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union is merely an internal organization for the activities of the industry-level trade union, such a resolution cannot be permitted; accordingly, it must first be carefully examined and determined whether the branch, etc. has the substance of an independent trade union or an independent workers' association similar to a trade union.
2. According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, it can be seen that: (1) Vallée Mando Trade Union (발레오만도노동조합), an enterprise-level trade union, changed its organizational form and was incorporated, around February 2001, into the Korean Metal Workers' Union (전국금속노동조합), an industry-level trade union, as the Vallée Mando Branch of the Gyeongju Chapter of the Korean Metal Workers' Union (전국금속노동조합 경주지부 발레오만도지회, hereinafter "Vallée Mando Branch"); (2) thereafter, on May 19, 2010 and June 7, 2010, the Vallée Mando Branch held general meetings and adopted the resolutions at issue in this case, the content of which was to "re-change the organizational form of the Vallée Mando Branch to Defendant Trade Union, an enterprise-level trade union, enact rules, and elect officers"; and (3) meanwhile, the Vallée Mando Branch has operated with rules enacted based on the model branch rules of the Korean Metal Workers' Union, and with organs such as a general meeting and a branch chairperson.
According to the legal principles set forth above, since the Vallée Mando Branch, although a branch of the Korean Metal Workers' Union, an industry-level trade union, was originally an enterprise-level trade union that was incorporated into a branch of the Korean Metal Workers' Union, and has since operated with organs such as a general meeting and a branch chairperson, if, in light of the circumstances of its establishment, the content of its articles of incorporation or rules, the actual state of its management and operation, and the specific content of its activities, it is recognized to have had independence by possessing the substance of a non-corporate association as a workers' association similar to an enterprise-level trade union, even though it lacks the capacity for collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements, then it may, through a resolution to change organizational form as set forth in the provisions at issue, break away from its status as a branch, etc. belonging to the Korean Metal Workers' Union and constitute itself as an independent enterprise-level trade union organization; therefore, the resolutions at issue in this case cannot be held invalid merely on the ground that they constitute such a resolution to change organizational form.
3. Nevertheless, the court below, proceeding on the erroneous premise that a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union may become the subject of a change of organizational form under the provisions at issue only where it has the capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements such that it may be regarded as an independent trade union, without properly examining the circumstances as to whether the Vallée Mando Branch had independence by possessing the substance of a non-corporate association, concluded that the resolutions at issue in this case were invalid on the ground that the Vallée Mando Branch could not be regarded as an independent trade union having the capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements, and thus could not be the subject of the change of organizational form.
If so, the judgment below is unlawful in that it misapprehended the legal principles concerning the change of organizational form of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union and failed to conduct the necessary examination, thereby affecting the judgment. The ground of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.
4. Therefore, without examining the remaining grounds of appeal, the part of the judgment below against Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and judgment, and it is so decided as set forth in the Order. There was unanimity among the participating Justices, except for the dissenting opinion of Justice Lee In-bok, Justice Lee Sang-hoon, Justice Kim Shin, Justice Kim So-young, and Justice Park Sang-ok, and there is a supplementary opinion of Justice Kim Yong-deok and Justice Lee Ki-taek to the majority opinion, and a supplementary opinion of Justice Kim Shin to the dissenting opinion.
5. The dissenting opinion of Justice Lee In-bok, Justice Lee Sang-hoon, Justice Kim Shin, Justice Kim So-young, and Justice Park Sang-ok is as follows.
The majority opinion holds that even a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union, where it possesses the substance of a non-corporate association and independence as a workers' association similar to an enterprise-level trade union, may, without particular restriction, convert into an independent enterprise-level trade union "through a resolution to change organizational form as set forth in the provisions at issue."
However, for the reasons set forth below, we cannot agree with the logic of this majority opinion.
A. Since a change in the organizational form of a trade union results in a change of the trade union itself which the member workers have joined, the effect of the validity or invalidity of such a change of organizational form on workers' right to organize and freedom to choose the organizational form of a trade union, on the cohesion and bargaining power of a trade union, and on the validity of collective agreements and property relations surrounding a trade union, is not insignificant. In particular, the conclusion reached on the question of whether it is possible for a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union, which is at issue in this case, to operate as an enterprise-level trade union through the method of a change of organizational form, and if so, what the requirements therefor are, may have considerable influence on the formation and development of our nation's system of industry-level trade unions.
There is no doubt that a trade union, being an organization formed independently by workers as the principal for the improvement of working conditions, is also a type of association. However, it must be noted that the Trade Union Act specially protects trade unions in order to concretize the workers' right to organize guaranteed under the Constitution. A trade union may conduct collective bargaining with an employer and conclude collective agreements, lead industrial actions, and file applications for mediation of labor disputes or applications for remedy for unfair labor practices with the Labor Relations Commission. Under certain requirements, the general binding force and regional binding force, whereby the validity of a collective agreement concluded by a trade union extends even to non-member workers, are also recognized.
Therefore, in determining whether a change of organizational form of a trade union is permissible, and the requirements therefor, the associational character and special nature of a trade union as described above must be borne in mind, and one must not commit the error of simply placing a trade union and other organizations on the same footing for comparison, or of seriously undermining the general principles of the law of associations.
Moreover, according to materials relating to the Labor-Management Reform Committee (노사관계개혁위원회), which led the discussion in the legislative process, it is confirmed that the fundamental purpose for which the Trade Union Act, enacted as Act No. 5310 on March 13, 1997, established the provisions at issue and formally introduced the system for changing the organizational form of a trade union, was to facilitate the transition to an industry-level trade union system by, among other things, enabling an enterprise-level trade union to be incorporated into a sub-organization of an industry-level trade union through a change of organizational form; and there is a need to interpret the provisions in a direction that gives effect to this legislative purpose.
Ultimately, whether a change of organizational form of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union is permissible, and the requirements therefor, must be carefully determined by harmoniously considering the various circumstances set forth above.
B. A change of organization of a corporation or a non-corporate association is possible only where there is a statutory provision permitting it. Of course, in the case of a corporation or a non-corporate association as well, results similar to a change of organization may be obtained through indirect means such as amendment of the articles of incorporation, or dissolution of an existing organization and establishment of a new organization; however, in such cases, only the legal effects corresponding to that form arise, and the legal effect of a change of organization does not arise.
The provisions at issue set forth matters pertaining to the management of a trade union, and it is clear from the language of the provisions that they permit a change of organizational form with a "trade union" as the subject. Therefore, if an organization does not constitute a trade union - i.e., an organization independently formed by workers on their own initiative and conducting activities such as collective bargaining for the maintenance and improvement of working conditions - it must be found that it cannot adopt a resolution to change organizational form under the provisions at issue. In such a case, the procedure of establishing a new trade union or joining another existing trade union must be undertaken instead.
As such, the point that the subject of a change of organizational form must be a trade union, or more precisely, an organization having the substance of a trade union as defined in Article 2, Subparagraph 4 of the Trade Union Act, is the core of, and the starting point for, the discussion in this case.
However, as even the majority opinion does not deny, an industry-level trade union is itself an independent single-unit trade union. Nevertheless, treating a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union as if it were a separate trade union existing within the industry-level trade union is fundamentally inconsistent with the nature of a single-unit trade union. Moreover, in order to recognize the substance of a trade union, it is not sufficient merely to have associational character in the sense of being an organization composed of workers; external independence or autonomy must also be possessed - and it will rarely be the case that a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union maintains such independence in relation to the industry-level trade union. Even where a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union appears, on its face, to operate with some degree of independence, this is generally confined to matters related to associational character, such as property relations or matters of purely internal concern, rather than to the substance of a trade union; and in the ordinary case, there is no real doubt, given the legal nature of an industry-level trade union as a single-unit trade union, that a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union cannot operate as an independent trade union free of the control of the industry-level trade union.
This is no different even where an enterprise-level trade union has been incorporated into a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union through the procedure for changing organizational form. This is because for an enterprise-level trade union to choose the path of being incorporated as a sub-organization of an industry-level trade union means expressing, both internally and externally, its intention to relinquish its own status as an independent trade union, to fully accept the organizational control of the industry-level trade union, and to transfer to the industry-level trade union the authority, such as the right to bargain collectively, that it originally possessed. Therefore, whether an enterprise-level trade union was incorporated into a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union through a change of organizational form is not a circumstance that deserves special consideration in determining whether the branch, etc. can become the subject of a change of organizational form.
Meanwhile, a change in the organizational form of a trade union entails a change in the union membership relationship. For example, when an enterprise-level trade union is incorporated into a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union through a change of organizational form, the workers who were members of the enterprise-level trade union come to form a union membership relationship with the industry-level trade union. That is, as a general matter, the existing union members acquire the status of members of the industry-level trade union, while losing the status of members of the enterprise-level trade union. The basis on which an enterprise-level trade union can resolve upon such a change of organizational form, which results in a change of union membership relationship, may be found not only in the fact that it is a trade union, but also in the fact that it originally had a union membership relationship with the workers who are its members. This is because a trade union has no authority to determine the affiliation or membership status, as a union member, of workers with whom it has no relationship whatsoever.
In contrast, workers who are members of an industry-level trade union form a union membership relationship only with the industry-level trade union, and ordinarily do not also hold the status of a member belonging to a branch, etc. of the industry-level trade union. In such a case, it is self-evident that a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union cannot resolve upon a change of organizational form that would alter the affiliation or membership status, as a union member, of workers with whom it has no union membership relationship.
Furthermore, one of the essential elements distinguishing a trade union, which can be the subject of a change of organizational form, from a mere workers' association, may be said to be the capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements. In order for a workers' association to be evaluated as having the substance of a trade union, it must be capable of independently conducting collective bargaining and concluding collective agreements, and this is likewise true of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union. Although concerning matters relating to multiple trade unions, Supreme Court Decision 2001Du5361, delivered July 26, 2002, etc., which is also cited by the majority opinion, holds that only a branch, etc., among the sub-organizations of an industry-level trade union, that possesses the above capacity may be regarded as equivalent to an enterprise-level trade union; although the context of application may differ, since the question of whether an organization can be evaluated as a "trade union" is likewise at issue, the purport of that decision may be referenced in relation to a change of organizational form as well.
By contrast, if an organization has no capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements whatsoever, or is only capable of conducting collective bargaining and concluding collective agreements upon delegation by a superior organization, etc. possessing such capacity, then although it may be a workers' association, it is difficult to say that it has the substance of a trade union. In general, a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union would be the typical example of this.
In light of the various circumstances concerning the substance of a trade union set forth above - namely, the position occupied by a branch, etc. within an industry-level trade union, or its relationship with the industry-level trade union, its union membership relationship with workers, and its capacity for independent collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements - it must be found that the subject capable of resolving upon a change of organizational form within an industry-level trade union is the industry-level trade union itself, which is the single-unit trade union, and that it is, in principle, impossible for a branch, etc., which is merely a sub-organization of the industry-level trade union, to independently resolve upon a change of organizational form in disregard of the control of the industry-level trade union. Such a resolution would be nothing more than a declaration of withdrawal from the industry-level trade union by individual union members, or merely a resolution to establish a new trade union, and cannot be given the legal effect of a change of organizational form of a trade union or an effect equivalent thereto.
However, where a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union forms a union membership relationship with workers separately from the industry-level trade union, and operates as an independent organization distinct from the industry-level trade union or other sub-organizations, with its own rules and decision-making and executive bodies, and possesses the capacity to independently conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements regarding matters peculiar to the branch, etc. or its members, such that it has the substance of a trade union - in such a case, the industry-level trade union, contrary to its outward form, may be said to have a mixed character, being in substance a federation of branches, etc. that are no different from individual trade unions; accordingly, there is room to interpret that such a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union may withdraw from the federation through its own resolution, and that even if this is done in the form of a resolution to change organizational form, the effect of withdrawal nonetheless arises.
And in determining whether a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union exceptionally has the substance of a trade union, all relevant factors must be comprehensively examined, including the organizational structure of the industry-level trade union, the content of the rules of the industry-level trade union and the branch, etc., the presence or absence of a gap between the form of the rules and the reality of operation, the actual state of collective bargaining and conclusion of collective agreements, and the degree of control exercised over the branch, etc. by the industry-level trade union. Of course, the burden of proving the existence of such exceptional circumstances lies with the party asserting them.
In sum, a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union cannot become the subject of a change of organizational form unless it is proven to form a union membership relationship with workers and to possess the capacity to independently conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements regarding matters peculiar to the branch, etc. or its members.
We cannot agree with the majority opinion, which differs from the foregoing.
C. The majority opinion holds that, since even an ordinary workers' association may acquire the substance of a trade union by amending its articles of incorporation, etc. to add trade union activities to its purpose, a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union that has, as a workers' association, the substance of a non-corporate association and independence may become the subject of a change of organizational form.
However, not every type of internal or external change that a workers' association, such as a company employees' association (사우회), undergoes through methods such as a change of name, amendment of articles of incorporation, change of affiliation or superior organization, or reorganization of its internal structure, constitutes a change of organizational form of a trade union; the two must be strictly distinguished. A change of organizational form of a trade union means a change by the trade union of a union membership relationship that previously existed. Accordingly, where an ordinary workers' association resolves to amend its articles of incorporation to add trade union activities to its purpose, or resolves to change its organization into a trade union, this can only be a resolution to establish a new trade union, not a change of organizational form contemplated by the Trade Union Act. This is likewise the case with a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union.
In particular, since one of the key indicia for recognizing an organization as a workers' association having the substance of a non-corporate association is independence or autonomy, extreme caution must be exercised in treating a branch, etc., which is merely a sub-organization constituting an industry-level trade union, as a non-corporate association distinct from the industry-level trade union. The independent activities of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union can only be exceptionally permitted as provided by the rules of the industry-level trade union or in accordance with the decisions of the industry-level trade union, and its own rules, organs such as a general meeting, and officers such as a branch chairperson, are established only for the purpose of the organizational management needs of the industry-level trade union, not for the independent regulation, decision-making, and execution of the branch, etc. alone; therefore, such a branch, etc. cannot be evaluated as an independent non-corporate association.
D. Furthermore, even from a practical and policy perspective, there is little need to permit a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union to convert into an enterprise-level trade union through the procedure for changing organizational form. Rather, there is concern that this may induce considerable adverse effects.
Affirming a change of organizational form is not the only way to guarantee workers' right to organize. Although internal disputes may arise over the policies, direction, or line of an industry-level trade union, or over its relationship with a branch, etc., it is desirable for such disputes to be resolved autonomously within the framework of the industry-level trade union; and even if this proves difficult, the path remains open for workers to withdraw from the industry-level trade union and, outside its framework, seek to realize their right to organize through various means such as establishing a new trade union or joining another trade union. As pointed out in the majority opinion, even at a time when multiple trade unions were prohibited, the coexistence of an industry-level trade union and an enterprise-level trade union within a single workplace was not impossible, and this is all the more true now that multiple trade unions are no longer prohibited. For this reason, there is no reason, through a forced interpretation, to permit union members who have enjoyed the benefits of improved working conditions within the enterprise and the strengthening of the conditions for collective activity with the support of the industry-level trade union, to collectively withdraw from the industry-level trade union, even to the point of extinguishing the industry-level trade union's branch, focusing on certain interests such as issues of property attribution, notwithstanding the existence of union members opposed to withdrawal from the industry-level trade union.
In addition, the industry-level trade union system has advantages suited to enhancing the autonomy of a trade union by preventing collusion between trade union officials and the employer and easing financial burdens through supra-enterprise operation, reducing the costs incurred in collective bargaining, and achieving equalization of working conditions across an industry, such as resolving wage disparities between enterprises and between regular and non-regular workers. If, as under the majority opinion, the conversion of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union into an enterprise-level trade union through the procedure for changing organizational form is broadly permitted, this may result in failing to realize the meaningful advantages of the industry-level trade union system, and may make it difficult to harmonize with the legislative purpose of establishing an industry-level trade union system as mentioned above.
Above all, one cannot dispel the concern that recognizing a change of organizational form of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union may be susceptible to abuse as a means for an employer to dominate or interfere with a trade union. In other words, there is a not insignificant possibility that an employer, seeking to expel an industry-level trade union with which it has an adversarial relationship and to induce the establishment of a favorably disposed enterprise-level trade union, may covertly support the conversion of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union into an enterprise-level trade union through a change of organizational form. It need hardly be said that this would constitute an unfair labor practice prohibited under Article 81, Subparagraph 4 of the Trade Union Act.
For these reasons as well, it is appropriate not to permit a change of organizational form of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union.
E. We now turn to the present case.
According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, the following circumstances, among others, can be seen: (1) Vallée Mando Trade Union, which changed its organizational form and was incorporated into the Korean Metal Workers' Union as the Vallée Mando Branch, was originally the Mando Machinery Trade Union Gyeongju Chapter (만도기계노동조합 경주지부); the Mando Machinery Trade Union Gyeongju Chapter, as a provisional and transitional measure for the purpose of being incorporated into the Korean Metal Workers' Union to be established in the future, took the form of an enterprise-level trade union called Vallée Mando Trade Union for only a very brief period, such that it is, in effect, tantamount to the Mando Machinery Trade Union Gyeongju Chapter, rather than an independent trade union, having been incorporated into the Korean Metal Workers' Union; (2) whereas the rules of the Vallée Mando Branch differ from the articles of incorporation of Vallée Mando Trade Union, the rules of the Vallée Mando Branch have adopted the model branch rules of the Korean Metal Workers' Union almost in their entirety, and are largely identical in content thereto; indeed, Article 4 of the Addenda to the rules of the Vallée Mando Branch provides that "where there is a matter resolved by the Central Committee of the Union [i.e., the Korean Metal Workers' Union], the matter shall be implemented in accordance with such resolved matter, and the Branch [i.e., the Vallée Mando Branch] shall report to the Branch general meeting or delegates' meeting (delegates' congress), and the Branch rules shall be automatically amended accordingly," such that it is difficult to say that the Vallée Mando Branch had its own independent rules distinct from those of the Korean Metal Workers' Union and its other subordinate branches, etc.; moreover, its organs such as the general meeting and its officers such as the branch chairperson are also all matters provided for in the model branch rules of the Korean Metal Workers' Union; and (3) collective bargaining and the conclusion of collective agreements were conducted solely under the supervision of the Korean Metal Workers' Union, and it does not appear that the Vallée Mando Branch conducted independent activities, such as independently conducting collective bargaining and concluding collective agreements.
Examining this in light of the legal principles set forth above, the Vallée Mando Branch cannot be said to be an organization having the substance of a trade union, and accordingly the resolutions at issue in this case must all be held invalid. Even if one were to follow the majority opinion, this conclusion cannot be altered, since the Vallée Mando Branch cannot be said to be a case of "possessing its own rules and executive body and operating as an independent organization." In particular, in this case, consideration must also be given to the circumstance that a suspicion has been raised that, in the process of the Vallée Mando Branch changing its organizational form to Defendant Trade Union, the employer improperly supported the faction pushing for a change of organizational form favorable to itself.
If so, the judgment below, which is to the same effect, is justified, and it cannot be said that there is any illegality therein, such as a failure to conduct sufficient examination as alleged in the ground of appeal, or a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the change of organizational form of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union, or a departure from the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence in violation of the rules of logic and experience. Furthermore, the ground of appeal asserting that, even if the resolutions at issue in this case are ineffective as resolutions to change organizational form, they are nonetheless effective as resolutions to establish a new enterprise-level trade union, was all raised after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, and therefore does not constitute a lawful ground of appeal.
Accordingly, it would be proper to dismiss the appeal of Defendant Trade Union.
We hereby set forth the foregoing as the reasons for our dissent from the majority opinion.
6. The supplementary opinion of Justice Kim Yong-deok to the majority opinion is as follows.
A. The issue in this case is whether the resolutions at issue in this case, whereby the members of the Vallée Mando Branch held a general meeting on May 19, 2010 and June 7, 2010 and changed its organizational form to Defendant Trade Union, are valid; and, as a premise for determining that validity, the issues arise as to whether the Vallée Mando Branch can determine its will through a general meeting of union members, and further, whether the Vallée Mando Branch can adopt a resolution, as in the resolutions at issue in this case, to change its substance into an enterprise-level trade union.
B. First, whether the Vallée Mando Branch can determine its will through a general meeting of union members will be determined by whether the Vallée Mando Branch has the substance of a non-corporate association.
As stated in the majority opinion, whether a given organization is a non-corporate association must be determined by whether it substantively possesses the character of a combination of many persons organized for a certain purpose, having provisions concerning an organ to represent the association externally, and one must not hastily make a determination based solely on its name or outward form.
The dissenting opinion also interprets that, where a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union meets certain requirements, such as having the substance of a trade union, it may, exceptionally, withdraw through its own resolution from the industry-level trade union, which has the character of a federation; this amounts to an acknowledgment that a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union may, without being merely a sub-organization of the industry-level trade union, have the substance of an independent workers' association similar to a trade union or of an independent trade union, and in this respect - that the character of a branch, etc. of an industry-level trade union must not be determined by its outward form alone, but its substantive reality must be ascertained - the dissenting opinion does not appear to differ from the majority opinion.
Accordingly, even though the Vallée Mando Branch is a branch of the Korean Metal Workers' Union, an industry-level trade union, where independence can be recognized in that it substantively constitutes a workers' association that is a non-corporate association, it must be found that it can determine its will by resolution of a general meeting of union members, and it must not be found that a resolution of the general meeting is impossible merely because it is a branch of the Korean Metal Workers' Union.
C. (1) And a non-corporate association may be a subject of rights and obligations within the scope of the purpose set forth in its articles of incorporation, and a resolution adopted at a general meeting is valid so long as there is no defect in its procedure or illegality in the content of the resolution.
As stated in the majority opinion, Article 5 of the Trade Union Act guarantees the freedom to organize and join a trade union by providing that, except in the case of public officials and teachers, workers may freely organize or join a trade union, and Article 2, Subparagraph 4 provides that "an organization formed by workers on their own initiative for the primary purpose of maintaining and improving working conditions and otherwise enhancing the economic and social status of workers" shall be regarded as a trade union, except that it shall not be regarded as a trade union where it falls under any of the items thereunder.
[Reasoning]
Therefore, if an unincorporated association organized by workers acquires the substance of a trade union as defined in Article 2, Subparagraph 4 of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합법, hereinafter "Trade Union Act") through a resolution changing the purpose and organization prescribed in its articles of association, it may be recognized as a trade union organized by its member workers, and absent special circumstances such as a defect in the procedure for such a resolution changing the articles of association and purpose, there is no reason to consider such resolution void. For example, even if an unincorporated association organized by workers was not recognized as a trade union because it fell under one of the exceptions set forth in each item of Article 2, Subparagraph 4 of the Trade Union Act—such as having as its purpose only mutual aid, recreation, or other welfare projects for workers, or permitting membership by persons who are not workers—if it amends the relevant provisions so that it no longer falls under such exceptions, it may then be recognized as a trade union.
Likewise, where a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union has the substance of an unincorporated association as a workers' organization, such branch, etc. has the capacity for independent decision-making, and therefore, absent special circumstances such as where a particular resolution of the branch, etc. violates procedures prescribed by statute or its own rules, or exceeds the purpose of a workers' organization, an independent resolution by the branch, etc. is valid. This may, in principle, include a resolution amending the articles of association, etc. in order to depart from the outward form of a branch, etc. of a former industry-wide trade union and to acquire and act with the substance of an independent enterprise-level trade union (hereinafter referred to as a "resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union").
(2) Meanwhile, as noted in the Majority Opinion, the provision at issue in this case (이 사건 규정) permits a trade union to change its organizational form through a resolution of the general meeting adopted with the attendance of a majority of the registered union members and the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the members in attendance. Just as, among the provisions of the Civil Act (민법) concerning juristic persons, those provisions not premised on legal personality are applied by analogy to unincorporated associations (see, e.g., Supreme Court en banc Order 2008Ma699, dated November 19, 2009), where a resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union made by an unincorporated association falls under a resolution to change organizational form as prescribed by the provision at issue, that provision shall apply, or apply by analogy, and the resolution of the general meeting under that provision must be undergone.
That is, where a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union that qualifies as an unincorporated association has the capacity to engage in collective bargaining, etc., and thus has the substance of an enterprise-level trade union, then, as the Dissenting Opinion points out, the relevant industry-wide trade union may, contrary to its outward form, have the character of a federation of such branches, etc., such that the resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union constitutes withdrawal from the industry-wide trade union as a federation and conversion into an independent enterprise-level trade union—that is, a resolution to change organizational form—and therefore such conversion is possible only through a resolution of the general meeting under the provision at issue.
Moreover, even where a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union that qualifies as an unincorporated association does not have the capacity to engage in collective bargaining, etc., the resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union has the substance of a resolution whereby the branch, etc., while maintaining its substance as is, withdraws from the industry-wide trade union and transforms the organizational form of the entity from the outward appearance of a subordinate organization of the industry-wide trade union into an independent enterprise-level trade union. This cannot but be regarded as a typical instance of changing an entity's organizational form in its outward appearance, and since it is not significantly different from the case where the relevant branch, etc. has the substance of a trade union, such a phenomenon may be evaluated as the same type as a change in organizational form of a trade union. It is therefore reasonable to hold that such conversion, too, must undergo a resolution of the general meeting under the provision at issue. Accordingly, each of the resolutions at issue in this case (이 사건 각 결의) constitutes a resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union, and where the requirements for a resolution prescribed by the provision at issue are satisfied, it must be considered valid absent other circumstances.
Where a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union has acquired the substance of an unincorporated association, even if it lacks independent capacity to conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements and thus does not directly conduct collective bargaining or conclude collective agreements in its own name, it substantially engages in activities aimed at maintaining and improving the working conditions of enterprise-level workers and enhancing their economic and social status, and with respect to working conditions, etc. pertaining to the relevant enterprise, cooperates with the industry-wide trade union in collective bargaining and the conclusion of collective agreements, or, upon delegation from the industry-wide trade union, independently conducts collective bargaining and concludes collective agreements. It is justified to accord an appropriate legal status to such a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union which, having acquired the substance of an unincorporated association, plays a role no less important than an independent trade union as a workers' organization.
The Dissenting Opinion explains that only a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union having the substance of a trade union may become the subject of a change in organizational form; however, when comparing the case of such a branch, etc. adopting a resolution to change organizational form with the aforementioned case, it is difficult to find a meaningful difference between the two sufficient to justify a differing legal evaluation. Ultimately, the circumstances cited by the Dissenting Opinion as requirements for a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union to become the subject of a change in organizational form—such as the relationship of union membership or independent capacity to conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements—are insufficient to serve as an essential standard or basis for according the legal effect of a resolution to change organizational form.
D. Furthermore, a resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union made by a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union that is an unincorporated association brings about a change in affiliation under the law of associations. In other words, the workers' organization that had, in outward form, belonged to the industry-wide trade union as an existing branch, etc. thereof, withdraws from the industry-wide trade union in its entirety, and as a result, the branch, etc., as a subordinate organization of the industry-wide trade union, is extinguished.
Nevertheless, workers belonging to a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union that is an unincorporated association individually hold, separately from their status as workers belonging to that branch, the status of members of the relevant industry-wide trade union, and this status as a member of the industry-wide trade union does not necessarily lapse merely because of a change in the organizational form of the branch, etc. under the law of associations. However, where the resolution of the branch, etc. to convert into an enterprise-level trade union is valid, if a worker who voted in favor of the resolution can be deemed to have expressed an intention to withdraw from the industry-wide trade union in his or her individual capacity as a member as well, that worker shall, absent other circumstances, lose his or her status as a member of the industry-wide trade union. Meanwhile, a worker who expressed opposition to the resolution shall continue to retain his or her status as a member of the industry-wide trade union; although such worker automatically becomes a member of the enterprise-level trade union pursuant to the collective binding force of the resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union, that worker may subsequently individually choose to maintain or withdraw from such membership, and depending on the circumstances, opposition to the resolution may be interpreted as an expression of intention to withdraw from the enterprise-level trade union. Ultimately, a worker's individual status as a member must be resolved by the worker's own expression of intention, or the interpretation thereof, regarding whether to maintain membership status in the relevant organization.
Furthermore, although Article 5 of the Addenda to the former Trade Union Act, in effect at the time the provision at issue was newly enacted, prohibited plural trade unions, this provision does not apply as between an industry-wide trade union and an enterprise-level trade union (see, e.g., Supreme Court Decision 2006Du15400, decided December 24, 2008). Accordingly, the industry-wide trade union may not only act on behalf of members who remain in their individual capacity, rather than as members belonging to the now-extinguished branch, etc., but may also gather such members to reconstitute a subordinate organization.
E. Accordingly, if the Valeo Mando Branch (발레오만도지회) has acquired the substance of an unincorporated association, it must be held that it may, through a resolution of the general meeting pursuant to the provision at issue, adopt a resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union such as each of the resolutions at issue in this case.
Meanwhile, the Dissenting Opinion raises concerns such as the possibility that this may be abused as a means of an employer's domination of or interference with a trade union, or that unfair labor practices may become involved; however, where a resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union is unlawful for such reasons, the validity of that resolution should be denied on that ground, and it is not appropriate to hold that such a resolution must be unconditionally prohibited merely because of the possibility—one that does not affect, or is insufficient to affect, the validity of the resolution.
In conclusion, the freedom to establish a trade union and to choose its organizational form, and the autonomous decision-making of workers pursuing such freedom, are no less important than the necessity, emphasized by the Dissenting Opinion, of maintaining the organization of the industry-wide trade union, and respecting such decision-making accords with the spirit of the Trade Union Act, which declares the freedom to establish trade unions.
The foregoing sets forth the Concurring Opinion to the Majority Opinion.
7. The Concurring Opinion of Justice Lee Ki-taek to the Majority Opinion is as follows.
A. In today's society, the social and economic activities of individuals are carried out both directly by individuals and through various organizations. The law of associations exists to regulate cases where activities are carried out through organizations. The Trade Union Act and trade unions are examples of this.
In order to enhance the convenience, efficiency, and rationality of organizational activities, multiple forms of organizational systems are sometimes established within a single field of the law of associations, so that an organizational form may be chosen. The industry-wide trade unions and enterprise-level trade unions regulated by the Trade Union Act are examples of this.
Moreover, the legal system of change in organizational form is designed to avoid the cumbersome procedure of "dissolution of the existing organization and establishment of a new organization" when, as time passes and the thinking of an organization's members changes while the organization continues its activities, the members wish to change the organization's form and continue its activities. The change in organizational form of a trade union is an example of this.
As such, the change in organizational form, being a system designed to enhance the efficiency, etc. of organizational activities, is an extremely technical and value-neutral system under the law of associations, and there is no reason for its essential nature and character to change merely because such a system has been introduced into the Trade Union Act. Accordingly, this case, which deals with the issue of change in organizational form of a trade union, should be viewed on the basis of the general legal principles of the law of associations, rather than the particularities of the Trade Union Act. From this perspective, if a majority of the members belonging to an organization wish to avoid the cumbersome procedures of withdrawal and establishment and instead use the system of change in organizational form under the law of associations, there is no reason or need to prevent this. It is also doubtful what legal principle of the Trade Union Act such an interpretation would contravene.
B. Among changes in organizational form of trade unions, the two types whose validity is most frequently at issue are: (i) the incorporation of an enterprise-level trade union into a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union; and (ii) the conversion of a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union into an enterprise-level trade union.
In this case, there appears to be no dispute that the incorporation of the Valeo Mando Trade Union (발레오만도노동조합), formerly an enterprise-level trade union, into the Valeo Mando Branch (발레오만도지회), a subordinate organization of the Korean Metal Workers' Union (전국금속노동조합)—an instance of the former type—should be regulated as a change in organizational form under the provision at issue. The Dissenting Opinion nonetheless appears to take the position that the conversion of the Valeo Mando Branch back into the enterprise-level Defendant trade union, as an instance of the latter type, should be approached from a fundamentally different perspective from the former.
However, comparing both types with a change in organizational form: (1) in terms of the unit of organization, whereas a change in organizational form maintains the organization as a single unit both before and after the change, the former type reduces the number of organizational units and the latter type increases them; and (2) in terms of substance, whereas a change in organizational form consists of the dissolution of the existing organization and the establishment of a new organization, the former type consists of the dissolution of the existing organization and the individual joining of members to a new organization, while the latter type consists of the individual withdrawal of members from the existing organization and the establishment of a new organization.
In this way, the characteristics that distinguish the former and latter types from a change in organizational form in the strict sense are precisely symmetrical to one another. Accordingly, there is no doctrinal reason to treat the former and latter types differently when subsuming them under the legal principles of change in organizational form.
One point worth noting is that, proceeding from the general legal principles of the law of associations, given the doctrinal structure of the former and latter types described above, it is clear that the former constitutes a merger as provided in Article 16, Paragraph 1, Subparagraph 7 of the Trade Union Act, and that the latter likewise constitutes a division as provided in the same provision. However, if regulating the former as a change in organizational form is an established practice in the interpretation and application of the Trade Union Act, I do not wish to take issue with that.
Nevertheless, in order for the former type—substantively a merger—to be valid, there must be individual resolutions by, and a meeting of the minds between, the parties to the merger, namely the original enterprise-level trade union and the industry-wide trade union; yet it is unclear from the record whether such requirements were satisfied at the time the Valeo Mando Trade Union was incorporated into the Valeo Mando Branch, and no particular doubt is raised on this point. It is therefore difficult to agree with the Dissenting Opinion, which raises no doubt as to the former case, yet holds that the latter case—namely, the conversion of the Valeo Mando Branch back into the enterprise-level Defendant trade union—is impossible.
As stated above, since there is no basis for evaluating the two cases differently in law, so long as the former type is permitted as a change in organizational form, it is appropriate to affirm the validity of the latter type as well, as a change in organizational form. If the former type is understood as one instance of a change in organizational form, this means understanding a special form of merger as a change in organizational form, which should likewise lead to understanding the latter type as a special form of division. To reiterate, a change in organizational form is a technical and neutral system designed to avoid procedural cumbersomeness.
C. Next, I examine the requirements for a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union to convert into an enterprise-level trade union by way of a change in organizational form, as in this case.
Since this substantively corresponds, under the general legal principles of the law of associations, to dividing the existing trade union and establishing a new trade union as described above, the scope of persons and property belonging to the newly established trade union—that is, the scope of its members and property—must be determined; accordingly, it goes without saying that, prior to the change in organizational form, the organization must possess an organizational substance sufficient to make this possible. It is also naturally necessary that the requirements for functioning as an independent trade union after the change in organizational form—namely, the independent capacity to conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements as a trade union—be satisfied; however, it suffices that these be satisfied "simultaneously with" the change in organizational form, at the latest.
Requiring any further special requirements beyond this has no validity, whether viewed from the perspective of the general legal principles of the law of associations or from the perspective of the purpose of the trade union system.
Ultimately, it should not be held that a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union must already possess, prior to the point at which it resolves to change its organizational form in order to convert into an enterprise-level trade union, an independent capacity to conduct collective bargaining and conclude collective agreements.
D. In order to more fully realize the legislative purpose of the Trade Union Act—which, in guaranteeing freedom of association for trade unions beyond mere establishment and dissolution, permits merger, division, and change in organizational form of trade unions in order to more broadly guarantee such freedom of association—it is fitting to permit both the incorporation of an enterprise-level trade union into a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union, and the conversion of a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union into an enterprise-level trade union.
Comparing the case where only the incorporation of an enterprise-level trade union into a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union is freely permitted, with the case where, in addition, the conversion of a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union into an enterprise-level trade union is also freely permitted, in the latter case an enterprise-level trade union would be able to choose the path of incorporation into a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union without significant burden, so that industry-wide trade unions could actually become more active and better developed.
It is hoped that this decision will contribute to enabling more enterprise-level trade unions to be incorporated into industry-wide trade unions under lower risk, and to enabling workers to more freely compare and select among various forms of trade unions.
The foregoing sets forth the Concurring Opinion to the Majority Opinion.
8. The Concurring Opinion of Justice Kim Shin to the Dissenting Opinion is as follows.
While concurring with the Dissenting Opinion that the Valeo Mando Branch cannot become the subject of a change in organizational form, I wish to supplement the Dissenting Opinion by pointing out the impropriety of the Majority Opinion from another angle.
To summarize the Majority Opinion: a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union, which is not a "trade union" but merely an "unincorporated association," can fully obtain the effect of a change in organizational form specially provided for under the Trade Union Act, merely by undergoing a resolution of "the general meeting of the branch, etc.," rather than "the general meeting of the industry-wide trade union." By interpreting matters in this way, the Majority Opinion intends to allow a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union to freely convert into an enterprise-level trade union. However, as set forth below, this Majority Opinion is contrary to the legislative purpose of the Trade Union Act and does not accord with the principles of proper statutory interpretation.
A. It is, in principle, impossible for a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union to convert into an enterprise-level trade union through a change in organizational form, because there is no statutory basis for doing so.
Our Civil Act does not recognize the merger, division, or change of organizational form of a juristic person. Accordingly, an unincorporated association, to which the Civil Act is applied by analogy, likewise cannot freely undergo merger, division, or change of organizational form, since there is no basis provision therefor in any statute. The reason a trade union can undergo merger, division, or change of organizational form is that the Trade Union Act contains basis provisions therefor.
Among these, the change in organizational form of a trade union was newly established when the Trade Union Act was enacted as Act No. 5310 on March 13, 1997, and, as stated in the Dissenting Opinion, the purpose of introducing this system was to facilitate the transition to an industry-wide trade union system by enabling an enterprise-level trade union to be smoothly incorporated into a subordinate organization of an industry-wide trade union, omitting the cumbersome procedures of dissolution and establishment without impairing existing solidarity.
While it is of course permissible, as a change in organizational form, for an enterprise-level trade union to lose its status as an independent trade union and accept the organizational control of an industry-wide trade union by being incorporated into a branch, etc. of the industry-wide trade union, it is difficult to readily agree with the Majority Opinion's position that the conversion of such an incorporated branch, etc. back into an enterprise-level trade union should likewise be treated as a type of change in organizational form provided for under the Trade Union Act, in the same manner as the former case.
If one interprets, as does the Majority Opinion, that a change in organizational form of the latter type is possible, this may bring about the peculiar result of facilitating the dismantlement of the industry-wide trade union system, contrary to the legislative purpose of facilitating the transition to an industry-wide trade union system. Furthermore, if one interprets that a change in organizational form is possible through a resolution of the general meeting of the branch, etc. alone, rather than the general meeting of the industry-wide trade union as a whole, there is a very significant risk that this will result not merely in facilitating, but in actively promoting, the dismantlement of the industry-wide trade union.
Nevertheless, viewing the former as a special form of merger and the latter as a special form of division, and thereby understanding the two as symmetrical, or regarding them merely as technical and neutral means of avoiding procedural cumbersomeness, is an interpretation far removed from the purpose for which the system of change in organizational form was introduced.
Of course, there is room for the argument that, in order to guarantee workers' freedom to choose the organizational form of their trade union, and by comparison with the fact that an enterprise-level trade union may be incorporated into a subordinate organization of an industry-wide trade union, fairness requires that a change in organizational form whereby a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union converts into an enterprise-level trade union should likewise be permitted, and the Majority Opinion appears to take this position.
However, under the current Trade Union Act, which fully permits the establishment of plural trade unions, a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union may establish a new enterprise-level trade union by means other than a change in organizational form under the provision at issue, or members belonging to a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union may individually withdraw from the industry-wide trade union and establish a separate enterprise-level trade union; accordingly, it cannot be considered contrary to fairness to interpret that a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union may not convert into an enterprise-level trade union by using the system of change in organizational form provided for under the Trade Union Act.
B. Even assuming that a change in organizational form of the type whereby a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union converts into an enterprise-level trade union is possible, it cannot be interpreted that a change in organizational form is possible through "a resolution of the general meeting of the branch, etc. of the industry-wide trade union" alone.
The provision at issue provides that matters concerning the change in organizational form of a trade union may be resolved through a resolution of the general meeting adopted with the attendance of a majority of the registered union members and the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of the members in attendance; the "general meeting" referred to therein, according to the grammatical interpretation of the context before and after the provision at issue and its related provisions, can only be interpreted to mean "a resolution of the general meeting of the industry-wide trade union as a whole," and cannot be interpreted as permitting "a resolution of the general meeting of a branch, etc. of the industry-wide trade union." Accordingly, while an industry-wide trade union may resolve to have its subordinate branch, etc. withdraw, a branch, etc. cannot itself resolve to withdraw and convert into an enterprise-level trade union. If the legislature had intended to permit a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union to change its organizational form through a resolution of its own general meeting alone, it would have expressly so provided that "a resolution of the general meeting of the branch, etc. itself" must be undergone, and this would not have been so difficult a matter from a legislative-drafting standpoint.
An industry-wide trade union is a supra-enterprise trade union that takes as its organizing target workers employed in the same industry, and it too is a single unit trade union, having individual workers as its constituent members, rather than a federation of unit trade unions. Accordingly, the subject capable of resolving a change in organizational form within an industry-wide trade union is the industry-wide trade union itself, as the unit trade union, and not a branch, etc., which is merely a subordinate organization of the industry-wide trade union.
To reiterate, no matter how much organizational substance a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union may have acquired, this does not change its essential nature as a subordinate organization of the industry-wide trade union. Since a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union is, in principle, established for the business and purpose of the industry-wide trade union and operates under its control, an interpretation that would recognize such a branch, etc. as having an organizational substance completely independent of the industry-wide trade union, capable of making decisions independently, or capable of freely withdrawing from the organization without any control whatsoever, is an interpretation that cannot possibly stand under the organizational principles applicable not only to industry-wide trade unions but to any organization.
C. Furthermore, even assuming that a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union may convert into an enterprise-level trade union through a resolution to change organizational form, since the provision at issue concerning change in organizational form under the Trade Union Act takes "trade unions" as its regulatory subject, a branch, etc. that does not possess the substance of a "trade union" cannot become the subject of a change in organizational form.
The Majority Opinion argues that, where a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union has acquired organizational substance—that is, where it possesses independent rules and executive bodies and operates as an independent organizational entity—even if such branch, etc. cannot be recognized as a trade union, it may nevertheless be recognized as having the legal status of an unincorporated association, and, in that capacity, may adopt a resolution to change organizational form as prescribed by the provision at issue, thereby converting into an independent enterprise-level trade union.
However, the provision at issue under the Trade Union Act, taking as its self-evident premise that the entity in question is a "trade union," merely provides that matters concerning change in organizational form are matters to be resolved by the general meeting, and sets forth the procedural requirements therefor; it does not contemplate any other similar organization that is not a "trade union" (this is also clear from the fact that the provision at issue is located within Chapter 2, "Trade Unions," of the Trade Union Act). Even though the Trade Union Act provides that a change in organizational form must undergo a resolution of the general meeting of a trade union, it cannot be interpreted, in disregard of that provision, that a similar organization that is not a trade union may likewise obtain the effect of a change in organizational form of a trade union merely by undergoing a resolution of its general meeting.
A "trade union," which receives special protection under the Constitution, and a similar "workers' organization," are clearly different things and cannot be treated identically under the law. Even if a workers' organization similar to a trade union performs a role no less important than a trade union and has the potential to acquire the substance of a trade union in the future, it is by no means a "trade union" capable of being the subject of a resolution to change organizational form under the Trade Union Act. If the subject that adopted the so-called resolution to change organizational form is an "unincorporated association," a certain effect prescribed under the Civil Act may be recognized as to that association, but the effect of a resolution to change organizational form as prescribed under the Trade Union Act cannot be recognized.
Nevertheless, the Majority Opinion's interpretation—that a resolution to convert into an enterprise-level trade union, made by a branch, etc. of an industry-wide trade union that qualifies as an unincorporated association, is valid as a change in organizational form under the Trade Union Act—is an improper interpretation disregarding the overall system and provisions of the statute, comparable to interpreting that, where an unincorporated association is similar in substance to a company under the Commercial Act, the provisions on organizational conversion under the Commercial Act may be applied by analogy to permit a valid organizational conversion.
Ultimately, in interpreting the provisions of the Trade Union Act concerning change in organizational form of a trade union, the Majority Opinion has introduced the concept of "unincorporated association," which the legislature never contemplated and which even the parties to this case and other persons subject to the law could not have anticipated, and then asserts that an "unincorporated association," like a "trade union," is likewise subject to the "Trade Union Act." As a result, in a matter concerning the change in organizational form provided for under the Trade Union Act, the Trade Union Act itself has effectively disappeared from view, while theories of the Constitution and the Civil Act run rampant.
For the foregoing reasons, the Majority Opinion is improper, and I hereby set forth the foregoing to supplement the Dissenting Opinion.
Chief Justice Yang Sung-tae (Presiding Justice), Justices Lee In-bok, Lee Sang-hoon, Kim Yong-deok, Park Bo-young, Ko Young-han, Kim Chang-suk, Kim Shin, Kim So-young (Justice in Charge), Cho Hee-dae, Kwon Soon-il, Park Sang-ok, Lee Ki-taek