[Defendants] Defendant 1 and one other
[Appellants] Defendants
[Defense Counsel] Attorney Cho Ji-hun of Dasan Law Firm
[Judgment Below] Seoul Southern District Court Decision 2022No2081, decided May 28, 2024
[Order]
The guilty portion of the judgment below against the Defendants is entirely reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul Southern District Court.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal are examined as follows.
1. Regarding the Occupational Breach of Trust Charge Related to the Mask Order
The court below found the Defendants guilty of the occupational breach of trust charge related to the mask order among the facts charged in this case, for the reasons stated therein. Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the relevant legal principles and the evidence lawfully adopted, there is no error in the lower court's judgment that would exceed the limits of the principle of free evaluation of evidence in violation of the laws of logic and experience, or that would constitute a misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning pecuniary damage and intent required for the crime of occupational breach of trust.
2. Regarding the Forgery of Private Electromagnetic Records and the Use of Forged Private Electromagnetic Records
A. The gist of the facts charged in this part is as follows: the Defendants conspired to issue tax invoices in the name of ○○○ Co., Ltd. (hereinafter "Non-indicted Company 1") to Defendant 1's business (business name omitted) without obtaining permission from Non-indicted Person 2, the representative of Non-indicted Company 1. Pursuant to this conspiracy, Defendant 1, around December 15, 2020, in connection with the client Gyeonggi Tourism Organization, and around December 31, 2020, in connection with the client Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, accessed the National Tax Service's electronic tax invoice website and entered the supplier, recipient, item, and quantity on the electronic tax invoice forms, then transmitted these to the National Tax Service. It is alleged that, for the purpose of causing improper handling of affairs, the Defendants thereby forged each electronic tax invoice in the name of Non-indicted Company 1 (hereinafter "the electronic tax invoices at issue") and used them by transmitting them to the National Tax Service.
B. The court below, for the reasons stated below, determined that it could be recognized that the Defendants had forged and used the electronic tax invoices at issue in the name of Non-indicted Company 1 for the purpose of causing improper handling of affairs, and thus upheld the first instance judgment which found this part of the charges guilty.
1) Even if the Defendants had been delegated a considerable range of authority regarding the operation of Non-indicted Company 1, including substantial authority concerning the issuance and use of electronic tax invoices, considering that: (i) Non-indicted Company 1 appeared to possess, at the time in question, sales agencies satisfying the requirement of being located in Gyeonggi-do as required by the Gyeonggi Tourism Organization, or the requirement of women-owned business certification as required by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs; and (ii) the Defendants, without seeking out a sales agency satisfying such requirements, immediately conducted the transaction (hereinafter "the transaction at issue") through Defendant 1's business "(business name omitted)" and thereafter prepared the electronic tax invoices at issue and transmitted them to the National Tax Service — taking these matters together, it is difficult to view this as having been indispensable for the benefit of Non-indicted Company 1, and it is reasonable to find that the Defendants had the purpose of causing improper handling of Non-indicted Company 1's affairs through the use of the electronic tax invoices at issue.
2) In light of the objective circumstances at the time, it is difficult to presume, as the Defendants argue, that Non-indicted Company 1 would naturally have consented to the conclusion of the contracts related to the electronic tax invoices at issue, even if it had known of such conclusion at the time of the act.
C. However, the judgment of the court below is difficult to accept, for the following reasons.
1) Article 232-2 of the Criminal Code (형법) provides: "A person who forges or alters another person's electromagnetic record or other special media record concerning rights, obligations, or facts to be certified, for the purpose of causing improper handling of affairs, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than five years or a fine not exceeding ten million won." The scope of "forgery" may include not only cases where a person without authority to create, etc., a private electromagnetic record or other special media record produces such a record, but also cases where a person with authority abuses that authority to input "false" information into a system relating to electromagnetic records (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2019Do11294, decided August 27, 2020). However, even where a person with authority abuses that authority to make an input, if the content input conforms to the truth and thus cannot be regarded as "false" information, this cannot be considered to endanger public trust in the electromagnetic record, and therefore does not fall within the scope of forgery.
2) According to the record, the following facts may be ascertained: the Defendants, as employees of Non-indicted Company 1, had been granted authority by Non-indicted Company 1 to handle affairs relating to the conclusion of contracts and the issuance of electronic tax invoices in the name of Non-indicted Company 1, and had been handling such affairs accordingly; the contract concerning the transaction at issue was actually concluded between Non-indicted Company 1 and (business name omitted) by the Defendants, and payment of the price and supply of goods pursuant thereto actually took place; and the electronic tax invoices at issue were prepared in accordance with the content of the transaction at issue. Moreover, the electronic tax invoices at issue merely certify the fact that the transaction at issue took place between Non-indicted Company 1 and (business name omitted); they do not confirm or certify that the substance of the transaction conformed to the interests of Non-indicted Company 1.
3) In light of the aforementioned legal principles applied to these facts, it is difficult to conclude that the Defendants' act of entering the relevant content on the electronic tax invoice forms and transmitting them to the National Tax Service, in accordance with the transaction at issue which was actually conducted in the name of Non-indicted Company 1, constitutes the creation of an electromagnetic record by a person without authority to participate in the creation of such a record, or the input of false information not conforming to the truth by abusing authority vis-à-vis Non-indicted Company 1.
4) Nevertheless, the judgment of the court below, which found this part of the charges against the Defendants guilty, contains an error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the establishment of the crimes of forgery of private electromagnetic records and use of forged private electromagnetic records, which affected the judgment.
3. Scope of Reversal
For the foregoing reasons, the portion of the guilty findings against the Defendants in the judgment below concerning the forgery of private electromagnetic records and the use of forged private electromagnetic records must be reversed. However, since this portion is in a concurrent crime relationship under the first clause of Article 37 of the Criminal Code with the remaining portions found guilty by the court below against the Defendants, and a single sentence was rendered for each, the entirety of the guilty portion of the judgment below against the Defendants is subject to reversal.
4. Conclusion
The guilty portion of the judgment below against the Defendants is entirely reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and judgment. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.
Justice Seo Kyung-hwan (Presiding Justice), Justice Noh Tae-ak, Justice Shin Sook-hee, Justice Ma Yong-ju (Justice in Charge)